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{{Short description|Marginal sea of the northern Indian Ocean}}
{{Infobox body of water {{Infobox body of water
| name = Arabian Sea | name = Arabian Sea
| native_name = | native_name = {{native name|ar| بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ}}
| native_name_lang = | pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| image = Arabian Sea - n22e70.jpg
| alt = center
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_caption =
| image_bathymetry = Arabian Sea map.png | image_bathymetry = Arabian Sea in its region.svg
| alt_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = The Arabian Sea as defined by the ]
| location = ], ] and ]
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|14|N|65|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=inline,title}} | coordinates = {{coord|14|N|65|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=inline,title}}
| type = ] | type = ]
| part_of = ] | part_of = ]
| inflow = | inflow =
| rivers = | rivers =
| outflow = | outflow =
| catchment = | catchment =
| basin_countries = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | basin_countries = India<br>Iran<br>Maldives<br>Oman<br>Pakistan<br>Seychelles<br>Somalia<br>Sri Lanka<br>Yemen
| agency = | agency =
| designation = | designation =
| length = | length =
| width = {{convert|2400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|2400|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources)
| depth = | depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|4652|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|4652|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume = | volume =
| residence_time = | residence_time =
| salinity = | salinity =
| shore = | shore =
| elevation = | elevation =
| frozen = | frozen =
| islands = ], ], ], ], ] | islands = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
| sections = | sections =
| islands_category = | islands_category =
| trenches = | trenches =
| benches = | benches =
| cities = | cities =
| website = | website =
| reference = | reference =
}} }}
The '''Arabian Sea''' is a region of the northern ] bounded on the north by ] and ], on the west by northeastern ] and the ], and on the east by ]. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the ] and the ]. Its total area is {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|-3|abbr=on}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|4652|m|ft|0}}. The ] is in the southwest, connecting the Arabian Sea to the ] through the strait of ], and the ] is in the northwest, connecting it to the ].


The '''Arabian Sea''' ({{langx|ar| بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ|baḥr al-ʿarab}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabian Sea|url=https://metadata.un.org/thesaurus/1000357?lang=en|access-date=28 December 2023|website=UNBIS Thesaurus}}</ref> is a region of ] in the northern ], bounded on the west by the ], ] and ], on the northwest by ] and ], on the north by ], on the east by ], and on the southeast by the ]<ref>Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211.</ref> and the ], on the southwest by ].<ref>Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341.</ref> Its total area is {{convert|3,862,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|5395|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the ] through the strait of ], and the ] is in the northwest, connecting it to the ].
The Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE. Major seaports include ] in ], the ] and the ] in ] and the Port of Salalah in ]. Other important ports include in India, ], ], and ] in ]. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include ] (Yemen), ] (Oman), ] (Pakistan) and ] (India).


==Geography== ==Geography==
The Arabian Sea's surface area is about {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Britannica">, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The maximum width of the sea is approximately {{convert|2400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and its maximum depth is {{convert|5395|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/ |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> The biggest river flowing into the sea is the ].
]
The Arabian Sea's surface area is about {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref>, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The maximum width of the Sea is approximately {{convert|2400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and its maximum depth is {{convert|4652|m|ft|0}}. The biggest river flowing into the Sea is the ].


The Arabian Sea has two important branches&nbsp;— the ] in the southwest, connecting with the ] through the strait of ]; and the ] to the northwest, connecting with the ]. There are also the gulfs of ] and ] on the Indian coast. The Arabian Sea has two important branches: the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of ]; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of ] and ] on the ].
The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in India, the ], ], and the ] in Pakistan, ] in Iran and the ] in ], ]. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include ] (]), ] (Oman), ] (India) and ] (Pakistan).
The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the ].<ref name="Britannica"/>


===Limits===
]
The ] defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207191813/https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2017 |pages=20–21}}</ref>
The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are ], ], ], ], ] and the ]. There are several large cities on the sea's coast including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


*On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden.
]
*On the north: a line joining ], east point of the ] (22°32'N) and ] (61°43'E) on the coast of Pakistan.
*On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of ] in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of ] (the easternmost point of ], 10°26'N).
*On the east: the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from ] on the west coast of India ({{coord|14|48|N|74|07|E}}) to ] ({{coord|13|42|N|72|10|E}}) and thence down the west side of the ] and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of ] in the Maldives.


