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			{{Short description\|Hammered dulcimer of Iranian origin}}
	{{For\|the Indian instrument\|Santoor}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2022}}
	{{Infobox instrument
			{{About\|the Persian instrument\|the Indian instrument\|Santoor}}
	\| name =
			{{Redirect\|Santouri\|the film\|Santouri (film)}}{{Cleanup lang\|date=June 2024}}{{Infobox instrument
			\| name = Santur
	\| names =		\| names =
	\| image = Persian Classical Santur.jpg		\| image = Persian Classical Santur.jpg
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	\| builders =		\| builders =
	\| articles =		\| articles =
			\| sound sample = ].]]
	}}		}}
			The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'') ({{langx\|fa\|سنتور}}), is a ] of ]ian origins.<ref name="kaveh">{{cite book\|last1=Farrokh\|first1=Kaveh\|title=Shadows in the desert : ancient Persia at war\|date=2007\|publisher=Osprey\|location=Oxford, UK\|isbn=9781846031083\|pages=286\|edition=1. publ. in Great Britain\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7kltwf9yrwC&dq=santur&pg=PA286}}{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">--- Rashid, Subhi Anwar (1989). ''Al-ʼĀlāt al-musīqīyya al-muṣāhiba lil-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī''. Baghdad: Matbaʻat al-ʻUmmāl al-Markazīyya.
	]
			</ref>
	] Safavids state, 1669]]
	The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'') ({{lang-fa\|سنتور}}) is a ] of ]/Iranic origins.<ref name=kaveh/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Santur is a hammered dulcimer, consisting of a trapezoidal box with horizontal strings, played with oval shaped featherweight mallets known as mezrab.\|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119\|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref><ref>--- Rashid, Subhi Anwar (1989). ''Al-ʼĀlāt al-musīqīyya al-muṣāhiba lil-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī''. Baghdad: Matbaʻat al-ʻUmmāl al-Markazīyya.
	</ref> The term Santur originated with meaning "100 strings."<ref name=kaveh>{{cite book\|last1=Farrokh\|first1=Kaveh\|title=Shadows in the desert : ancient Persia at war\|date=2007\|publisher=Osprey\|location=Oxford, UK\|isbn=9781846031083\|pages=286\|edition=1. publ. in Great Britain\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p7kltwf9yrwC&pg=PA286&dq=santur#v=onepage&q=santur&f=false}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	The santur was invented in ], ], ] and ], and parts of ] (modern-day ]). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the middle east and each country customized and designed their own versions to adapt to their musical scales and tunings. The original santur was made with tree bark, stones and stringed with goat intestines. The Mesopotamian santur is also the father of the harp, the Chinese yangqin, the harpsichord, the qanun, the cimbalom and the American and European hammered dulcimers.<ref>'Music of the Arabs' {{ISBN\|0-931340-88-8}}</ref>

	==Description==
	The oval-shaped Mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three ]s. The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Bass strings made of Brass or Copper\|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119\|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref> while the left-hand strings are made of steel.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Different kinds of Steel exist\|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119\|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>
	Two rows of 9 bridges{{clarify\|date=June 2014}}.{{clarify\|date=June 2014}}<!-- in what language; since this is the English Misplaced Pages, this should be specified. --> A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 notes altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones in the Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes ('']'') of ]. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the '']''.{{citation needed\|date=June 2014}} They also had 16 inch botos.

	==Derivations==
	Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian ] is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently played with a different technique. The eastern European version of the santur called the '']'', which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany ].<ref name="Kenrick2010">{{cite book\|last=Kenrick\|first=Donald \|title=The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies)\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAm-VTW_CQC&pg=PA43\|year=2010\|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc\|location=Lanham, MD\|isbn=978-0-8108-7561-6\|page=43}}</ref>

	==Iraqi santur==
	{{Infobox instrument		{{Infobox instrument
	\| name =		\| name =
	\| names =		\| names =
	\| image = Santur babylon2.jpg		\| image = Santur babylon2.jpg
	\| image_capt = The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon (1600-911 BCE) and ~~neo~~-Assyria (911-612 BCE).		\| image_capt = The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient ] (1600-911 BCE) and ] (911-612 BCE).
	\| background = string		\| background = string
	\| classification = Struck		\| classification = Struck
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	\| builders =		\| builders =
	\| articles =		\| articles =
			}}].]]
	}}
			The santur was invented and developed in the area of ]. "The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings (669 B.C.); it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck" (35). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the ]. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. According to Habib Hasan Touma, the Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]s.<ref name=Touma>{{cite book\|last1=Touma\|first1=Habib Hasan\|title=The Music of the Arabs\|date=1996\|publisher=Amadeus Press\|location=Portland, Oregon\|isbn=0-931340-88-8}}</ref>

			==Name==
	]
			The name 'santur' may come from Persian ''sanṭīr'', a borrowing of the Greek ψαλτήριον ']'.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', updated December 2022, <nowiki>''s.v.'' '</nowiki>'</ref> The ] form ''psantērīn'' is found in the ] 3:5.
	]
	The '''santur''' (also santour, santoor ) ({{lang-ar\|سنطور}}) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin.<ref>--- Rashid, Subhi Anwar (1989). ''Al-ʼĀlāt al-musīqīyya al-muṣāhiba lil-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī''. Baghdad: Matbaʻat al-ʻUmmāl al-Markazīyya.
	</ref> It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and ninety two steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "midhrab". The tuning of these twenty-three sets of strings extends from the lower ''yakah'' (G) up to ''jawab jawab husayni'' (a). The bridges are called ''dama'' (chessmen in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. The name 'santur' is thought to be derived from the Greek ''psalterion'' which, itself, is the result of musical experiments by Phythagorus based on the 6,000-year-old bull-headed lyre discovered from excavations found in the ancient city of ] ('Children's Book of Music' {{ISBN\|978-0-7566-6734-4}}).<ref>]</ref> It is also thought that the name is derived from "Sant"- "Ur", meaning sound of ] in Sumerian. It is native to Iraq, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan.

			==Description==
	It is the main instrument used in the classical ] tradition along with the Iraqi spike fiddle ]. ('Music of the Arabs' {{ISBN\|0-931340-88-8}}).
			The oval-shaped '']s'' (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges, providing a range of approximately three diatonic ]s. The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt.
	The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign ''qin''".<ref>--- Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs''. Amadeus Press.</ref>

			The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper, while the left-hand strings are made of steel.
	The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides, and has three movable bridges: B half flat qaraar, E half flat and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur. ('Music of the Arabs' {{ISBN\|0-931340-88-8}}) For a video demonstration, see Wesam al-Azzawy's video links in the sections below.
			A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle, and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes ('']s'') of ]. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the '']''.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Farhat \|first=Hormoz \|date=1990 \|title=The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=052130542X }}</ref>

			==Derivations==
			Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian ] is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique. The eastern European version of the santur called the '']'', which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany Hungarian folk music, Eastern European Jewish music, and Slavic music, as well as ].<ref name="Kenrick2010">{{cite book\|last=Kenrick\|first=Donald \|title=The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies)\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAm-VTW_CQC&pg=PA43\|year=2010\|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc\|location=Lanham, MD\|isbn=978-0-8108-7561-6\|page=43}}</ref>

			==Iraqi santur==
			]
			]
			The '''Iraqi santur''' (also santour, santoor) ({{langx\|ar\|سنطور}}) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin.<ref name="auto"/> It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "''midhrab''". The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower ''yakah'' (G) up to ''jawab jawab husayni'' (A). The bridges are called ''dama'' ("chessmen" in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. It is native to Iraq, Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts) and Azerbaijan.{{Citation needed\|date=June 2024}}

			It and the ] are the main instruments used in the classical ] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Touma \|first=Habib \|title=The music of the Arabs \|date=1996 \|publisher=Amadeus Press \|isbn=978-0-931340-88-8 \|edition=New expanded \|location=Portland, Or}}</ref> The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign ''qin''".<ref name=Touma/>

			The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic, allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides. Three of these bridges are movable: B half flat qaraar, E half flat, and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur.<ref name=Touma/>
	==Notable santur players==