===Limits=== ===Hydrography===
The ] in 1959 was among the first to perform hydrographic surveys of the Arabian Sea. Significant bathymetric surveys were also conducted by the ] during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=John K. |last2=Levenson |first2=Shahar |title=Compilation of a 100m bathymetric grid for the Arabian Plate; Red Sea, Arabian and Oman Seas and Persian Gulf |journal=U.S. HYDRO 2017 Conference |date=March 20, 2017 }}</ref>
] defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |format=PDF |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |accessdate=7 February 2010 }}</ref>


====Hydrographic features====
<blockquote>
Significant features in the northern Arabian Sea include the ], the second largest fan system in the world. The De Covilhao Trough, named after the 15th century ] explorer ], reaches depths of {{convert|4400|m|ft|0}} and separates the Indus Fan region from the Oman Abyssal Plain, which eventually leads to the ].
''On the West.'' The Eastern limit of the ] ] (Ras Asir, 51°16'E)].


The southern limits are dominated by the ], a deep basin reaching depths over {{convert|4200|m|ft|0}}. The northern sections of the ] flank the southern edge of the Arabian Basin.
''On the North.'' A line joining ], East point of ] (22°32'N) and ] (61°43'E) on the coast of ].


The deepest parts of the Arabian Sea are in the Alula-Fartak Trough on the western edge of the Arabian Sea off the Gulf of Aden. The trough, reaching depths over {{convert|5360|m|ft|0}}, traverses the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. The deepest known point is in the Arabian Sea limits at a depth of {{convert|5395|m|ft|0}}. Other significant deep points are part of the Arabian Basin, which include a {{convert|5358|m|ft|0}} deep point off the northern limit of Calrsberg Ridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/ |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
''On the South.'' A line running from the South extremity of ] (]), to the Eastern extreme of ] (Africa, 10°26'N).


====Seamounts====
''On the East.'' The Western limit of the ] ] on West Coast of ] ({{coord|14|48|N|74|07|E}}) to ] ({{coord|13|42|N|72|10|E}}) and thence down the West side of the ] and ] Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of ] in the Maldives].
Prominent ] off the Indian west coast include Raman Seamount named after ], Panikkar Seamount, named after ], and the Wadia ], named after ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wadia Guyot |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=5802 |website=Marine Regions Gazetteer |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Sind'Bad Seamount, named after the fictional explorer ], Zheng He Seamount, and the Mount Error Guyot are some notable sea mounts in western Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sind'Bad Seamount |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=5795 |website=Marine Regions Gazetteer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Error Guyot |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=5790 |website=Marine Regions Gazetteer |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>

==Border and basin countries==
Border and basin countries:<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm|title=Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline|website=www.wildlifeofpakistan.com|access-date=2020-08-28|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626173333/http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#{{IND}} - 2,500&nbsp;km coastline
#{{PAK}} - 1,050&nbsp;km coastline
#{{IRI}}
#{{MDV}}
#{{OMA}}
#{{YEM}}
#{{SOM}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bandra Sea Link aerial.jpg|right|Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai
File:Arabian Sea - October 2012.jpg|right|Arabian Sea seen from space
File:Arabian Sea in Karachi.jpg|right|Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan
</gallery>


==Alternative names== ==Alternative names==
{{Expert needed|geography|talk=Alternative_names|reason=This article possibly contains ] of material and claims which does not ] relate to the topic|date=April 2023}}
The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to by many different names by ] travellers and European geographers, that include<ref>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|work=washington.edu}}</ref> Indian Sea, Persian Sea, ]u Sagar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|work=kamat.com}}</ref> ],<ref></ref> ],{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} and Akhzar Sea.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by ] and European geographers and travelers, including ], Indian Sea, ],<ref name=Kamat>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|work=kamat.com}}</ref> Erythraean, Persian Sea in para No 34-35 of the Voyage.<ref name=Periplus>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|work=washington.edu}}</ref> In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, Arab Samudra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|website=www.kamat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223335/http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Arab geographers, sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the Akhdar (Green) Sea, Bahre Fars (Persian Sea), the Ocean Sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman; among them ], ], ] and ]. They wrote: "The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures." in Iran and Turkey people call it Oman sea.<ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/en/newsview/536034|title=Ministry of MoFA Iran: Introducing a Book and Atlas|work=mfa.gov.ir}}</ref>
In the ], as well as in some ancient maps, Erythraean Sea refers to the whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/File:1794_Anville_Map_of_the_Ancient_World_-_Geographicus_-_AncientWorld-anville-1794.jpg| title = 1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville| year = 1794}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Soulier, E.; Andriveau-Goujon, J. Anciens Empires Jusqua Alexandre. 1838.jpg|] 1838.
File:1658 Jansson Map of the Indian Ocean (Erythrean Sea) in Antiquity - Geographicus - ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg|1658 ] Map of the Indian Ocean (])
File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693, from his system of global gores the south.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean,1693
File:PeriplusAncientMap.jpg|17th century map depicting the locations of the '']''
File:A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630.jpg|A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by ], 1630
File:Basra-ps64.JPG|Persian Sea
File:Asia in the shape of the mythical winged horse Pegasus..jpg|Asia. ] and the Mare Persicum
</gallery>


==Trade routes== ==Trade routes==
]
The Arabian Sea has been an important ] ] since the era of the ''coastal sailing vessels'' from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the ]. By the time of ], several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon ] through the sea around the rough inland ]s to its north.


These routes usually began in the ] or down river from ], India with ] via historic ] (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then split around ], Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the ], or south into ] via Red Sea ports such as ]. Each major route involved transhipping to ], travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates.
The Arabian Sea has been an important ] ] since the era of the ''coastal sailing vessels'' from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the ]. By the time of ], several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon ] through the Sea around the rough inland ]s to its north.
]
These routes usually began in the ] or down river from ] with ] via historic ] (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of today's ] then split around ] into two streams north into the ] and thence into the ], or south into ] via ] ports such as ]. Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan, travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentiates.


This southern coastal route past the rough country in the southern ] (] and ] today) was significant, and the ]ian ]s built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's ], and another from the ] to the ], both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge ]s in antiquity. Later the ] arose in ] to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria. This southern coastal route past the rough country in the ] was significant, and the ]ian ]s built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's ], and another from the Red Sea to the ], both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge ]s in antiquity. Later the ] arose in ] to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria.
<ref>{{cite web| url = https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/en/newsview/536033| title = Documents on the Persian Gulf's name the eternal heritage ancient time by Dr. Mohammad Ajam<!-- -->}}</ref>


===Major ports=== ===Major ports===
] located on the south-west coast of India is the nearest Indian port to the international shipping routes, as well as one of the largest and busiest ports serving the Arabian Sea. Seen here is the ], the only such facility in India.]]

] in ] is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. ] in ] is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India.
Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/7yearsTRAFFIC-42175832.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/7yearsTRAFFIC-42175832.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)|website=shipping.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202009.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=WORLD PORT RANKINGS|year=2009|website=aapa.files.cms-plus.com}}</ref>


] at Kochi Port in India]]
The ] (Urdu: بندر گاہ كراچى, ''{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|Bandargāh-i Karācī}}'') is ]'s largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum). It is located between the Karachi towns of ] and ], close to the main business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position of the port places it in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the ]. The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi. Several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including "Krokola", "Morontobara" (Woman's Harbour) (mentioned by ]), ] (the ], and ] (a city invaded and captured by the Muslim general ] in 712 AD). There is a reference to the early existence of the port of Karachi in the "]", by the Arab navigator ] (AD 1511), who mentions "]" and "]" while describing a route along the coast from ] to Ras Karashi.


The ], Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport lies on the coast of the sea. It is located between the ] towns of ] and ].
] is also mentioned in the sixteenth century ] treatise ] (Mirror of Countries, 1557) by the ] captain ], which is a compilation of sailing directions from the ] island of ] to ] in the ]. It warns sailors about whirlpools and advises them to seek safety in "]" harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously.