			==Notable players==

	===Iran===		===Iran===

	* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kiani\|first=Majid\|title=Master of the Santur\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Master, Teacher & Performer}}</ref>
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			*
	* ]
			* ]
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kiani\|first=Majid\|title=Master of the Santur\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Master, Teacher & Performer}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Mohammad Sadeq\|title=One of the oldest Santur Masters\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Mohammad Sadeq\|title=One of the oldest Santur Masters\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shahi\|first=Ali Akbar\|title=Santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school santur player}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shahi\|first=Ali Akbar\|title=Santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school santur player}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Hassan\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school Santur Master}}</ref>		* Hassan Khan<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Hassan\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school Santur Master}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Malek\|first=Hussein\|title=Santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old School Santur Master}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Malek\|first=Hussein\|title=Santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old School Santur Master}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Somai\|first=Habib\|title=santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school Santur master}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Somai\|first=Habib\|title=santur master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Old school Santur master}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Varzandeh\|first=Reza\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Unique Style of Playing}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Varzandeh\|first=Reza\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Unique Style of Playing}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shafieian\|first=Reza\|title=Saba's Student\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Master}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shafieian\|first=Reza\|title=Saba's Student\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Master}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Sarami\|first=Mansur\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur player}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Sarami\|first=Mansur\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur player\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shaari\|first=Masoud\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur Master}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Shaari\|first=Masoud\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur Master\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
			* ]
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Mohammad Santour\|title=Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of\|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
			* ]
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Safvat\|first=Daryoush\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old school Santur master}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=~~Akhbari~~\|first=~~Jalal~~\|title=~~Old School~~ Santur Master~~\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html~~\|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Khan\|first=Mohammad Santour\|title=Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of\|work=Master of the Santur}}</ref>
			* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Safvat\|first=Daryoush\|title=Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old school Santur master\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	* ]
			* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Akhbari\|first=Jalal\|title=Old School Santur Master\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Master of the Santur\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	*		*
	* ]		* ]
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Arfa\|first=Atrai\|title=Santur Player\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Arfa\|first=Atrai\|title=Santur Player\|url=http://www.farabisoft.com/Pages/FarabiSchool/InstrumentsDetails.aspx?lang=en&PID=4&SID=30\|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Hashemi\|first=Azar\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Hashemi\|first=Azar\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Santur Soloist\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Aslani\|first=Susan\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Santur Soloist}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Aslani\|first=Susan\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Santur Soloist\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Ali Pour\|first=Manijeh\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur Player}}</ref>		* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Ali Pour\|first=Manijeh\|title=Female Santur Player\|url=http://www.persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|work=Old School Santur Player\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502100420/http://persianartmusic.com/English/biography_s.html\|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref>
	*Hayaf Yassine		* Hayaf Yassine
			* ]
	* ]-
	* ]
	* ]