The ] of Pakistan is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at ] in ] at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460&nbsp;km west of Karachi and approximately {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline.
The gate facing the sea was called "Kharadar" (salt gate), and the gate facing the ] was called "]" (sweet gate). The modern neighbourhoods around the location of the gates are called ] and Kharadar. Surrounded by mangrove swamps to the east, the sea to the southwest, and the ] to the north, the town was well defended and engaged in a profitable trade with Muscat and Bahrain.


] in Salalah, Oman is also a major port in the area. The International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m ] in 2009.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024826/http://www.portofsalalah.com/port_news_item.aspx?id=16655 |date=October 25, 2012 }}, Port of Salalah</ref>
] in Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, with some of the city's residential areas visible. The port is one of the busiest in the Arabian Sea]]


==Islands==
The ] is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at ] in ] at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460&nbsp;km west of ] and approximately 75&nbsp;km (47&nbsp;mi) east of Pakistan's border with ]. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline.
]
There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being ] (India), ] (Yemen), ] (Oman) and ] (Pakistan).


The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, {{convert|200|to|440|km|mi|abbr=on}} off the southwestern coast of India. The archipelago is a ] and is governed by the ]. The islands form the smallest union territory of India with their total surface area being just {{convert|32|km2|abbr=on}}. Next to these islands are the Maldives islands. These islands are all part of the ] group of islands.
] in ], ] is also a major port in the area. From a modest start in 1997, the Omani container transhipment port has achieved consistent growth. It is a key container transhipment hub on the Arabian Sea and is often used as the first port of call for vessels whose crew have just been released from the clutches of ] following ransom payments for withheld vessels and crew.
The port also plays host as a supply base for the visiting warships that provide protective escorts for merchant shipping in the sea lanes.
From that dual role has emerged another, one as an intelligence network&nbsp;— both military and civilian&nbsp;— to exchange information on possible pirate sightings and near misses. Also, the International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m teu{{clarify|date=December 2012}} in 2009<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024826/http://www.portofsalalah.com/port_news_item.aspx?id=16655 |date=October 25, 2012 }}, Port of Salalah</ref>


] was an island which was around for only a few years. After the 2013 earthquake in Pakistan, the mud island was formed. By 2016 the island had completely submerged.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1305482/gwadars-quake-island-disappears | title=Gwadar's quake island disappears | date=31 December 2016 }}</ref>
Major ]n ports in the Arabian Sea are ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shipping.gov.in/writereaddata/l892s/7yearsTRAFFIC-42175832.pdf|format=PDF|title=TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)|website=shipping.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202009.pdf|format=PDF|title=WORLD PORT RANKINGS|year=2009|website=aapa.files.cms-plus.com}}</ref>


Astola Island, also known as ''Jezira Haft Talar'' in ], or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters.
==Islands==
There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the largest being ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]).


Socotra, also spelled ''Soqotra'', is the largest island, being part of a small archipelago of four islands. It lies some {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the ] and {{convert|380|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the Arabian Peninsula.
] is a Pakistani island just off the coast of ]]]
'''Astola Island''', also known as ''Jezira Haft Talar'' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| زروان ءِ ہفت تلار}} ]}}) or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in ]'s territorial waters. It is a popular ] destination in the region. Overnight tourists camp on the island and bring their own provisions. Camping, fishing and scuba-diving expeditions are popular. It is also a site for observing turtle breeding. Endangered animals such as the ] (''Chelonia mydas'') and the ] (''Eretmochelys imbracata'') nest on the beach at the foot of the cliffs. The island is also a very important area for endemic reptiles such as the Astola ] (''Echis carinatus astolae'').


Masirah and the five ] are islands off the southeastern coast of Oman.
], a Yemeni island.]]
'''Socotra''' ({{lang-ar|سُقُطْرَى}} ''{{transl|ar|Suquṭra}}''), also spelled '''Soqotra''', is the largest island, being part of a small ] of four islands. It lies some {{convert|240|km|mi}} east of the ] and {{convert|380|km|mi}} south of the ]. The island is very isolated and through the process of ], a third of its plant life is found nowhere else on the planet. It has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth.