	===Iraq===		===Iraq===
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	* Abdallah Ali (1929–1998)		* Abdallah Ali (1929–1998)
	* Akram Al Iraqi		* Akram Al Iraqi
	* ] <ref>http://amirelsaffar.com/</ref>		* ]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.amirelsaffar.com/\|title=Amir ElSaffar \| Jazz Trumpeter \| Composer \| Iraqi Maqam Singer \| Santoor Player\|website=Amirelsaffar.com\|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Azhar Kubba		* Azhar Kubba
	* Bahir Hashem Al Rajab		* Bahir Hashem Al Rajab
	* Basil al-Jarrah		* Basil al-Jarrah
	* Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi		* Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi
	* Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848–1933) <ref name="dangoor">http://www.dangoor.com/72page41.html</ref>		* Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848–1933)<ref name="dangoor">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.dangoor.com/72page41.html\|title=Traditional Iraqi Music\|website=Dangoor.com\|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Hashim Al Rajab		* Hashim Al Rajab
	* Hala Bassam		* Hala Bassam
	* Hammudi Ali al-Wardi		* Hammudi Ali al-Wardi
	* Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921–2003)		* Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921–2003)
	* Hendrin Hikmat (~~1974-~~)		* Hendrin Hikmat (1974–)
	* Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804–1894)		* Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804–1894)
	* Mohamed Abbas		* Mohamed Abbas
	* Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)		* Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)
	* Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (~~1955-~~) <ref>https://sites.google.com/site/santourmzdarwish/mohamedzakidarwish</ref>		* Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (1955–)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sites.google.com/site/santourmzdarwish/mohamedzakidarwish\|title=mohamedzakidarwish - santourmzdarwish\|website=Sites.google.com\|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
	* Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq		* Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq
	* Qasim Muhammad Abd (~~1969-~~)		* Qasim Muhammad Abd (1969–)
	* Rahmatallah Safa'i		* Rahmatallah Safa'i
	* Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi		* Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi
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	* Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)		* Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)
	* Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837–1915)		* Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837–1915)
	* Wesam al-Azzawy (~~1960-~~) <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V7BlsQAud0</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8teLR50E1Q8</ref><ref name="His most famous piece">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmOc7nUR4Hg</ref>		* Wesam al-Azzawy (1960–)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V7BlsQAud0\|title=وسام ايوب العزاوي عزف على الة السنطور\|date=12 May 2012 \|access-date=20 April 2021\|publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8teLR50E1Q8\|title=عزف على السنطور \|\| للفنان وسام ايوب\|access-date=20 April 2021\|publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="His most famous piece">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmOc7nUR4Hg\|title=عزف سنطور _ وسام العزاوي _مقام نهاوند\|date=14 November 2009 \|access-date=20 April 2021\|publisher=]}}</ref>
	* Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844–1929)		* Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844–1929)
	* Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886–1976) <ref name="dangoor" />		* Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886–1976)<ref name="dangoor" />


	===Greece===		===Greece===
	~~Plyers~~ of the Greek Santouri include:		Players of the Greek Santouri include:
	<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->		<!-- Add links to EXISTING articles only -->
	* ]		*]
	* ]		*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

	===India ===		===India ===
	~~Players~~ on the ~~Indian~~ ] include:		Notable players of the ] include:
			*] (1950–2018)
	* ]
			*] (b. 1957)
	* ]
			*] (b. 1972)

			*] (1938–2022)
	===Japan===
			*]
	* ]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Tani\|first=Dr. Masato\|title=Japanese Santour Player\|url=http://www.iranican.com/blog/meet-dr-masato-tani-persian-speaking-japanese-santur-player/\|work=Ethnomusicology}}</ref>
			*] (1948c2022)
			*] (1944–2007)
			*] (b. 1967)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://imcradiodotnet.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/our-wishes-to-indias-single-female-santoor-player-dr-varsha-agrawal-born-29-jan-1967/\|title=Our wishes to India's single female Santoor player Dr. Varsha Agrawal (born 29 Jan 1967)\|date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
			*] (1914–1982)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2015/04/ustaad-muhhammad-abdullah-tibetbaqal.html\|title=CHINAR SHADE : USTAAD MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH TIBETBAQAL ( 1914-1982) SUFIANA MUSICIAN FROM KASHMIR\|first=Chinar\|last=Shade\|date=14 April 2015}}</ref>
			*] (b. 1953)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=601\|title=Artist - Harjinder Pal Singh (Santoor), Gharana - None\|website=www.swarganga.org}}</ref>
			* ]

	===Germany===		===Germany===
	* (Dr. Bee Seavers) disciple of ~~Pt.~~ Shivkumar Sharma<ref></ref>		* <!--] -->Bee Seavers, disciple of <!--]--> ] (see above)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.shantiniketan.eu\|title=Pt. Shivkumar Sharma\|website=Shantiniketan.eu\|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

			===Poland===
			* ]

			===Turkey===
			* ] composer of ]

			===Lebanon===
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

	==~~Santurs from~~ around the world==		==From around the world==

	Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the ] is played and has been used by a number of ] ]s, including ], ] and ], and more recently, in a different musical context, by ]. The ] is the name of both the ] and the ] hammered dulcimer. The Chinese '']'' is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in ]. The santur and ] are found in the ] and ], respectively.		Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the ] is played and has been used by a number of ] ]s, including ], ], and ], and more recently, in a different musical context, by ]. The ] is the name of both the ] and the ] hammered dulcimer. The Chinese '']'' is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in ]. The santur and ] are found in the ] and ], respectively.