== Major cities ==
'''Masirah''' ({{lang-ar|مصيرة}}) is an ] off the East coast of ]. The main industries here are ] and traditional textile manufacturing. Formerly, traditional ship building was important. The rugged terrain of the island and surrounding rough coastline has led to the appearance of many wrecked ]s on the beaches of the ], most of them well preserved by the salt water and intense heat. The ocean bottom environment surrounding Masirah is hostile as the majority of the area is covered in either sand or hard rock. Despite the poor quality ocean bottom, the area is very productive with marine fisheries, and any hard objects (barrels, engines) are immediately colonized by local fauna.
There are many major cities and towns in the coast of Arabian Sea. Some of the major cities are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].

==Oxygen minimum zone==
]
The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic ]s (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of ], sometimes so low as to be undetectable by standard equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lüke|first1=Claudia|last2=Speth|first2=Daan R.|last3=Kox|first3=Martine A. R.|last4=Villanueva|first4=Laura|last5=Jetten|first5=Mike S. M.|date=2016-04-07|title=Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=4|pages=e1924|doi=10.7717/peerj.1924|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4830246|pmid=27077014 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Queste|first1=Bastien Y.|last2=Vic|first2=Clément|last3=Heywood|first3=Karen J.|last4=Piontkovski|first4=Sergey A.|date=2018|title=Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=45|issue=9|pages=4143–4152|doi=10.1029/2017GL076666|bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4143Q|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref> Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhanoo|first=S.N.|title=A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

== Environment and wildlife ==
The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
File:Karachi Mangroves.jpg|Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan.
File:Nakhl-Minoo.jpg|] and ] in ], Iran
File:The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif|Critically endangered
File:Dugong.jpg|] mother and her offspring in shallow waters
File:Makran sea .makoran coast in Iran.jpg|Makran coast
File:Makoran sea .Makoran coast in Iran.jpg|Makran sea. Makoran coast in Iran.
File:Red Coast of Makoran sea Iran.jpg|Makran coast
File:Arabian or Makoran sea .Makoran red coast in Iran.jpg|Iran
</gallery>

==Arabian Sea warming==
Recent studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roxy |first1=Mathew Koll |last2=Ritika |first2=Kapoor |last3=Terray |first3=Pascal |last4=Murtugudde |first4=Raghu |last5=Ashok |first5=Karumuri |last6=Goswami |first6=B. N. |title=Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 June 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=7423 |doi=10.1038/ncomms8423 |pmid=26077934 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.7423R |s2cid=7061499 |language=en |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pratik |first1=Kad |last2=Parekh |first2=Anant |last3=Karmakar |first3=Ananya |last4=Chowdary |first4=Jasti S. |last5=Gnanaseelan |first5=C. |title=Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |date=1 April 2019 |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |bibcode=2019ThApC.136..321P |s2cid=126114281 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |language=en |issn=1434-4483}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roxy |first1=M. K. |last2=Gnanaseelan |first2=C. |last3=Parekh |first3=Anant |last4=Chowdary |first4=Jasti S. |last5=Singh |first5=Shikha |last6=Modi |first6=Aditi |last7=Kakatkar |first7=Rashmi |last8=Mohapatra |first8=Sandeep |last9=Dhara |first9=Chirag |last10=Shenoi |first10=S. C. |last11=Rajeevan |first11=M. |title=Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-15-4327-2 |pages=191–206 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10 |language=en |chapter=Indian Ocean Warming|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10 |s2cid=226643638 }}</ref> by the ] confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to global warming. The intensification and northward shift of the summer monsoon low-level jet over the Arabian Sea from 1979 to 2015, led to increased upper ocean heat content due to enhanced downwelling and reduced southward heat transport.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pratik |first1=Kad |last2=Parekh |first2=Anant |last3=Karmakar |first3=Ananya |last4=Chowdary |first4=Jasti S. |last5=Gnanaseelan |first5=C. |title=Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |date=1 April 2019 |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |bibcode=2019ThApC.136..321P |s2cid=126114281 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |language=en |issn=1434-4483}}</ref>

==Native names==
Regional ]s for the Arabian sea in languages of the coastal regions surrounding it.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Name
!Romanized
|-
| ]
| بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ
|''baḥr al-ʿarab''
|-
|]
|ޢަރަބި ކަނޑު
|''arabi kanḍu''
|-
|]
|અરબી સમુદ્ર
|''arabī samudra''
|-
|]
|अरब सागर
|''arab sāgar''
|-
| ]
|ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಮುದ್ರ
|''arabbī samudra''
|-
| ]
|अरबी दर्या
|''arabī daryā''
|-
| ]
|അറബിക്കടൽ
|''aṟabikkaḍal''
|-
| ]
| अरबी समुद्र
|''arabī samudra''
|-
|]
|دریای عرب
|''darya-i-arab''
|-
| ]
|عربي سمنڊ
|''arabī samaṇḍ''
|-
| ]
| Bada Carbeed
|Bada Arbeed
|-
| ]
|அரபிகடல்
|''aṟabikkaḍal''
|-
|]
|{{Nastaliq|بحیرہ عرب}}
|''bahīrā arab''
|}


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Oceans}}
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


==Notes== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==References== ==Sources==
{{EB1911 |wstitle=Arabian Sea}} {{EB1911 |wstitle=Arabian Sea}}
*


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{commons category|Arabian Sea}}
* *
*


{{List of seas}} {{List of seas}}
{{Waters of South Asia}} {{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 21:23, 24 December 2024

Marginal sea of the northern Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ (Arabic)
The Arabian Sea as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization
LocationEast Africa, West Asia and South Asia
Coordinates14°N 65°E / 14°N 65°E / 14; 65
TypeSea
Part ofIndian Ocean
Basin countriesIndia
Iran
Maldives
Oman
Pakistan
Seychelles
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Yemen
Max. width2,400 km (1,500 mi)
Surface area3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources)
Max. depth4,652 m (15,262 ft)
IslandsAstola island, Basavaraj Durga Island, Bundal Island, Charna Island, Clifton Oyster Rocks, Khiprianwala Island, Lakshadweep, Malan Island, Manora Island, Masirah Island, Piram Island, Pirotan, Shams Pir, Socotra Archipelago

The Arabian Sea (Arabic: بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ, romanized: baḥr al-ʿarab) is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 5,395 meters (17,700 feet). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf.

Geography

The Arabian Sea's surface area is about 3,862,000 km (1,491,130 sq mi). The maximum width of the sea is approximately 2,400 km (1,490 mi), and its maximum depth is 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus River.

The Arabian Sea has two important branches: the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian Coast. The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include Kandla Port, Mundra Port, Pipavav Port, Dahej Port, Hazira Port, Mumbai Port, Nhava Sheva Port (Navi Mumbai), Mormugão Port (Goa), New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India, the Port of Karachi, Port Qasim, and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra (Yemen), Masirah Island (Oman), Lakshadweep (India) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives.

Limits

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:

Hydrography

The International Indian Ocean Expedition in 1959 was among the first to perform hydrographic surveys of the Arabian Sea. Significant bathymetric surveys were also conducted by the Soviet Union during the 1960s.

Hydrographic features

Significant features in the northern Arabian Sea include the Indus Fan, the second largest fan system in the world. The De Covilhao Trough, named after the 15th century Portuguese explorer Pero de Covilhăo, reaches depths of 4,400 metres (14,436 ft) and separates the Indus Fan region from the Oman Abyssal Plain, which eventually leads to the Gulf of Oman.

The southern limits are dominated by the Arabian Basin, a deep basin reaching depths over 4,200 metres (13,780 ft). The northern sections of the Carlsberg Ridge flank the southern edge of the Arabian Basin.

The deepest parts of the Arabian Sea are in the Alula-Fartak Trough on the western edge of the Arabian Sea off the Gulf of Aden. The trough, reaching depths over 5,360 metres (17,585 ft), traverses the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. The deepest known point is in the Arabian Sea limits at a depth of 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). Other significant deep points are part of the Arabian Basin, which include a 5,358 metres (17,579 ft) deep point off the northern limit of Calrsberg Ridge.