	{{col-start}}		{{col-start}}
	{{col-3}}		{{col-3}}
	* Afghanistan - ~~Santur~~		* Afghanistan – santur
			* Armenian - սանթուր (sant'ur)
	* Azerbaijan - Santur
			* Azerbaijan – santur
	* Austria – Hackbrett		* Austria – Hackbrett
	* Belarus – Цымбалы (])		* Belarus – Цымбалы (])
Line 166:		Line 196:
	* Brazil – ]		* Brazil – ]
	* Cambodia – ]		* Cambodia – ]
			* Catalonia – ]
	* China – 扬琴 (])		* China – 扬琴 (])
	* Croatian – cimbal, cimbale		* Croatian – cimbal, cimbale
Line 172:		Line 203:
	* France – tympanon		* France – tympanon
	* Germany – Hackbrett		* Germany – Hackbrett
	* Greece – ]		* Greece – santouri
	* Hungary – ]		* Hungary – ]
	* India – ]		* India – ]
Line 185:		Line 216:
	* Latvia – cimbole		* Latvia – cimbole
	* Lithuania – ], ]		* Lithuania – ], ]
	* Mongolia - ёочин ]		* Mongolia – ёочин ]
	* Netherlands – ]		* Netherlands – ]
	* Norway - ]		* Norway – ]
			* Pakistan – santur
	* Poland – cymbały		* Poland – cymbały
	* Portugal – ]		* Portugal – ]
Line 199:		Line 231:
	* Sweden – ], ]		* Sweden – ], ]
	* Switzerland – Hackbrett		* Switzerland – Hackbrett
			* Tajikistan – сантур, santur
	* Thailand – ]		* Thailand – ]
	* Turkey – santur		* Turkey – santur
Line 211:		Line 244:
	==See also==		==See also==
	*]		*]
	*]

	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
	<gallery class="center" caption="Santur related pictures" ~~widths="120px"~~ >		<gallery class="center" widths="120px" caption="Santur related pictures">
	File:Ali Bahrami-Fard performing in Vahdat Hall.jpg\|Ali Bahrami-Fard playing in ]		File:Ali Bahrami-Fard performing in Vahdat Hall.jpg\|Ali Bahrami-Fard playing in ]
	File:Iraqi Santur Player.jpg\|Chalghi ~~Santur~~ ~~Player~~ playing on a non-standard Iraqi ~~Santur~~		File:Iraqi Santur Player.jpg\|Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
	File:Santur Hand Position.jpg\|Santur ~~Hand~~ ~~Position~~		File:Santur Hand Position.jpg\|Santur hand position
	File:Santur Technique Video.theora.ogv\|Santur ~~Technique Video.theora~~		File:Santur Technique Video.theora.ogv\|Santur technique
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	==References==		==References==
			{{Reflist}}
	<references />

	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==
Line 241:		Line 273:
	\|author2=J.D. Reiss		\|author2=J.D. Reiss
	\| title = The Persian music and the santur instrument		\| title = The Persian music and the santur instrument
	\| ~~booktitle~~ = Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK		\| book-title = Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, London, UK
	\| year = 2005		\| year = 2005
	\|url= http://ismir2005.ismir.net/proceedings/2120.pdf		\|url= http://ismir2005.ismir.net/proceedings/2120.pdf
Line 257:		Line 289:

	==External links==		==External links==
	{{~~commons~~ category}}		{{Commons category}}
	*		*
	*		*
	*		*
	*		*
	*		*
	*		* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213003315/http://turksanturu.com/tarihce.htm \|date=13 February 2010 }}
	*		*

Line 270:		Line 302:
	{{Azerbaijani musical instruments}}		{{Azerbaijani musical instruments}}
	{{Zithers}}		{{Zithers}}
			{{Authority control}}

	]		]
	]		]
	]		]
	]
	]
	]		]
	]		]
			]

Latest revision as of 20:15, 26 October 2024

Hammered dulcimer of Iranian origin

This article is about the Persian instrument. For the Indian instrument, see Santoor. "Santouri" redirects here. For the film, see Santouri (film).