Seamounts

Prominent sea mounts off the Indian west coast include Raman Seamount named after C. V. Raman, Panikkar Seamount, named after N. K. Panikkar, and the Wadia Guyot, named after D. N. Wadia.

Sind'Bad Seamount, named after the fictional explorer Sinbad the Sailor, Zheng He Seamount, and the Mount Error Guyot are some notable sea mounts in western Arabian Sea.

Border and basin countries

Border and basin countries:

  1.  India - 2,500 km coastline
  2.  Pakistan - 1,050 km coastline
  3.  Iran
  4.  Maldives
  5.  Oman
  6.  Yemen
  7.  Somalia
  • Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai
  • Arabian Sea seen from space Arabian Sea seen from space
  • Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan

Alternative names

This article needs attention from an expert in geography. The specific problem is: This article possibly contains synthesis of material and claims which does not verifiably relate to the topic. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Geography may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2023)

The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by Arabian and European geographers and travelers, including Erythraean Sea, Indian Sea, Oman sea, Erythraean, Persian Sea in para No 34-35 of the Voyage. In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, Arab Samudra.

Arab geographers, sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the Akhdar (Green) Sea, Bahre Fars (Persian Sea), the Ocean Sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman; among them Zakariya al-Qazwini, Al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal and Hafiz-i Abru. They wrote: "The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures." in Iran and Turkey people call it Oman sea. In the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, as well as in some ancient maps, Erythraean Sea refers to the whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.

Trade routes

Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Arabian Sea has been an important marine trade route since the era of the coastal sailing vessels from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the Age of Sail. By the time of Julius Caesar, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north.

These routes usually began in the Far East or down river from Madhya Pradesh, India with transshipment via historic Bharuch (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then split around Hadhramaut, Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the Levant, or south into Alexandria via Red Sea ports such as Axum. Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan, travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates.

This southern coastal route past the rough country in the southern Arabian Peninsula was significant, and the Egyptian Pharaohs built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's Suez Canal, and another from the Red Sea to the Nile River, both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge sand storms in antiquity. Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria.

Major ports

Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are Mundra Port, Kandla Port, Nava Sheva, Kochi Port, Mumbai Port, Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram and Mormugão.

International Container Transshipment Terminal at Kochi Port in India

The Port of Karachi, Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport lies on the coast of the sea. It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar.

The Gwadar Port of Pakistan is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at Gwadar in Balochistan at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460 km west of Karachi and approximately 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline.

Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman is also a major port in the area. The International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m teu in 2009.

Islands

Landsat view of Socotra, an island of Yemen

There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being Lakshadweep Islands (India), Socotra (Yemen), Masirah (Oman) and Astola Island (Pakistan).

The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the southwestern coast of India. The archipelago is a union territory and is governed by the Union Government of India. The islands form the smallest union territory of India with their total surface area being just 32 km (12 sq mi). Next to these islands are the Maldives islands. These islands are all part of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands.

Zalzala Koh was an island which was around for only a few years. After the 2013 earthquake in Pakistan, the mud island was formed. By 2016 the island had completely submerged.

Astola Island, also known as Jezira Haft Talar in Balochi, or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters.

Socotra, also spelled Soqotra, is the largest island, being part of a small archipelago of four islands. It lies some 240 km (150 mi) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 km (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula.

Masirah and the five Khuriya Muriya Islands are islands off the southeastern coast of Oman.

Major cities

There are many major cities and towns in the coast of Arabian Sea. Some of the major cities are Mumbai, Muscat, Karachi, Aden, Salalah, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Alappuzha, Kollam, Mangalore, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Mogadishu, Gwadar, Abu Dhabi, Mundra, Dubai, Kannur, Panaji, Karwar, Udupi, Ratnagiri, Murdeshwar, Veraval, Colombo, Takamaka, and Dhiffushi.

Oxygen minimum zone

Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea
Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea in winter (NASA)

The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of oxygen, sometimes so low as to be undetectable by standard equipment. The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman. Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.

Environment and wildlife

The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution.

  • The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
  • Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan. Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Palm and sunset in Minoo Island, Iran Palm and sunset in Minoo Island, Iran
  • Critically endangered Critically endangered
  • Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow waters Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow waters
  • Makran coast Makran coast
  • Makran sea. Makoran coast in Iran. Makran sea. Makoran coast in Iran.
  • Makran coast Makran coast
  • Iran Iran

Arabian Sea warming

Recent studies by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to global warming. The intensification and northward shift of the summer monsoon low-level jet over the Arabian Sea from 1979 to 2015, led to increased upper ocean heat content due to enhanced downwelling and reduced southward heat transport.

Native names

Regional endonyms for the Arabian sea in languages of the coastal regions surrounding it.

Language Name Romanized
Arabic بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ baḥr al-ʿarab
Divehi ޢަރަބި ކަނޑު arabi kanḍu
Gujarati અરબી સમુદ્ર arabī samudra
Hindi अरब सागर arab sāgar
Kannada ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಸಮುದ್ರ arabbī samudra
Konkani अरबी दर्या arabī daryā
Malayalam അറബിക്കടൽ aṟabikkaḍal
Marathi अरबी समुद्र arabī samudra
Persian دریای عرب darya-i-arab
Sindhi عربي سمنڊ arabī samaṇḍ
Somali Bada Carbeed Bada Arbeed
Tamil அரபிகடல் aṟabikkaḍal
Urdu بحیرہ عرب bahīrā arab

See also

References

  1. "Arabian Sea". UNBIS Thesaurus. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  2. Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211.
  3. Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341.
  4. ^ Arabian Sea, Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. "NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  6. "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  7. Hall, John K.; Levenson, Shahar (March 20, 2017). "Compilation of a 100m bathymetric grid for the Arabian Plate; Red Sea, Arabian and Oman Seas and Persian Gulf". U.S. HYDRO 2017 Conference.
  8. "NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  9. "Wadia Guyot". Marine Regions Gazetteer. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  10. "Sind'Bad Seamount". Marine Regions Gazetteer.
  11. "Mount Error Guyot". Marine Regions Gazetteer. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  12. "Iran". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
  13. "Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline". www.wildlifeofpakistan.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  14. "Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea". kamat.com.
  15. "The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea". washington.edu.
  16. "Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea". www.kamat.com.
  17. "The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea". depts.washington.edu.
  18. "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
  19. "Ministry of MoFA Iran: Introducing a Book and Atlas". mfa.gov.ir.
  20. "1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville". 1794.
  21. "Documents on the Persian Gulf's name the eternal heritage ancient time by Dr. Mohammad Ajam".
  22. "TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)" (PDF). shipping.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  23. "WORLD PORT RANKINGS" (PDF). aapa.files.cms-plus.com. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  24. Salalah’s versatility beats the slump Archived October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Port of Salalah
  25. "Gwadar's quake island disappears". 31 December 2016.
  26. Lüke, Claudia; Speth, Daan R.; Kox, Martine A. R.; Villanueva, Laura; Jetten, Mike S. M. (2016-04-07). "Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone". PeerJ. 4: e1924. doi:10.7717/peerj.1924. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4830246. PMID 27077014.
  27. Queste, Bastien Y.; Vic, Clément; Heywood, Karen J.; Piontkovski, Sergey A. (2018). "Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4143–4152. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4143Q. doi:10.1029/2017GL076666. ISSN 1944-8007.
  28. Bhanoo, S.N. "A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea". The New York Times.
  29. Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Ashok, Karumuri; Goswami, B. N. (16 June 2015). "Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7423. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7423R. doi:10.1038/ncomms8423. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 26077934. S2CID 7061499.
  30. Pratik, Kad; Parekh, Anant; Karmakar, Ananya; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Gnanaseelan, C. (1 April 2019). "Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 136 (1): 321–331. Bibcode:2019ThApC.136..321P. doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6. ISSN 1434-4483. S2CID 126114281.
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Sources

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arabian Sea". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

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