This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Misplaced Pages's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (June 2024)

Santur
String

Classification	Stringed, Struck
Playing range

Related instruments
Hammered dulcimer
Sound sample
Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur by Faramarz Payvar.

The santur (also santūr, santour, santoor) (Persian: سنتور), is a hammered dulcimer of Iranian origins.

History

String instrument
The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon (1600-911 BCE) and Neo-Assyria (911-612 BCE).
Classification	Struck
Related instruments
Qanun

The santur was invented and developed in the area of Iran. "The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings (669 B.C.); it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck" (35). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the Middle East. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. According to Habib Hasan Touma, the Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the harp, the yangqin, the harpsichord, the qanun, the cimbalom, and the hammered dulcimers.

Name

The name 'santur' may come from Persian sanṭīr, a borrowing of the Greek ψαλτήριον 'psalterion'. The Biblical Aramaic form psantērīn is found in the Book of Daniel 3:5.

Description

The oval-shaped mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges, providing a range of approximately three diatonic octaves. The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt.

The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper, while the left-hand strings are made of steel. A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle, and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes (dastgahs) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.

Derivations

Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique. The eastern European version of the santur called the cimbalom, which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany Hungarian folk music, Eastern European Jewish music, and Slavic music, as well as Romani music.

Iraqi santur

The Iraqi santur (also santour, santoor) (Arabic: سنطور) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin. It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "midhrab". The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower yakah (G) up to jawab jawab husayni (A). The bridges are called dama ("chessmen" in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. It is native to Iraq, Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts) and Azerbaijan.

It and the joza are the main instruments used in the classical Iraqi Maqam tradition. The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign qin".

The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic, allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides. Three of these bridges are movable: B half flat qaraar, E half flat, and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur.

Notable players

Iran

Iraq

Notable players of the Iraqi santur include:

Abdallah Ali (1929–1998)
Akram Al Iraqi
Amir ElSaffar
Azhar Kubba
Bahir Hashem Al Rajab
Basil al-Jarrah
Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi
Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848–1933)
Hashim Al Rajab
Hala Bassam
Hammudi Ali al-Wardi
Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921–2003)
Hendrin Hikmat (1974–)
Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804–1894)
Mohamed Abbas
Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)
Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (1955–)
Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq
Qasim Muhammad Abd (1969–)
Rahmatallah Safa'i
Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi
Sabah Hashim
Saif Walid al-Ubaydi
Salman Enwiya
Salman Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (1900–1950)
Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)
Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837–1915)
Wesam al-Azzawy (1960–)
Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844–1929)
Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886–1976)

Greece

Players of the Greek Santouri include:

India

Notable players of the Indian santoor include:

Ulhas Bapat (1950–2018)
Tarun Bhattacharya (b. 1957)
Rahul Sharma (b. 1972)
Shivkumar Sharma (1938–2022)
Abhay Sopori
Bhajan Sopori (1948c2022)
R. Visweswaran (1944–2007)
Varsha Agrawal (b. 1967)
Mohammad Tibet Baqal (1914–1982)
Harjinder Pal Singh (b. 1953)
Sandip Chatterjee

Germany

Bee Seavers, disciple of Shivkumar Sharma (see above)

Poland

Jarosław Niemiec

Turkey

Santuri Ethem Bey composer of Sehnaz Longa

Lebanon

From around the world

Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the cimbalom is played and has been used by a number of classical composers, including Zoltán Kodály, Igor Stravinsky, and Pierre Boulez, and more recently, in a different musical context, by Blue Man Group. The khim is the name of both the Thai and the Khmer hammered dulcimer. The Chinese yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in Persia. The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India, respectively.

Afghanistan – santur
Armenian - սանթուր (sant'ur)
Azerbaijan – santur
Austria – Hackbrett
Belarus – Цымбалы (tsymbaly)
Belgium – hakkebord
Brazil – saltério
Cambodia – khim
Catalonia – saltiri
China – 扬琴 (yangqin)
Croatian – cimbal, cimbale
Czech Republic – cimbál
Denmark – hakkebræt
France – tympanon
Germany – Hackbrett
Greece – santouri
Hungary – cimbalom
India – santoor

Iran – santur
Iraq – santur
Ireland – tiompan
Italy – salterio
Korea – yanggeum 양금
Laos – khim
Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala
Latvia – cimbole
Lithuania – cimbalai, cimbolai
Mongolia – ёочин yoochin
Netherlands – hakkebord
Norway – hakkebrett
Pakistan – santur
Poland – cymbały
Portugal – saltério
Romania – ţambal

Russia – цимбалы tsimbaly, Дульцимер (dultsimer)
Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal)
Slovakia – cimbal
Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj
Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) – salterio, dulcémele
Sweden – hackbräde, hammarharpa
Switzerland – Hackbrett
Tajikistan – сантур, santur
Thailand – khim
Turkey – santur
Ukraine – Цимбали tsymbaly
United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer
United States – hammered dulcimer
Uzbekistan – chang
Vietnam – đàn tam thập lục (lit. "36 strings")
Yiddish – tsimbl

Gallery

Santur related pictures
Ali Bahrami-Fard playing in Vahdat Hall
Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
Santur hand position
Santur technique

References

Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). Shadows in the desert : ancient Persia at war (1. publ. in Great Britain ed.). Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 286. ISBN 9781846031083.
^ --- Rashid, Subhi Anwar (1989). Al-ʼĀlāt al-musīqīyya al-muṣāhiba lil-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī. Baghdad: Matbaʻat al-ʻUmmāl al-Markazīyya.
^ Touma, Habib Hasan (1996). The Music of the Arabs. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
Oxford English Dictionary, updated December 2022, ''s.v.'' 'santoor'
Farhat, Hormoz (1990). The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052130542X.
Kenrick, Donald (2010). The A to Z of the Gypsies (Romanies). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8108-7561-6.
Touma, Habib (1996). The music of the Arabs (New expanded ed.). Portland, Or: Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-0-931340-88-8.
Kiani, Majid. "Master of the Santur". Santur Master, Teacher & Performer.
Khan, Mohammad Sadeq. "One of the oldest Santur Masters". Master of the Santur.
Shahi, Ali Akbar. "Santur master". Old school santur player.
Khan, Hassan. "Santur Master". Old school Santur Master.
Malek, Hussein. "Santur master". Old School Santur Master.
Somai, Habib. "santur master". Old school Santur master.
Varzandeh, Reza. "Santur Master". Unique Style of Playing.
Shafieian, Reza. "Saba's Student". Santur Master.
Sarami, Mansur. "Santur Master". Old School Santur player. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Shaari, Masoud. "Santur Master". Old School Santur Master. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Khan, Mohammad Santour. "Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of". Master of the Santur. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
Safvat, Daryoush. "Santur Master". Old school Santur master. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Akhbari, Jalal. "Old School Santur Master". Master of the Santur. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Arfa, Atrai. "Santur Player". Santur Soloist.
Hashemi, Azar. "Female Santur Player". Santur Soloist. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Aslani, Susan. "Female Santur Player". Santur Soloist. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Ali Pour, Manijeh. "Female Santur Player". Old School Santur Player. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
Al-Hanafi, Jalal (1964). Al-Mughannūn al-Baghdādīyyūn wa al-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī. Baghdad: Wizarat al-Irshad.
"Amir ElSaffar | Jazz Trumpeter | Composer | Iraqi Maqam Singer | Santoor Player". Amirelsaffar.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ "Traditional Iraqi Music". Dangoor.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"mohamedzakidarwish - santourmzdarwish". Sites.google.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"وسام ايوب العزاوي عزف على الة السنطور". YouTube. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"عزف على السنطور || للفنان وسام ايوب". YouTube. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"عزف سنطور _ وسام العزاوي _مقام نهاوند". YouTube. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"Our wishes to India's single female Santoor player Dr. Varsha Agrawal (born 29 Jan 1967)". 28 January 2013.
Shade, Chinar (14 April 2015). "CHINAR SHADE : USTAAD MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH TIBETBAQAL ( 1914-1982) SUFIANA MUSICIAN FROM KASHMIR".
"Artist - Harjinder Pal Singh (Santoor), Gharana - None". www.swarganga.org.
"Pt. Shivkumar Sharma". Shantiniketan.eu. Retrieved 20 April 2021.

Bibliography

Al-Hanafi, Jalal (1964). Al-Mughannūn al-Baghdādīyyūn wa al-Maqām al-ʻIrāqī. Baghdad: Wizarat al-Irshad.
Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
Children's Book of Music' ISBN 978-0-7566-6734-4

External links

Iranian musical instruments

Stringed
(Sāzhāy-e Zehī)

Bowed	Ghazhak Kamāncheh Classical kemençe
Plucked	Barbat Chang Harp Dotār Qānūn Robāb Sāz Nuzhe Setār Tanbūr Yaylı tambur Kurdish tanbur Tār Azerbaijani Tar Ūd Shahrud Rud Mugni
Struck	Santur
Experimental	Sallāneh Shurangiz Sorāhi

Woodwind
(Sāzhāy-e Bādī)

Exposed	Sornā Zurna Balaban Karnay Narmeh-ney Donali Dozaleh Kaval Ney anban
End-blown	Haft Band Nāy (Ney) Sheypur Zurna Pisha Miskal

Brass

Natural	Nafir

Percussion
(Sāzhāy-e
Kūbeheyī/Zarbī)

Auxiliary	Darāy Daf Dohol Dāvūl Dāyereh Zangī Naqāreh Tonbak (Dombak) Kūs Sanj Dammam Zarb Zang Zarbang Udu

Afghan traditional music
Azerbaijani traditional music
Kurdish traditional music
Persian traditional music
Tajik traditional music

v t e Turkish musical instruments
String instruments	Bowed instruments Karadeniz kemençe Classical kemençe Yaylı tanbur Rebab/Kabak kemane Sine kemanı Plucked instruments Kanun Çeng Turkish tambur Ud Cümbüş Ahenk Saz Cura Baglama Komuz Shahrud Rud Lavta Mugni Struck instruments Santur
Woodwind instruments	Zurna Tulum Karkm Dankiyo Gaida Çifte Ney Turkish ney Kaval Sipsi Dilli kaval Dilli ney Mey Tárogató Dilli düdük Kargı Düdük Miskal
Percussion instruments	Auxiliary percussion Bendir Cura nagara Daf Davul Darbuka Naqareh Kus Kudüm Nagara Turkish crescent Zill Castanet Spoon
See also	Turkish musical instruments Turkish folk music Ottoman classical music Ottoman military band Music of Turkey
Turkey portal Music portal Category

v t e Azerbaijani musical instruments
String instruments	Bowed instruments Chagane Kamancheh Plucked instruments Kanun Chang Çeng Ud Saz Komuz Shahrud Rud Mugni Tar (Azerbaijani instrument) Choghur Nuzhe Struck instruments Santur
Woodwind instruments	Zurna Tulum Balaban Kaval Tütek Ney Miskal
Percussion instruments	Auxiliary Percussion Bendir Boyuk nagara Cura nagara Daf Davul Dümbek Naqareh Kus Nagara Spoon Laggutu Qoltuq nagara
Possibly extinct	Bülban
See also	Azerbaijani Music Mugham

Zithers

By region

East Asia	Ajaeng Đàn tranh Gayageum Geomungo Guqin Guzheng Ichigenkin Indonesian siter Kacapi Khim Koto Se Yangqin Yanggeum Yazheng
West and South Asia	Kanun Nuzhe Indian santoor Persian santur Iraqi santur Swarmandal
Europe	Autoharp Bowed psaltery Cimbalom Epinette des Vosges Gusli Hammered dulcimer Hummel Kantele Kannel Kanklės Kokles Kusle Krez Langeleik Langspil Psaltery Psalterium Scheitholt Streichmelodion Tambourine de Bearn Tsymbaly Violinzither
Americas	Appalachian dulcimer Mexican salterio Tremoloa

Manufacturers

Categories: