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{{Short description|Most Beautiful Names or Attributes belong to Allah God Almighty}} | |||
The '''99 Names of God''', also known as '''The 99 attributes of Allah''' ({{ArB|أسماء الله الحسنى}} {{ArTranslit|Asma’ Allah al-Ḥusná}}), are the ] revealed to man in The ]{{fact}}; even though His names (as adjectives, word constructs, or otherwise) exceed ninety-nine in The Qur'an. | |||
{{Redirect|Ash-Shaheed| martyrdom in Islam |Istishhad| "martyr" or "witness" |Shaheed}} | |||
{{Redirect|al-Badi| the palace in Marrakesh |El Badi Palace}} | |||
{{Allah|related}} | |||
'''Names of God in Islam''' ({{langx|ar|أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ|translit=ʾasmāʾu llāhi l-ḥusnā|lit=Allah's Beautiful Names}}) are 99 names that each contain ],<ref name="Muhammad al-Sharif attributes of God">{{cite book |author1=Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif |title=ALLAH'S MOST BEAUTIFUL NAMES: اسماء الله الحسنى |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |year=2014 |isbn=978-2745154811 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gi5uDwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=En |quote=...Name "Rahman" and the characteristic it carries.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark W. Muesse |author1-link=Mark W. Muesse |title=Four Wise Men |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2018 |isbn=9780718895228 |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hxEAAAQBAJ |access-date=20 August 2024 |quote=... attributes, which name certain qualities that assist in appropriately orienting the mind toward god.}}</ref><ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /><ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /><ref name="Onomastics between Sacred and Profane" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Al-Uthaymin |author1-link=Al-Uthaymin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OS3DwAAQBAJ |editor1-last=bin Nashir bin Ibrahim As-Sulaiman |translator=Munirul Abidin |editor1-first=Fahd |title=Tuntunan Tanya-Jawab Akidah, Shalat, Zakat, Puasa, dan Haji |trans-title=Guide to Questions and Answers on Faith, Prayer, Zakat, Fasting and Hajj |year=2019 |publisher=Darul Falah |isbn=978-979-3036-66-3 |page=72 |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=Id}}</ref> which are implied by the respective names.<ref>{{cite book |author1=M. Ghulam Hussain Daleel |title=Kayinath: For Literature and Philanthropy |year=2023 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9798888839706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxCqEAAAQBAJ |access-date=20 August 2024 |quote=...ninety-nine names of God, mentioned in the Quran. Allah's names imply his attributes....}}</ref> | |||
==Origin== | |||
In one Islamic tradition, the Prophet ] used to call God by all his names: | |||
:"Allahumma inni ad`uka bi asma'ika al-husna kulliha" | |||
:"اللهم اني ادعوك باسمائك الحسنى كلها" | |||
:"O God, I invoke you with all of your beautiful names." | |||
:: (Narrated by Ibn Maja, book of Du`a; and by Imam Malik in his Muwatta', Kitab al-Shi`r) | |||
These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims during ], ], and ], as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Each name reflects a specific attribute of Allah and serves as a means for believers to understand and relate to the Divine. | |||
The Prophet is also reported to have said in a famous ]: | |||
:"Verily, there are ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates them would get into Paradise." | |||
:: (Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, p. 1410) | |||
Some names are known from either the ] or the ], while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an.<ref name="morg10" /> Additionally, Muslims also believe that there are more names of God besides those found in the Qur'an and hadith, and that God has kept knowledge of these names hidden with himself, and no one else knows them completely and fully except him. | |||
This caused people to search them out in the ], and a list was compiled. Over time it became custom to recite the list in its entirety. While most muslims believe that this list is mentioned by the prophet himself, the specialist muslim scholars argue that the list was just compiled by a muslim scholar, (Al Waaleed ibn Muslim). If it was only an attempt of a scholar, they are not necessarily the names proper, and other attempts may still be made. A recent scholar, Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek, made an attempt of this kind and explained in detail why he differs in opinion with Al Waleed about enlisting some of the names. However, reciting the traditional names has developed into a ritual by some muslims (a bit like a Catholic ]) as an attempt to enumerate them, while some other muslims believe that the "enumeation" is not just the act of recitation, but applying the attributes that the names suggest. | |||
==List of names== | |||
As one ] puts it: | |||
The ] refers to God's ''Most Beautiful Names'' (''al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná'') in several Surahs.<ref>See the ] "]" ( ), "]" ( ), "]" ( ) and "]" ( ).</ref> According to Islamic belief, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept of ''tawqif''). Thus, it is impermissible ('']'') for Muslims to give Allah names except with what has been mentioned in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths, according to Sheikh ], ], and others, are as following Hadith: | |||
:"...by reciting and contemplating the names, and by embodying them as far as possible in his actions, the devout ]s to remember God and draws near to Him, and with God's grace makes them part of his own being." | |||
{{Blockquote|text={{big|الخافضُ، المعزُّ، المذِل، العَدْلُ، الجَلِيلُ، البَاعِثُ، المُحْصِي، المُبْدِئُ، المُعِيدُ، المُمِيتُ، الوَاجِدُ، المَاجِدُ، الوَالِي، المُقْسِط، المُغْنِي، المَانِعُ، الضَّارُّ، النَّافِعُ، البَاقِي، الرَّشِيدُ، الصَّبُور.}}}}{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} | |||
==Palm of the Hand== | |||
What could be interpreted as the number ] written in ] is imprinted on human hands. If one looks at his or her palms, thumbs facing upward, the lines in the hands appear as "١٨ ٨١", which are the ] of 81 and 18, which sum to 99. | |||
According to ] Hadith:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/80/105|title=Hadith: Book of Invocations - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> | |||
For Muslims this is a reference to the ]. It should be noted that this has no Islamic or Qu'ranic basis supporting it, and is more likely a ] that has developed in Muslim culture. | |||
{{Blockquote|] reported that God has ninety-nine Names, i.e., one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly, will enter ]; and God is witr (one) and loves 'the witr' (i.e., odd numbers).|sign=|source=Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 8, Book 75, Hadith 419}} | |||
==List of Names== | |||
The 99 Names of God according to the tradition of ] are: | |||
According to ] Hadith:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/97/21|title=Hadith - Book of Oneness, Uniqueness of Allah (Tawheed) - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> | |||
# ''']''' (الله) God | |||
# Ar-] (الرحمن) The All Beneficent | |||
# Ar-] (الرحيم) The Most Merciful | |||
# Al-] (الملك) The King, The Sovereign | |||
# Al-] (القدوس) The Most Holy | |||
# As-] (السلام) Peace and Blessing | |||
# Al-] (المؤمن) The Guarantor | |||
# Al-] (المهيمن) The Guardian, the Preserver | |||
# Al-] (العزيز) The Almighty, the Self Sufficient | |||
# Al-] (الجبار) The Powerful, the Irresistible | |||
# Al-] (المتكبر) The Tremendous | |||
# Al-] (الخالق) The Creator | |||
# Al-]' (البارئ) The Maker | |||
# Al-] (المصور) The Fashioner of Forms | |||
# Al-] (الغفار) The Ever Forgiving | |||
# Al-] (القهار) The All Compelling Subduer | |||
# Al-] (الوهاب) The Bestower | |||
# Ar-] (الرزاق) The Ever Providing | |||
# Al-] (الفتاح) The Opener, the Victory Giver | |||
# Al-] (العليم) The All Knowing, the Omniscient | |||
# Al-] (القابض) The Restrainer, the Straightener | |||
# Al-] (الباسط) The Expander, the Munificent | |||
# Al-] (الخافض) The Abaser | |||
# Ar-] (الرافع) The Exalter | |||
# Al-] (المعز) The Giver of Honor | |||
# Al-] (المذل) The Giver of Dishonor | |||
# As-Sami (السميع) The All Hearing | |||
# Al-] (البصير) The All Seeing | |||
# Al-] (الحكم) The Judge, the Arbitrator | |||
# Al-] (العدل) The Utterly Just | |||
# Al-] (اللطيف) The Subtly Kind | |||
# Al-] (الخبير) The All Aware | |||
# Al-] (الحليم) The Forbearing, the Indulgent | |||
# Al-] (العظيم) The Magnificent, the Infinite | |||
# Al-] (الغفور) The All Forgiving | |||
# Ash-] (الشكور) The Grateful | |||
# Al-] (العلى) The Sublimely Exalted | |||
# Al-] (الكبير) The Great | |||
# Al-] (الحفيظ) The Preserver | |||
# Al-] (المقيت) The Nourisher | |||
# Al-] (الحسيب) The Reckoner | |||
# Al-] (الجليل) The Majestic | |||
# Al-] (الكريم) The Bountiful, the Generous | |||
# Ar-] (الرقيب) The Watchful | |||
# Al-] (المجيب) The Responsive, the Answerer | |||
# Al-] (الواسع) The Vast, the All Encompassing | |||
# Al-] (الحكيم) The Wise | |||
# Al-] (الودود) The Loving, the Kind One | |||
# Al-] (المجيد) The All Glorious | |||
# Al-] (الباعث) The Raiser of the Dead | |||
# Ash-] (الشهيد) The Witness | |||
# Al-] (الحق) The Truth, the Real | |||
# Al-] (الوكيل) The Trustee, the Dependable | |||
# Al-] (القوى) The Strong | |||
# Al-] (المتين) The Firm, the Steadfast | |||
# Al-] (الولى) The Protecting Friend, Patron, and Helper | |||
# Al-] (الحميد) The All Praiseworthy | |||
# Al-] (المحصى) The Accounter, the Numberer of All | |||
# Al-Mubdi' (المبدئ) The Producer, Originator, and Initiator of all | |||
# Al-Mu'id (المعيد) The Reinstater Who Brings Back All | |||
# Al-Muhyi (المحيى) The Giver of Life | |||
# Al-Mumit (المميت) The Bringer of Death, the Destroyer | |||
# Al-Hayy (الحي) The Ever Living | |||
# Al-Qayyum (القيوم) The Self Subsisting Sustainer of All | |||
# Al-Wajid (الواجد) The Perceiver, the Finder, the Unfailing | |||
# Al-Majid (الماجد) The Illustrious, the Magnificent | |||
# Al-Wahid (الواحد) The One, the All Inclusive, the Indivisible | |||
# As-Samad (الصمد) The Self Sufficient, the Impregnable, the Eternally Besought of All, the Everlasting | |||
# Al-Qadir (القادر) The All Able | |||
# Al-Muqtadir (المقتدر) The All Determiner, the Dominant | |||
# Al-Muqaddim (المقدم) The Expediter, He who brings forward | |||
# Al-Mu'akhkhir (المؤخر) The Delayer, He who puts far away | |||
# Al-Awwal (الأول) The First | |||
# Al-Akhir (الأخر) The Last | |||
# Az-Zahir (الظاهر) The Manifest; the All Victorious | |||
# Al-Batin (الباطن) The Hidden; the All Encompassing | |||
# Al-] (الوالي) The Patron | |||
# Al-Muta'ali (المتعالي) The Self Exalted | |||
# Al-Barr (البر) The Most Kind and Righteous | |||
# At-Tawwab (التواب) The Ever Returning, Ever Relenting | |||
# Al-Muntaqim (المنتقم) The Avenger | |||
# Al-'Afuww (العفو) The Pardoner, the Effacer of Sins | |||
# Ar-Ra'uf (الرؤوف) The Compassionate, the All Pitying | |||
# Malik al Mulk (مالك الملك) The Owner of All Sovereignty | |||
# Dhu al Jalal wa al Ikram (ذو الجلال و الإكرام) The Lord of Majesty and Generosity | |||
# Al-Muqsit (المقسط) The Equitable, the Requiter | |||
# Al-Jami' (الجامع) The Gatherer, the Unifier | |||
# Al-Ghani (الغنى) The All Rich, the Independent | |||
# Al-Mughni (المغنى) The Enricher, the Emancipator | |||
# Al-Mani'(المانع) The Withholder, the Shielder, the Defender | |||
# Ad-Darr (الضار) The Distressor, the Harmer (This attribute can only be found in ]) | |||
# An-Nafi' (النافع) The Propitious, the Benefactor | |||
# An-Nur (النور) The Light | |||
# Al-Hadi (الهادي) The Guide | |||
# Al-Badi (البديع) Incomparable, the Originator | |||
# Al-Baqi (الباقي) The Ever Enduring and Immutable | |||
# Al-Warith (الوارث) The Heir, the Inheritor of All | |||
# Ar-Rashid (الرشيد) The Guide, Infallible Teacher, and Knower | |||
# As-Sabur (الصبور) The Patient, the Timeless | |||
* Dhul Fazl al Azim (ذو الفضل العظيم) The Lord of Infinite Grace (Q 2.105, 3.74, 8.29, 57.21, 57.29, 62.4) Note: This name, although found in the Qur'an, is not and never was part of the traditional list of the 99 names of Allah. | |||
{{Blockquote|Allah's Messenger (]) said, "God has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.|sign=|source=Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 489}} | |||
''The English translation of names may have a slightly different meaning than the original Arabic word due to the words available in each language.'' | |||
] refers to Surah 17 as the ''locus classicus'' to which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached in ]. A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59.<ref>http://quran.com/59/22-24 (59:22–24)</ref> | |||
==100th Name of God== | |||
Muslims teach that there are 99 names for God and that the 100th name is hidden. The idea has become a kind of mystery with little references to what it means. (Mellis) | |||
Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The following list is based on the one found in the '']'' (9th century), which is the most commonly known.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Other hadiths, such as those of ], ], ], ] or ], have variant lists. All attribute the original compilation of the list of names to ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Various early Muslim exegetes, including ], ], ], ], ], have given their own versions of lists of 99 names. | |||
Once again, the ] about the names of God says: | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
:"Verily, there are ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates them would get into Paradise." | |||
! Pronunciation!! Classical ] | |||
:: (Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, p. 1410) | |||
(Quranic/ classical written forms)<ref>Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in the ''vowelled'' Classical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.</ref> | |||
! ] | |||
!Translation !! Reference | |||
|- | |||
| <br>{{Audio|01-ar-rahman.ogg|1|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |<nowiki> </nowiki>{{huge|'''اَلرَّحْمَـٰنِ'''}} | |||
| ar-Raḥmān | |||
|| The Most Merciful (in major affairs)/<ref name="Rahman Rahim difference">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 1 (Part 1): Al-Fatihah 1 to Al-Baqarah 141 2nd Edition |year=2013 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |isbn=978-1861798268 |page=XXIV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcxQCwAAQBAJ |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=En |quote=Exegesis of ] and ] with the reference material from a Hadith from ] transmitted by ].}}</ref> The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Most Gracious/ || Quran: Beginning of every ] (chapter) except ], and numerous other places. The first ] (verse) of ] (Surah 55) consists only of this name. | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|02-ar-rahim.ogg|2|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{huge|'''اَلرَّحِيْمُ'''}} | |||
| ] | |||
|| The Most Merciful/ Ever-Merciful/ Merciful/ Most Clement (in specific or detailed affairs).<ref name="Rahman Rahim difference" /> || Quran: Beginning of every Surah except ], and numerous other places. | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|03-al-malik.ogg|3|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''اَلْمَلِكُ'''}} | |||
|| ] | |||
|| The King/ Lord/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Master/Possessor of the ].<ref>{{harvtxt|Al-Bayhaqi |1999 |pp=55,101}}</ref> | |||
|{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|04-al-quddus.ogg|4|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{huge|'''اَلْقُدُّوسُ'''}} | |||
||al-Quddūs | |||
|| The ]/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred ||{{Cite Quran|62|1}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|05-as-salam.ogg|5|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{huge|'''ٱلسَّلَامُ'''}} | |||
||as-Salām | |||
| The Giver of Peace/ ]/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil ||{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|06-al-mumin.ogg|6|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ'''}} | |||
||al-Muʾmin | |||
| The Granter of Security/ the Giver/ Faith/ Supreme Believer (of Belief)/ Giver of Belief/ All-Assurer||{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|07-al-muhaymin.ogg|7|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ'''}}||al-Muhaymin|| The Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating ||{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|08-al-aziz.ogg|8|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْعَزِيزُ'''}} | |||
|al-ʿAzīz | |||
| The Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty ||{{Cite Quran|3|6}}, {{Cite Quran|4|158}},{{Cite Quran|9|40}}, {{Cite Quran|48|7}}, {{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|09-al-jabbar.ogg|9|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْجَبَّارُ'''}} | |||
|al-Jabbār | |||
| The Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/ ]||{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|10-al-mutakabbir.ogg|10|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ'''}} | |||
| al-Mutakabbir|| The Possessor of Greatness/ Supreme/ Justly Proud ||{{Cite Quran|59|23}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|11-al-khaliq.ogg|11|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْخَالِقُ'''}} | |||
| al-Khāliq | |||
| The Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author ||{{Cite Quran|6|102}}, {{Cite Quran|13|16}}, {{Cite Quran|36|81}}, {{Cite Quran|40|62}}, {{Cite Quran|59|24}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|12-al-bari.ogg|12|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْبَارِئُ'''}} | |||
| al-Bāriʾ | |||
| The Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events ||{{Cite Quran|59|24}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|13-al-musawwir.ogg|13|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ'''}} | |||
| al-Muṣawwir | |||
| The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist ||{{Cite Quran|59|24}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|14-al-ghaffar.ogg|14|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْغَفَّارُ'''}} | |||
|al-Ghaffār | |||
| The Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner | |||
|{{Cite Quran|38|66}}, {{Cite Quran|39|5}}, {{Cite Quran|40|42}}, {{Cite Quran|71|10}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|15-al-qahhar.ogg|15|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْقَهَّارُ'''}} | |||
| al-Qahhār | |||
| The Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher | |||
|, , , , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|16-al-wahhab.ogg| 16|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْوَهَّابُ'''}} | |||
|] | |||
| The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|17-ar-razzaq.ogg| 17|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلرَّزَّاقُ'''}} | |||
|ar-Razzāq | |||
| The Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|18-al-fattah.ogg| 18|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْفَتَّاحُ'''}} | |||
|al-Fattāḥ | |||
| The Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|19-al-alim.ogg| 19|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْعَلِيمُ'''}} | |||
|al-ʿAlīm | |||
| The Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing ||, , , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|20-al-qabid.ogg|20|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْقَابِضُ'''}} | |||
| al-Qābiḍ | |||
| The Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|21-al-basit.ogg |21|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْبَاسِطُ'''}} | |||
|al-Bāsiṭ | |||
| The Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|22-al-khafid.ogg|22|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْخَافِضُ'''}} | |||
| al-Khāfiḍ | |||
| The Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader ||; al-Kafʿamī (1992:38) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|23-ar-rafi.ogg |23|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلرَّافِعُ'''}} | |||
|ar-Rāfiʿ | |||
| The Exalter/ Upgrader ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|24-al-muizz.ogg|24|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُعِزُّ'''}}|| al-Muʿizz | |||
| The Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|25-al-mudhill.ogg|25|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُذِلُّ'''}} | |||
| al-Muḏill | |||
| The Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|26-as-sami.ogg |26|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلسَّمِيعُ'''}} | |||
|as-Samīʿ | |||
| The Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|27-al-basir.ogg|27|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْبَصِيرُ'''}} | |||
| al-Baṣīr | |||
| The All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|28-al-hakam.ogg|28|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْحَكَمُ'''}} | |||
|al-Ḥakam|| The Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|29-al-adl.ogg|29|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْعَدْلُ'''}} | |||
|al-ʿAdl|| The Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|30-al-latif.ogg|30|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱللَّطِيفُ'''}} | |||
|al-Laṭīf | |||
| The Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|31-al-khabir.ogg|31|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْخَبِيرُ'''}} | |||
| al-Khabīr | |||
| The All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|32-al-halim.ogg|32|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْحَلِيمُ'''}} | |||
|al-Ḥalīm | |||
| The Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|33-al-azim.ogg|33|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْعَظِيمُ'''}} | |||
|al-ʿAẓīm | |||
| The Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|34-al-ghafur.ogg|34|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْغَفُورُ}}''' | |||
|al-Ghafūr | |||
| The Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|35-ash-shakur.ogg|35|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلشَّكُورُ}}''' | |||
|ash-Shakūr | |||
| The Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|36-al-ali.ogg|36|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْعَلِيُّ}}''' | |||
|al-ʿAliyy | |||
| The Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|37_al-kabir.ogg|37|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْكَبِيرُ}}''' | |||
|al-Kabīr | |||
| The Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|38-al-hafiz.ogg|38|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْحَفِيظُ}}''' | |||
|al-Ḥafīz | |||
| The Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|39-al-muqit.ogg|39|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُقِيتُ}}''' | |||
| al-Muqīt | |||
| The Nourisher/ Feeder || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|40-al-hasib.ogg|40|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْحَسِيبُ}}''' | |||
|al-Ḥasīb | |||
| The Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|41-al-jalil.ogg|41|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْجَلِيلُ}}''' | |||
|al-Jalīl | |||
| The Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|42 al-karim.ogg|42|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْكَرِيمُ}}''' | |||
|al-Karīm | |||
| The Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|43-ar-raqib.ogg|43|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلرَّقِيبُ}}''' | |||
|ar-Raqīb | |||
| The Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|44-al-mujib.ogg|44|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُجِيبُ}}''' | |||
|al-Mujīb | |||
| The Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|45-al-wasi.ogg|45|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْوَاسِعُ}}''' | |||
|al-Wāsiʿ | |||
| The Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|46-al-hakim.ogg|46|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْحَكِيمُ}}''' | |||
|al-Ḥakīm | |||
| The Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|47-al-wadud.ogg |47|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْوَدُودُ}}''' | |||
|al-Wadūd | |||
| The Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|48-al-majid.ogg|48|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمَجِيدُ}}''' | |||
|al-Majīd | |||
| The All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|49 al-baith.ogg |49|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْبَاعِثُ}}''' | |||
| al-Bāʿiṯ | |||
| The Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|50-ash-shahid.ogg|50|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلشَّهِيدُ}}''' | |||
|ash-Shahīd | |||
| The Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|51-al-haqq.ogg|51|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" | {{huge|'''ٱلْحَقُّ'''}} | |||
|al-Ḥaqq|| The Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|52-al-wakil.ogg|52|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْوَكِيلُ'''}} | |||
| al-Wakīl | |||
| The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|53-al-qawi.ogg|53|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْقَوِيُّ'''}}|| al-Qawiyy | |||
| The Strong ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|54-al-matin.ogg|54|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمَتِينُ'''}} | |||
| al-Matīn | |||
| The Firm, The Steadfast || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|55-al-wali.ogg|55|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْوَلِيُّ'''}}|| al-Waliyy | |||
| ] ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|56-al-hamid.ogg|56|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْحَمِيدُ'''}} | |||
| al-Ḥamīd | |||
| The All Praiseworthy ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|57-al-muhsi.ogg|57|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُحْصِىُ'''}} | |||
| al-Muḥsīy | |||
| The Accounter, The Numberer of All ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|58-al-mubdi.ogg|58|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُبْدِئُ'''}} | |||
| al-Mubdiʾ | |||
| The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|59-al-muid.ogg|59|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{huge|'''ٱلْمُعِيدُ'''}} | |||
| al-Muʿīd | |||
| The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|60-al-muhyi.ogg|60|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُحْيِي}}''' | |||
| al-Muḥyē | |||
| The Giver of Life ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|61-al-mumit.ogg|61|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُمِيتُ}}''' | |||
| al-Mumīt | |||
| The Bringer of Death ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|62-al-hayy.ogg|62|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْحَىُّ}}'''|| ]|| The Living ||, , , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|63-al-qayyum.ogg|63|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْقَيُّومُ}}''' | |||
| al-Qayyūm | |||
| The Subsisting, The Independent ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|64-al-wajid.ogg|64|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْوَاجِدُ}}''' | |||
| al-Wājid | |||
| The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|65-al-majid.ogg|65|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمَاجِدُ}}''' | |||
| al-Mājid | |||
| The Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious ||, ; al-Kafʿamī (1992:48) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|66-al-wahid.ogg|66|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْوَاحِدُ}}''' | |||
| al-Wāḥid | |||
| The Unique, The Single ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|67-al-ahad.ogg|67|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْأَحَدُ}}'''||] | |||
| The One, The Indivisible || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|68-as-samad.ogg|68|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلصَّمَدُ}}'''||aṣ-Ṣamad | |||
| The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|69-al-qadir.ogg|69|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْقَادِرُ}}''' | |||
| al-Qādir | |||
| The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|70-al-muqtadir.ogg| 70|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُقْتَدِرُ}}'''|| al-Muqtadir|| The Determiner, The Dominant ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|71-al-muqaddim.ogg| 71|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُقَدِّمُ}}'''|| al-Muqaddim|| The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|72-al-muakhkhir.ogg| 72|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُؤَخِّرُ}}'''||al-Muʾakhkhir | |||
| The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|73-al-awwal.ogg| 73|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْأَوَّلُ}}'''|| al-ʾAwwal|| The First, The Beginning-less || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|74-al-akhir.ogg| 74|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْآخِرُ}}''' | |||
| al-ʾÃkhir | |||
| The Last, The Endless || | |||
===Sufism=== | |||
|- | |||
In ], the idea of the 100th name is most prominent. It has become the elusive object of mystic devotion, the symbol of God's transcendent being. | |||
| {{Audio|75-az-zahir.ogg| 75|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلظَّاهِرُ}}''' | |||
| aẓ-Ẓāhir | |||
| The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|76-al-batin.ogg| 76|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْبَاطِنُ}}''' | |||
| al-Bāṭin | |||
| The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|77-al-wali.ogg | 77|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْوَالِي}}''' | |||
| al-Wāliy | |||
| The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|78-al-mutaali.ogg| 78|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُتَعَالِي}}''' | |||
| al-Mutʿāliy | |||
| The Supremely Exalted, The Most High || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|79-al-barr.ogg| 79|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْبَرُّ}}'''|| al-Barr|| The Good, The Beneficent || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|80-at-tawwab.ogg|80|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلتَّوَّابُ}}''' | |||
| at-Tawwāb | |||
| The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting ||, , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|81-al-muntaqim.ogg|81|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْمُنْتَقِمُ}}'''|| al-Muntaqim|| The Avenger ||, , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|82-al-afuw.ogg|82|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْعَفُوُّ}}''' | |||
| ] | |||
| The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver ||, , , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|83-ar-rauf.ogg|83|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلرَّؤُوفُ}}''' | |||
| ar-Raʾūf | |||
| The Kind, The Pitying || , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|84-malik-ul-mulk.ogg|84|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكِ}}''' | |||
| Mālik-ul-mulk | |||
| The Owner of all Sovereignty || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|85-dhul-jalaal-wal-ikraam.ogg|85|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ذُو ٱلْجَلَالِ وَٱلْإِكْرَامُ}}''' | |||
| Ḏū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrām | |||
| The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|86-al-muqsit.ogg|86|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْمُقْسِطُ}}'''|| al-Muqsiṭ | |||
| The Equitable, The Requiter || ,,, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|87-al-jame.ogg|87|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْجَامِعُ}}''' | |||
| al-Jāmiʿ | |||
| The Gatherer, The Unifier || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|88-al-ghani.ogg|88|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|ٱلْغَنيُّ}}''' | |||
| al-Ghāniyy | |||
| The Rich, The Independent || , , | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|89-al-mughni.ogg|89|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْمُغْنِيُّ}}''' | |||
| al-Mughniyy | |||
| The Enricher, The Emancipator || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|90-al-mani.ogg|90|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْمَانِعُ}}''' | |||
| al-Māniʿ | |||
| The Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender ||See al-Kafʿamī (1992:61) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|91-ad-darr.ogg|91|help=no}} || style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلضَّارُ}}''' | |||
| aḍ-Ḍār | |||
| The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor ||; al-Kafʿamī (1992:58) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|92-an-nafi.ogg|92|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلنَّافِعُ}}''' | |||
| an-Nāfiʿ | |||
| The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|93-an-nur.ogg|93|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلنُّورُ}}''' | |||
| an-Nūr | |||
| The Light || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|94-al-hadi.ogg|94|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْهَادِي}}''' | |||
|<nowiki> </nowiki>al-Hādī | |||
| The Guide, The Way || | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|95-al-badi.ogg|95|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْبَدِيعُ}}''' | |||
| al-Badīʿ | |||
| The Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|96-al-baqi.ogg|96|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْبَاقِي}}''' | |||
| al-Bāqī | |||
| The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting ||; al-Kafʿamī (1992:64) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|97-al-warith.ogg|97|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلْوَارِثُ}}''' | |||
| al-Wāriṯ | |||
| The Heir, The Inheritor of All ||, | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|98-ar-rashid.ogg|98|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلرَّشِيدُ}}''' | |||
| ] | |||
| The Guide to the Right Path ||11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah) | |||
|- | |||
| {{Audio|99-as-sabur.ogg|99|help=no}}|| style="text-align:center;" |'''{{huge|اَلصَّبُورُ}}''' | |||
| aṣ-Ṣabūr | |||
| The Timeless, The Patient ||, , | |||
|} | |||
There are several names that usually not included in the interpretation of al-Tirmidhi's Hadith list of 99, but also found in Qur'an and authentic Hadiths. Those names including ''al-Ilah'' (The only One Who deserve to be worshipped),<ref>]{{cite web |title=Perbedaan Lafadz Allah اَللَّه dan Al-ilah اَلْإِلَه |url=https://firanda.com/perbedaan-lafadz-allah-dan-ilah/ |website=firanda.com |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=17 August 2024 |language=Id |quote=-Asma’ Wa As-Sifat Lil-Baihaqi (1/56). Haasyiyah Kitaab at-Tauhiid (1/13) and Tafsiir At-Tabari (1/121).}}</ref> ''ar-Rabb'' (The Most authoritative/Most regulative/Possessor/Arranger).,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Abdullah bin Taslim al-Buthoni |year=2010|title=Ar-Rabb, yang Maha Mengatur dan Menguasai Alam Semesta |trans-title=Ar-Rabb, the Almighty who regulates and rules the Universe |url=https://almanhaj.or.id/3573-ar-rabb-yang-maha-mengatur-dan-menguasai-alam-semesta.html |website=Almanhaj.com |publisher=asdf |access-date=17 August 2024 |language=Id}} References: | |||
Sufis often describe their discipline as the quest to know the one-hundredth name of God and thus to merge their consciousness with the divine reality. | |||
* Mu’jamu Maqâyîsil Lughah 2/313 | |||
* An-Nihâyah fî Gharîbil Hadîts wal Atsar 2/450 | |||
* Tafsir at-Tabari 1/89 | |||
* Commentary of ] in his work; Tafsiir al-Asma-illahil husna hlm. 47 | |||
* commentary of al-Uthaymin in kitab “Syarhul arba’iin an-Nawaawiyyah” (hal.43). | |||
* Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 79 | |||
* Bada-i’ul fawa-id 2/473 | |||
* Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 80 | |||
* [kitab “Fiqhul asma-il husna” (hal. 80-81). | |||
* Kitab “Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47). | |||
* [“Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47) and“Fiqhul asma-il husna” (p. 81). | |||
* Kitab “Madaarijus saalikiin” (1/411). | |||
* HR Muslim (no. 34). | |||
</ref> ''Muqallibal-qulub'' (Changer of the hearts),<ref>{{cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2140; Book 32, Hadith 8; English translation : Vol. 4, Book 6, Hadith 2140 Chapters On Al-Qadar |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:2140 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=17 August 2024 |language=En}}</ref> ''al-Mannan'' (The all-giving/Giver without being asked),<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=هل (الحنان) من صفات الله ؟ |trans-title=Is al-Hannan one of God's attributes? |year=2019 |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/307585/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87 |website=Islamqa.info |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Ar |quote=Fatawa Noor ‘ala al-Darb; Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (3/11), and Tafsir al-Tabari (16/113). “Attributes of God Almighty contained in the Qur’an and Sunnah”; Fatwa of ] (24/172)}}</ref> or ''al-Muhsin'' (The One who continually perform good deeds);<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> among others. | |||
=== |
=== Hidden names === | ||
{{Copyedit section|date=November 2024}} | |||
Other such Hadiths, which vary according to different Shi'a sects of Islam, suggest that the 100th Name will be revealed by the ] on the day of resurrection, known as the day of ]. | |||
On the other hand, there is no universal agreement among Islamic ] scholars, as to how many as a name of God, since it was only ] who only agreed the limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as ], ], Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not ]),{{efn|Ibn al-'Arabi full ] name is Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Andalusi al-Ishbili al-Maliki, a ] who died in 1121 AD. ] full Nisba is Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hatimi at-Tayy al-Andalusi, a philosopher who died in 1216 AD.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ja’far Assagaf |title=Reduksi Sufi antara Penyebutan Ibnu al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (w. 543 H) dengan Ibnu 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (w. 638 H) ? |trans-title=Sufi reduction between the mention of Ibn al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (d. 543 H) with Ibn 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (d. 638 H)? |year=2019 |url=https://www.alkhairaat-ternate.or.id/2019/07/03/reduksi-sufi-antara-penyebutan-ibnu-al-arabiy-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-w-543-h-dengan-ibnu-arabiy-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-w-6/ |website=alkhairaat-ternate.or.id |publisher=Alkhiraat Media |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=Id}}</ref>}} ], ], ], ],<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite" /> ]<ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" /> and ],<ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite" /> has stated that Allah has ] numbers of name. This with the rulings that only few names and each of its attributes revealed and known in Qur'an and Hadiths, while the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself.<ref name="Dar Ifta Asma infinite">{{cite book |author1=Abdulaziz Al Sheikh |author1-link=Abdulaziz Al Sheikh |title=Fatwa no. 39788 |publisher=] |url=https://al-fatawa.com/fatwa/39788 |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=]|author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=أسماء الله تعالى غير محصورة في تسعة وتسعين اسماً |trans-title=The names of God Almighty are not limited to ninety-nine names only |year=2003 |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/41003/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=Ar |quote=Compilation Fatwa of Uthaymin}}</ref> The basis of this rulings was the Hadith which said: | |||
{{Blockquote | |||
===Bahá'í=== | |||
|text={{langx|ar|أَسْأَلُكَ بِكُلِّ اسْمٍ هُوَ لَكَ سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ أَوْ أَنْزَلْتَهُ فِي كِتَابِكَ أَوْ عَلَّمْتَهُ أَحَدًا مِنْ خَلْقِكَ أَوْ اسْتَأْثَرْتَ بِهِ فِي عِلْمِ الْغَيْبِ عِنْدَكَ|"I beg You by every Names that is Yours, which You have named Yourself with, or revealed in Your Book, or taught to any of Your creation, or (which you) kept them secret to Yourself in the mysterious knowledge of Yours." }} Transmitted by ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Goodly Word: al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib |url=https://archive.org/details/goodlyword00taym |url-access=limited |isbn=1-903682-15-0 |publisher=Islamic Texts Society | author-link = ibn Taymiyyah |first=Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad |last=Taymiyyah, ibn |page=|year=2003 }}</ref> | |||
The ] has claimed to fulfill the prophecy of the ], and the 100th name was revealed as "]" (an Arabic word بهاء meaning "glory, splendor" etc.), which is the root word for ] and ]. The ] wrote a famous pentagram tablet with 360 derivatives of the word "Bahá'" used in it. While the Bahá'í Faith has roots in Islam, it is an independent religion, and its followers are not considered Muslims. | |||
|author=],<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite" /> ], ].<ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite" /> | |||
|title=],<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite">{{cite web |author1=Adika Mianoki |title=Berapakah Jumlah Asmaul Husna? |trans-title=How many the numbers of Asmaul Husn |year=2022 |url=https://muslim.or.id/56184-berapakah-jumlah-asmaaul-husna.html |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=Id |website=muslim.or.id |publisher=Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Atsari (YPIA) Islam Atsari Educational Institute}} Reference commentary from= {{cite book |author1=Kamila bint Muhammad bin Jassim bin Ali Al-Jaham Al-Kuwari |title=المجلى في شرح القواعد المثلى في صفات الله وأسمائه الحسنى |trans-title=magazine in explaining the ideal rules in the attributes of God and His beautiful names... by Muhammad Salih al-Uthaymin |year=2002 |publisher=Dar Ibn Hazm |pages=123–132 |url=https://shamela.ws/book/6942 |access-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/1615Pdf_201812 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |language=Ar}}</ref> ], ].<ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite">{{cite web |author1=Islamweb Research team |title=هل أسماء الله غير متناهية العدد؟ |year=2022 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/459133/ |website=islamweb.net |publisher=] |access-date=14 August 2024 |location=Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Mauritania |language=Ar}}</ref> graded ] by ].<ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah">{{cite web |author1=Ammi Nur Baits |title=Hafal Asmaul Husna, Masuk Surga? |trans-title= (if) memorized Asma al-Husn, (is it) guaranteed entering the heaven? |url=https://konsultasisyariah.com/8686-99-nama-asmaul-husna.html |website=KonsultasiSyariah.com |year=2011 |publisher=Yufid Institution Network |access-date=15 August 2024 |language=Id |quote=Ibn al-Qayyim, in Shifa ul-Alil p. 472; Al-Uthaymin; Al-Qawaid ul-Muthla, Pg. 13 – 14}}</ref>}} | |||
And also another Hadith with multiple chain of transmitters: | |||
===Other Traditions=== | |||
] says that the ] knows the 100th name of God but will tell no one. That is why he solemnly holds his head high and plods defiantly across the desert, holding the secret to himself. | |||
{{Blockquote | |||
Some people claim that the 99 names are adjectives of God and do not tell us the true entity of God. The 100th name may be the one that really is the name of God. | |||
|text={{langx|ar|اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أَعُوْذُ بِرِضَاكَ مِنْ سَخَطِكَ، وَبِمُعَافَاتِكَ مِنْ عُقُوْبَتِكَ، وَأَعُوْذُ بِكَ مِنْكَ، لاَ أُحْصِيْ ثَنَاءً عَلَيْكَ أَنْتَ كَمَا أَثْنَيْتَ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ.|“O Allah, indeed I seek refuge in Your blessing from Your wrath, and I seek refuge in Your salvation from Your torment, and I seek refuge in You from You. I cannot limit the amount of praise to You. You are as You praise Yourself."}} Transmitted by ]<ref name="Infinite names Allah Judgment days" /> | |||
|author=], ] | |||
|title=],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunan Ibnu Majah 3831 |url=https://hadits.in/ibnumajah/3830 |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Id}}</ref> Sahih Muslim.<ref name="Infinite names Allah Judgment days">{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |author1-link=Muhammad Al-Munajjid |title=Arti dari Sabda Nabi –shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam- : "Dan aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari-Mu" |trans-title=The meaning of the words of the Prophet – sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam –: “And I seek refuge in You from You”. |url=https://islamqa.info/id/answers/174908/arti-dari-sabda-nabi-shallallahu-alaihi-wa-sallam--dan-aku-berlindung-kepada-mu-dari-mu |website=] |year=2021 |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Id |quote=Sahih Muslim (751), on the authority of Aisha; ] commentary in ''Faidh ul-Qadir Sharh al-Jami’ as-Saghir'': 2/176; Ibn al-Qayyim commentary in Thariq al-hijratayn wa bab as-Sa'adatayn: 1/431 }}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
As for the established Islamic creed about these unrevealed names of Allah, majority ]s of scholars said it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in those names existence along with their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to trying to searching for them without literal evidences from Qur'an and authentic Hadiths.<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite" /><ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite" /><ref name="Dar Ifta Asma infinite" /><ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" /> In the creed of ], Those hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during the ]<ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" /> | |||
==Personal Names== | |||
According to Islamic tradition, a Muslim may not be given any of the 99 names of God in the exact same form- for example, nobody may be named ''Al Malik'' (The King), but may be named ''Malik'' 'King'. An exception may be made in some cases — for example, the son of ] is named "Umar ibn Khattab", but since his father was famous, he is called ]. This implies "Umar, the son of the Khattab" and not "Umar, the son of the Khattab". In the same manner, there are people named "x ibn al-y". | |||
=== Attributes === | |||
However the names/attributes of God can be combined with the word "''‘Abd -''" which means servant (i.e. - of God) and are commonly used as ] among Muslims. For example ''‘Abd ar-Rahman'' ("servant of the Most Compassionate God"). | |||
Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes ({{langx|ar|صِفَة|ṣifāh}} plural of ]), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general",<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /> or "fundamental mercy".<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Andrew Morrow |title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786458486 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufLaAQAAQBAJ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=En}}</ref> According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, Allah has 100 kinds of ''Rahmat'' (grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the "Rahmat" which sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until the ]; including humans, ]s, and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surat Al-Fatihah Ayat 3 |publisher=]|language=id,ar |url=https://tafsirweb.com/51-surat-al-fatihah-ayat-3.html}} excerpt from {{cite book |author1=Imad Zuhair Hafidh |title=تفسيرُ المدينةِ المُنوَّرة |trans-title=Exegesis Madinah al-Munawwara |date=2015 |publisher=مركز تعظيم القرآن الكريم بالمدينة المنورة |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/1393392 |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Ar}} Reference Hadiths: | |||
* | |||
* </ref> Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all".<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /> | |||
Samee-Ullah gave example the attribute of 'Anger' (''Gadb'') of Allah cannot be likened to the anger of humans. And also the naming of Allah solely with his attribute are deemed wrong by Samee-Ullah, such as "al-Gaadib (the Angry one)," as example,{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} since This ruling is because the naming of Allah are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith.<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentialy, the name-bearing of Allah are different from attributes of Allah.<ref name="Onomastics between Sacred and Profane">{{cite book |author1=Oliviu Felecan |title=Onomastics between Sacred and Profane |date=2019 |publisher=Vernon Press |isbn=978-1622734016 |page=6 |access-date=20 August 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDpvDwAAQBAJ |language=En |quote=... attributes, postulating that a name is different from naming}}</ref> Nevertheless, ] stated the principal ruling of giving attributes to Allah is similar with the ruling about giving name to Allah; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidences from Qur'an and Sunnah.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal |title=Syarhus Sunnah: Kaidah Nama dan Sifat Allah #02 |trans-title=Explanation of Sunnah: principles of the Name and Attributes of Allah #02 |url=https://rumaysho.com/18512-syarhus-sunnah-kaidah-nama-dan-sifat-allah-02.html |website=Rumaysho |year=2018 |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Id}} References from: | |||
Some notable people having names resembling those 99 (but without the article "The" which is only used to denote God) are: | |||
* Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm. | |||
* ] (Blessed) resembles ''al-Hamid'' (The Blesser). | |||
* Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani. | |||
* ] (High) resembles ''al-Ali'' (The High). | |||
* Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers. | |||
* ] resembles ''as-Salam'' (The God of Peace and blessing). | |||
* Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.</ref> One of the disputed name of Allah among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan",<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name in ] {{qref|19|13}}, not because al-Hannan is a name itself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Berdoa Kepada Allah Dengan Nama "Al-Hannan" Dan "Al-Mannan" |trans-title=praying to Allah with the names of "O Hannan" and "O Mannan" |url=https://fatwaulama.com/fiqih/berdoa-kepada-allah-dengan-nama-al-hannan-dan-al-mannan-10929/ |website=fatwaulama.com |date=7 February 2023 |publisher=lajnah |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Id}}</ref> | |||
Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work, ''The treaty of Tadmur'', and Ibn al-Qayyim has published their statements refuting ],<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> and ] respectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of Allah and consider the names of Allah are just semantics without any substances in them.<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala">{{cite web |author1=M. Saifudin Hakim |title=Sifat Allah: Apakah Hanya Tujuh atau Dua Puluh? (Bag. 3) |trans-title=The Attributes of God: Only Seven or Twenty? (Part 3) |url=https://muslim.or.id/38229-sifat-allah-apakah-hanya-tujuh-atau-dua-puluh-03-2.html |website=muslim.or.id |date=9 April 2018 |publisher=Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Al-Atsari (YPIA) Al-Atsari Islamic Education Foundation |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Id}} References from: | |||
==See also== | |||
* ] no. 3712. graded authentic by Shaikh Albani in ''Silsilah Ash-Sahihah'' no. 3528 | |||
*] | |||
* | |||
*] | |||
* | |||
*] | |||
* Sharh al-Qawa' Ied al-Muthla p. 134-135, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, first print, published by Dar al-Athar in 2001. | |||
* | |||
* Sharh Al-'Aqida As-Safariyaniyya, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, published by Madar ul-Watan KSA, second printing in 2010, pp. 202-203. | |||
* Dar'u Ta'arudhi Al-'Aqli wan Naqli, 5/ 248 (Maktabah Shamila). | |||
* Asas at-Taqdiis, pp. 147-148. | |||
* Al-Ibana ‘an Usl ad-Diyanah, page. 443. | |||
</ref> Both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim statement became the ruling which established by ], as they stated that each of Allah's name contains multiple attributes.<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /> The Salafi scholars such as ] does not consent the interpretation of the attributes of Allah.<ref>{{harvtxt|Namira Nahouza |2009 |p=193}}</ref> Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, exegesis professor of ], has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance names and its attributes of Allah as part of the first article of the ], the ] (oneness ') article.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Walīd ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh ʻAlī |title=جهود الإمام ابن قيم الجوزية في تقرير توحيد الأسماء والصفات, Volume 3 |trans-title=The efforts of Imam Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya in establishing the oneness of names and attributes, Volume 3 |year=2004 |publisher=المبرة الخيرية لعلوم القرآن والسنة |pages=1390, 1412, 2041 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M4kAQAAIAAJ |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=Ar}}</ref> | |||
== Sufi and Shia mysticism == | |||
==References== | |||
There is a tradition in ] to the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "]" (''ismu l-ʾAʿẓam'' ({{lang|ar|الاسْمُ ٱلْأَعْظَم}}).<ref>{{cite book |last = Schimmel |first = Annemarie | author-link = Annemarie Schimmel |year = 1993 |title = The Mystery of Numbers |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = New York, US |isbn = 0-19-508919-7 | page = 271|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lBIZ9PRZvPIC&pg=PA271}}</ref> This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer."<ref>{{cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link=Moojan Momen|title=Islam and the Bahá'í Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMAQAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=George Ronald|isbn=978-0-85398-446-7|page=241}} The endnote states: "], '']'', 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, '']'', 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements in ] tradition include: ], '']'', vol. 26. p. 7.</ref> More than 1000 names of God are listed in the ] ({{lang|ar|جَوْشَنُ ٱلْكَبِير}}—literally "the Great ]") invocations.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Sufi mystic ] surmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries".<ref name="morg10">{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Diane|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36025-1|page=}}</ref> | |||
*Mellis, J.K., Abu Sharif: ''Mystery of the 100th Name'' | |||
Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mere ]s, but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names.<ref>Bruce Lawrence ''The Qur'an: A Biography'' Atlantic Books Ltd, 02.10.2014 {{ISBN|9781782392187}} chapter 8</ref> Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi, ] assigned ] to the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty. ] (''shayatin'') on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty".<ref>Ayman Shihadeh ''Sufism and Theology'' Edinburgh University Press, 21.11.2007 {{ISBN|9780748631346}} pp. 54–56</ref> | |||
==External links== | |||
* With meanings and benefits of recitation. | |||
* with references to verses where the name appears in the Holy Qur'an. | |||
* with references to verses where the name appears in the Qur'an. | |||
* , numbered list of names and meanings. | |||
* 99 names written clearly in Arabic | |||
* , oil paintings of all the 99 names. | |||
* 99 names of almighty God 'Allah' with a brief description of each name. | |||
* Chanting the names in Arabic with music, ,, a video. | |||
*A recent attempt by Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek to enumerate the names of Allah | |||
* | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
== Theophoric given names == | |||
{{Link FA|id}} | |||
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2024}} | |||
{{See also|List of Arabic theophoric names}} | |||
] | |||
] inscribed with the 99 names of God as well as ]ic verses and prayers, Turkey, 18th century, ].]] | |||
] | |||
The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies. | |||
] | |||
] | |||
Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by prefixing the term ] (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name in the case of male names; | |||
] | |||
] | |||
This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God. | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of ''Mālik ul-Mulk'' (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"): | |||
] | |||
] | |||
{{Blockquote|Say: "O God! Lord of Power, You give power to whom You please, and You strip off power from whom You please. You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low whom You please. In Your hand is all Good." Verily, over all things You have power.|}} | |||
The two parts of the name starting with ] may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ''ˁabdu'' is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., '']'', '']'', '']'', or even ] (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.) | |||
Examples of Muslim theophoric names include: | |||
* Raḥmān, such as '']'' (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA | |||
* Salām, such as '']'' (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician | |||
* Jabbār, such as '']'' (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player | |||
* Ḥakīm, such as ] (عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—''ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym''): American Islamic Studies scholar | |||
* Ra'ūf, such as '']'' (رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist | |||
* Mālik, such as '']'' (مَـٰالِك بِن أَنَس): classical ] scholars after whom the ] school of ] was named | |||
* Abdul Muqtedar as in ] (مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic | |||
== Use in Baháʼí sources == | |||
] sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "]" ({{langx|ar|بهاء}} "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words ] and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God.<ref name="lambden"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Smith |first= Peter |encyclopedia= A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title= greatest name |year= 2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location= Oxford |isbn= 1-85168-184-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ |pages= 167–8}}</ref> The ] wrote a noted pentagram-shaped ] with 360 ] of the word "Baháʼ" used in it.<ref name="lambden" /> | |||
According to Baháʼí scholar ], ] adopted the ] "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth ], ], and the sixth Imam, ], who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the '']'', a dawn prayer for ], or the ''ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd''.<ref name="lambden">{{cite journal |journal=Baháʼí Studies Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1993 |first=Stephen |last=Lambden |title=The Word Baháʼ: Quintessence of the Greatest Name |url=https://bahai-library.com/lambden_quintessence_greatest_name }}</ref> In the first verse of the '']u l-Bahāʾ'', the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Bahá'u'lláh and His Most Holy Shrine |first=Dhikru'llah |last=Khadem |author-link=Dhikru'llah Khadem |journal=Baháʼí News |date=March 1976 |pages=4–5 |url=http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm |issue=540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620121705/http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm |archive-date=2017-06-20 }}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
{{Portal|Islam}} | |||
* '']'', a ] based on the 99 names of God in Islam | |||
* '']'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* '']'', the Hindu lists of 1000 names of God | |||
* "]", a short story by ] | |||
== Appendix == | |||
=== Footnotes === | |||
{{Notelist}} | |||
=== References === | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
=== Bibliography === | |||
* ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī al-Kafʿamī (1436–1500 CE), . Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992) (. | |||
* {{citation |author1=Namira Nahouza |author1-link=Namira Nahouza |title=Contemporary Wahhabism Rebranded as Salafism: The Issue of Interpreting the Qur'anic Verses and Hadith on the Attributes of God and its Significance |year=2009 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/927f40cb5e4fd3f64a25b64e8da59cf9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y |access-date=20 August 2024 |publisher=University of Exeter}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{Commons category|Names of God in Islam}} | |||
* Al-Rahman al-Rahim. | |||
* {{cite book |author1=Al-Bayhaqi |author1-link=Al-Bayhaqi |translator1=Gibril Fouad Haddad |title=Allah's Names and Attributes |year=1999 |publisher=ISCA |isbn=1930409036 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM7wz92Tq6oC |access-date=16 August 2024 |language=En}} | |||
{{Characters and names in the Quran}} | |||
{{Names of God}} | |||
{{Theology}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Names Of God In Islam}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 01:53, 21 December 2024
Most Beautiful Names or Attributes belong to Allah God Almighty "Ash-Shaheed" redirects here. For martyrdom in Islam, see Istishhad. For "martyr" or "witness", see Shaheed. "al-Badi" redirects here. For the palace in Marrakesh, see El Badi Palace.Part of a series on Islam |
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Names of God in Islam (Arabic: أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ, romanized: ʾasmāʾu llāhi l-ḥusnā, lit. 'Allah's Beautiful Names') are 99 names that each contain Attributes of God in Islam, which are implied by the respective names.
These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims during prayers, supplications, and remembrance, as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Each name reflects a specific attribute of Allah and serves as a means for believers to understand and relate to the Divine.
Some names are known from either the Qur’an or the hadith, while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an. Additionally, Muslims also believe that there are more names of God besides those found in the Qur'an and hadith, and that God has kept knowledge of these names hidden with himself, and no one else knows them completely and fully except him.
List of names
The Quran refers to God's Most Beautiful Names (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná) in several Surahs. According to Islamic belief, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept of tawqif). Thus, it is impermissible (haram) for Muslims to give Allah names except with what has been mentioned in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths, according to Sheikh Abd al-Muhsin al-Abbad, Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin, and others, are as following Hadith:
الخافضُ، المعزُّ، المذِل، العَدْلُ، الجَلِيلُ، البَاعِثُ، المُحْصِي، المُبْدِئُ، المُعِيدُ، المُمِيتُ، الوَاجِدُ، المَاجِدُ، الوَالِي، المُقْسِط، المُغْنِي، المَانِعُ، الضَّارُّ، النَّافِعُ، البَاقِي، الرَّشِيدُ، الصَّبُور.
According to Sahih al-Bukhari Hadith:
Abu Hurairah reported that God has ninety-nine Names, i.e., one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly, will enter Paradise; and God is witr (one) and loves 'the witr' (i.e., odd numbers).
— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 8, Book 75, Hadith 419
According to Sahih Muslim Hadith:
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "God has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.
— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 489
Gerhard Böwering refers to Surah 17 (17:110) as the locus classicus to which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached in tafsir. A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59.
Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The following list is based on the one found in the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi (9th century), which is the most commonly known. Other hadiths, such as those of al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi or Ibn ʿAsākir, have variant lists. All attribute the original compilation of the list of names to Abu Hurairah. Various early Muslim exegetes, including Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, Ibn Hazm, al-Qurtubi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, have given their own versions of lists of 99 names.
Pronunciation | Classical Arabic
(Quranic/ classical written forms) |
Romanization | Translation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
اَلرَّحْمَـٰنِ | ar-Raḥmān | The Most Merciful (in major affairs)/ The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Most Gracious/ | Quran: Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first Ayah (verse) of Surah ar-Raḥman (Surah 55) consists only of this name. |
2 | اَلرَّحِيْمُ | ar-Raḥīm | The Most Merciful/ Ever-Merciful/ Merciful/ Most Clement (in specific or detailed affairs). | Quran: Beginning of every Surah except one, and numerous other places. |
3 | اَلْمَلِكُ | al-Malik | The King/ Lord/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Master/Possessor of the Throne of God.
|
|
4 | اَلْقُدُّوسُ | al-Quddūs | The Holy/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred | |
5 | ٱلسَّلَامُ | as-Salām | The Giver of Peace/ Peace/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil | |
6 | ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ | al-Muʾmin | The Granter of Security/ the Giver/ Faith/ Supreme Believer (of Belief)/ Giver of Belief/ All-Assurer | |
7 | ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ | al-Muhaymin | The Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating | |
8 | ٱلْعَزِيزُ | al-ʿAzīz | The Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty | , ,, , |
9 | ٱلْجَبَّارُ | al-Jabbār | The Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/ Strong | |
10 | ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ | al-Mutakabbir | The Possessor of Greatness/ Supreme/ Justly Proud | |
11 | ٱلْخَالِقُ | al-Khāliq | The Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author | , , , , |
12 | ٱلْبَارِئُ | al-Bāriʾ | The Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events | |
13 | ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ | al-Muṣawwir | The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist | |
14 | ٱلْغَفَّارُ | al-Ghaffār | The Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner
|
, , , |
15 | ٱلْقَهَّارُ | al-Qahhār | The Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher
|
12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16 |
16 | ٱلْوَهَّابُ | al-Wahhāb | The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor | 38:9, 38:35 |
17 | ٱلرَّزَّاقُ | ar-Razzāq | The Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider | 51:58 |
18 | ٱلْفَتَّاحُ | al-Fattāḥ | The Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver | 34:26 |
19 | ٱلْعَلِيمُ | al-ʿAlīm | The Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing | 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40 |
20 | ٱلْقَابِضُ | al-Qābiḍ | The Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer | 2:245 |
21 | ٱلْبَاسِطُ | al-Bāsiṭ | The Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider | 2:245 |
22 | ٱلْخَافِضُ | al-Khāfiḍ | The Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader | 56:3; al-Kafʿamī (1992:38) |
23 | ٱلرَّافِعُ | ar-Rāfiʿ | The Exalter/ Upgrader | 58:11, 6:83 |
24 | ٱلْمُعِزُّ | al-Muʿizz | The Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer | 3:26 |
25 | ٱلْمُذِلُّ | al-Muḏill | The Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace | 3:26 |
26 | ٱلسَّمِيعُ | as-Samīʿ | The Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation | 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1 |
27 | ٱلْبَصِيرُ | al-Baṣīr | The All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing | 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27 |
28 | ٱلْحَكَمُ | al-Ḥakam | The Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment | 22:69 |
29 | ٱلْعَدْلُ | al-ʿAdl | The Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly | 6:115 |
30 | ٱللَّطِيفُ | al-Laṭīf | The Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle | 22:63, 31:16, 33:34 |
31 | ٱلْخَبِيرُ | al-Khabīr | The All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept | 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18 |
32 | ٱلْحَلِيمُ | al-Ḥalīm | The Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring | 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41 |
33 | ٱلْعَظِيمُ | al-ʿAẓīm | The Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified | 2:255, 42:4, 56:96 |
34 | ٱلْغَفُورُ | al-Ghafūr | The Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving | 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32 |
35 | ٱلشَّكُورُ | ash-Shakūr | The Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards | 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17 |
36 | ٱلْعَلِيُّ | al-ʿAliyy | The Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty | 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 34:23 |
37 | ٱلْكَبِيرُ | al-Kabīr | The Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance | 13:9, 22:62, 31:30, 34:23 |
38 | ٱلْحَفِيظُ | al-Ḥafīz | The Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator | 11:57, 34:21, 42:6 |
39 | ٱلْمُقِيتُ | al-Muqīt | The Nourisher/ Feeder | 4:85 |
40 | ٱلْحَسِيبُ | al-Ḥasīb | The Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner | 4:6, 4:86, 33:39 |
41 | ٱلْجَلِيلُ | al-Jalīl | The Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid | 55:27, 7:143 |
42 | ٱلْكَرِيمُ | al-Karīm | The Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor | 27:40, 82:6 |
43 | ٱلرَّقِيبُ | ar-Raqīb | The Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher | 4:1, 5:117 |
44 | ٱلْمُجِيبُ | al-Mujīb | The Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation | 11:61 |
45 | ٱلْوَاسِعُ | al-Wāsiʿ | The Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing | 2:268, 3:73, 5:54 |
46 | ٱلْحَكِيمُ | al-Ḥakīm | The Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment | 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2 |
47 | ٱلْوَدُودُ | al-Wadūd | The Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts | 11:90, 85:14 |
48 | ٱلْمَجِيدُ | al-Majīd | The All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious
|
11:73 |
49 | ٱلْبَاعِثُ | al-Bāʿiṯ | The Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher | 22:7 |
50 | ٱلشَّهِيدُ | ash-Shahīd | The Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing | 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28 |
51 | ٱلْحَقُّ | al-Ḥaqq | The Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth | 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25 |
52 | ٱلْوَكِيلُ | al-Wakīl | The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate | 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9 |
53 | ٱلْقَوِيُّ | al-Qawiyy | The Strong | 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25 |
54 | ٱلْمَتِينُ | al-Matīn | The Firm, The Steadfast | 51:58 |
55 | ٱلْوَلِيُّ | al-Waliyy | The Friend, Helper | 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19 |
56 | ٱلْحَمِيدُ | al-Ḥamīd | The All Praiseworthy | 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42 |
57 | ٱلْمُحْصِىُ | al-Muḥsīy | The Accounter, The Numberer of All | 72:28, 78:29 |
58 | ٱلْمُبْدِئُ | al-Mubdiʾ | The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator | 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 |
59 | ٱلْمُعِيدُ | al-Muʿīd | The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All | 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 |
60 | ٱلْمُحْيِي | al-Muḥyē | The Giver of Life | 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2 |
61 | ٱلْمُمِيتُ | al-Mumīt | The Bringer of Death | 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2 |
62 | ٱلْحَىُّ | al-Ḥayy | The Living | 2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65 |
63 | ٱلْقَيُّومُ | al-Qayyūm | The Subsisting, The Independent | 2:255, 3:2, 20:111 |
64 | ٱلْوَاجِدُ | al-Wājid | The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing | 38:44 |
65 | ٱلْمَاجِدُ | al-Mājid | The Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious | 85:15, 11:73; al-Kafʿamī (1992:48) |
66 | ٱلْوَاحِدُ | al-Wāḥid | The Unique, The Single | 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4 |
67 | ٱلْأَحَدُ | al-ʾAḥad | The One, The Indivisible | 112:1 |
68 | ٱلصَّمَدُ | aṣ-Ṣamad | The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient | 112:2 |
69 | ٱلْقَادِرُ | al-Qādir | The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything | 6:65, 46:33, 75:40 |
70 | ٱلْمُقْتَدِرُ | al-Muqtadir | The Determiner, The Dominant | 18:45, 54:42, 6:65 |
71 | ٱلْمُقَدِّمُ | al-Muqaddim | The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward | 16:61 |
72 | ٱلْمُؤَخِّرُ | al-Muʾakhkhir | The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away | 71:4 |
73 | ٱلْأَوَّلُ | al-ʾAwwal | The First, The Beginning-less | 57:3 |
74 | اَلْآخِرُ | al-ʾÃkhir | The Last, The Endless | 57:3 |
75 | ٱلظَّاهِرُ | aẓ-Ẓāhir | The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer | 57:3 |
76 | ٱلْبَاطِنُ | al-Bāṭin | The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner | 57:3 |
77 | ٱلْوَالِي | al-Wāliy | The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord | 13:11 |
78 | ٱلْمُتَعَالِي | al-Mutʿāliy | The Supremely Exalted, The Most High | 13:9 |
79 | ٱلْبَرُّ | al-Barr | The Good, The Beneficent | 52:28 |
80 | ٱلتَّوَّابُ | at-Tawwāb | The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting | 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3 |
81 | ٱلْمُنْتَقِمُ | al-Muntaqim | The Avenger | 32:22, 43:41, 44:16 |
82 | اَلْعَفُوُّ | al-ʿAfuww | The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver | 4:43, 4:99, 4:149, 22:60, 58:2 |
83 | اَلرَّؤُوفُ | ar-Raʾūf | The Kind, The Pitying | 9:117, 57:9, 59:10 |
84 | مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكِ | Mālik-ul-mulk | The Owner of all Sovereignty | 3:26 |
85 | ذُو ٱلْجَلَالِ وَٱلْإِكْرَامُ | Ḏū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrām | The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour | 55:27, 55:78 |
86 | اَلْمُقْسِطُ | al-Muqsiṭ | The Equitable, The Requiter | 3:18,5:42,57:25,5:42 |
87 | اَلْجَامِعُ | al-Jāmiʿ | The Gatherer, The Unifier | 3:9 |
88 | ٱلْغَنيُّ | al-Ghāniyy | The Rich, The Independent | 39:7, 47:38, 57:24 |
89 | اَلْمُغْنِيُّ | al-Mughniyy | The Enricher, The Emancipator | 9:28 |
90 | اَلْمَانِعُ | al-Māniʿ | The Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender | See al-Kafʿamī (1992:61) |
91 | اَلضَّارُ | aḍ-Ḍār | The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor | 6:1758:10; al-Kafʿamī (1992:58) |
92 | اَلنَّافِعُ | an-Nāfiʿ | The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good | 30:37 |
93 | اَلنُّورُ | an-Nūr | The Light | 24:35 |
94 | اَلْهَادِي | al-Hādī | The Guide, The Way | 22:54 |
95 | اَلْبَدِيعُ | al-Badīʿ | The Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful | 2:117, 6:101 |
96 | اَلْبَاقِي | al-Bāqī | The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting | 55:27; al-Kafʿamī (1992:64) |
97 | اَلْوَارِثُ | al-Wāriṯ | The Heir, The Inheritor of All | 15:23, 57:10 |
98 | اَلرَّشِيدُ | ar-Rashīd | The Guide to the Right Path | 11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah) |
99 | اَلصَّبُورُ | aṣ-Ṣabūr | The Timeless, The Patient | 2:153, 3:200, 103:3 |
There are several names that usually not included in the interpretation of al-Tirmidhi's Hadith list of 99, but also found in Qur'an and authentic Hadiths. Those names including al-Ilah (The only One Who deserve to be worshipped), ar-Rabb (The Most authoritative/Most regulative/Possessor/Arranger)., Muqallibal-qulub (Changer of the hearts), al-Mannan (The all-giving/Giver without being asked), or al-Muhsin (The One who continually perform good deeds); among others.
Hidden names
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On the other hand, there is no universal agreement among Islamic exegesis scholars, as to how many as a name of God, since it was only Ibn Hazm who only agreed the limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as al-Khattabi, al-Qurtubi, Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not Ibn Arabi), Abu Abdillah ar-Razi, Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Nawawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and Ibn Rajab, has stated that Allah has Infinite numbers of name. This with the rulings that only few names and each of its attributes revealed and known in Qur'an and Hadiths, while the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself. The basis of this rulings was the Hadith which said:
Arabic: أَسْأَلُكَ بِكُلِّ اسْمٍ هُوَ لَكَ سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ أَوْ أَنْزَلْتَهُ فِي كِتَابِكَ أَوْ عَلَّمْتَهُ أَحَدًا مِنْ خَلْقِكَ أَوْ اسْتَأْثَرْتَ بِهِ فِي عِلْمِ الْغَيْبِ عِنْدَكَ, romanized: "I beg You by every Names that is Yours, which You have named Yourself with, or revealed in Your Book, or taught to any of Your creation, or (which you) kept them secret to Yourself in the mysterious knowledge of Yours." Transmitted by Abdullah ibn Masud.
— Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Hibban, Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri., Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Sahih Ibn Hibban, Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn. graded authentic by Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut.
And also another Hadith with multiple chain of transmitters:
Arabic: اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أَعُوْذُ بِرِضَاكَ مِنْ سَخَطِكَ، وَبِمُعَافَاتِكَ مِنْ عُقُوْبَتِكَ، وَأَعُوْذُ بِكَ مِنْكَ، لاَ أُحْصِيْ ثَنَاءً عَلَيْكَ أَنْتَ كَمَا أَثْنَيْتَ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ., romanized: “O Allah, indeed I seek refuge in Your blessing from Your wrath, and I seek refuge in Your salvation from Your torment, and I seek refuge in You from You. I cannot limit the amount of praise to You. You are as You praise Yourself." Transmitted by Aisha
— Ibn Majah, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sunan ibn Majah, Sahih Muslim.
As for the established Islamic creed about these unrevealed names of Allah, majority fatwas of scholars said it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in those names existence along with their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to trying to searching for them without literal evidences from Qur'an and authentic Hadiths. In the creed of Islamic eschatology, Those hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during the Judgement Day
Attributes
Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Arabic: صِفَة, romanized: ṣifāh plural of sˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general", or "fundamental mercy". According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, Allah has 100 kinds of Rahmat (grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the "Rahmat" which sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until the Judgement Day; including humans, Jinns, and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting. Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all".
Samee-Ullah gave example the attribute of 'Anger' (Gadb) of Allah cannot be likened to the anger of humans. And also the naming of Allah solely with his attribute are deemed wrong by Samee-Ullah, such as "al-Gaadib (the Angry one)," as example, since This ruling is because the naming of Allah are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith. Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentialy, the name-bearing of Allah are different from attributes of Allah. Nevertheless, Al-Uthaymin stated the principal ruling of giving attributes to Allah is similar with the ruling about giving name to Allah; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidences from Qur'an and Sunnah. One of the disputed name of Allah among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan", Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name in Maryam 19:13, not because al-Hannan is a name itself.
Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work, The treaty of Tadmur, and Ibn al-Qayyim has published their statements refuting Jahmiyya, and al-Juwayni respectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of Allah and consider the names of Allah are just semantics without any substances in them. Both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim statement became the ruling which established by Saudi Council of Senior Scholars, as they stated that each of Allah's name contains multiple attributes. The Salafi scholars such as Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baz does not consent the interpretation of the attributes of Allah. Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, exegesis professor of Islamic University of Madinah, has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance names and its attributes of Allah as part of the first article of the six Articles of Faith, the Tawhid (oneness ') article.
Sufi and Shia mysticism
There is a tradition in Sufism to the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "Most Supreme and Superior Name" (ismu l-ʾAʿẓam (الاسْمُ ٱلْأَعْظَم). This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer." More than 1000 names of God are listed in the Jawshan Kabir (جَوْشَنُ ٱلْكَبِير—literally "the Great Cuirass") invocations. Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi surmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries".
Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mere epithets, but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names. Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi, Haydar Amuli assigned angels to the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty. Shaitan (shayatin) on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty".
Theophoric given names
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The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies.
Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by prefixing the term ˁabd (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name in the case of male names;
This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God.
Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"):
Say: "O God! Lord of Power, You give power to whom You please, and You strip off power from whom You please. You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low whom You please. In Your hand is all Good." Verily, over all things You have power.
— Quran 3:26
The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman, Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Jabbar, or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.)
Examples of Muslim theophoric names include:
- Raḥmān, such as Abdul-Raḥman Al-Sudais (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA
- Salām, such as Salam Fayyaḍ (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician
- Jabbār, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player
- Ḥakīm, such as Sherman "Abdul Ḥakim" Jackson (عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym): American Islamic Studies scholar
- Ra'ūf, such as Ra'ouf Mus'ad (رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist
- Mālik, such as Mālik bin ʼAnas (مَـٰالِك بِن أَنَس): classical Sunni Muslim scholars after whom the Maliki school of fiqh was named
- Abdul Muqtedar as in Muḥammad Abdul Muqtedar Khan (مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic
Use in Baháʼí sources
Baháʼí sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ" (Arabic: بهاء "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words Bahá'u'lláh and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God. The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 morphological derivation of the word "Baháʼ" used in it.
According to Baháʼí scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī adopted the Persian poetic pen name "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, and the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the Duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, a dawn prayer for Ramadan, or the ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd. In the first verse of the duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times.
See also
- The 99, a comic book based on the 99 names of God in Islam
- Basmala
- List of Arabic theophoric names
- Names of God
- Names of God in Zoroastrianism
- Names of God in Christianity
- Names of God in Judaism
- Names of God in Sikhism
- Sahasranama, the Hindu lists of 1000 names of God
- "The Nine Billion Names of God", a short story by Arthur C. Clarke
Appendix
Footnotes
- Ibn al-'Arabi full Nisba name is Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Andalusi al-Ishbili al-Maliki, a Maliki scholar who died in 1121 AD. Ibn Arabi full Nisba is Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hatimi at-Tayy al-Andalusi, a philosopher who died in 1216 AD.
References
- Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif (2014). ALLAH'S MOST BEAUTIFUL NAMES: اسماء الله الحسنى [انكليزي]. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah. p. 25. ISBN 978-2745154811. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
...Name "Rahman" and the characteristic it carries.
- Mark W. Muesse (2018). Four Wise Men. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 240. ISBN 9780718895228. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
... attributes, which name certain qualities that assist in appropriately orienting the mind toward god.
- ^ M. Saifudin Hakim (9 April 2018). "Sifat Allah: Apakah Hanya Tujuh atau Dua Puluh? (Bag. 3)" [The Attributes of God: Only Seven or Twenty? (Part 3)]. muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Al-Atsari (YPIA) Al-Atsari Islamic Education Foundation. Retrieved 19 August 2024. References from:
- Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal no. 3712. graded authentic by Shaikh Albani in Silsilah Ash-Sahihah no. 3528
- Sahih Bukhari. Bukhari no. 4712.
- Sahih Muslim no. 1118
- Sharh al-Qawa' Ied al-Muthla p. 134-135, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, first print, published by Dar al-Athar in 2001.
- Sharh ar-Risala att-Tadmuriyyah li Shaykh al-Islaam Ibn Taimiyyah, by Shaikh Dr. Yusuf Al-Ghafish
- Sharh Al-'Aqida As-Safariyaniyya, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, published by Madar ul-Watan KSA, second printing in 2010, pp. 202-203.
- Dar'u Ta'arudhi Al-'Aqli wan Naqli, 5/ 248 (Maktabah Shamila).
- Asas at-Taqdiis, pp. 147-148.
- Al-Ibana ‘an Usl ad-Diyanah, page. 443.
- ^ Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2019). "هل (الحنان) من صفات الله ؟" [Is al-Hannan one of God's attributes?]. Islamqa.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
Fatawa Noor 'ala al-Darb; Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (3/11), and Tafsir al-Tabari (16/113). "Attributes of God Almighty contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah"; Fatwa of Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia) (24/172)
- ^ Oliviu Felecan (2019). Onomastics between Sacred and Profane. Vernon Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1622734016. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
... attributes, postulating that a name is different from naming
- Al-Uthaymin (2019). bin Nashir bin Ibrahim As-Sulaiman, Fahd (ed.). Tuntunan Tanya-Jawab Akidah, Shalat, Zakat, Puasa, dan Haji [Guide to Questions and Answers on Faith, Prayer, Zakat, Fasting and Hajj] (in Indonesian). Translated by Munirul Abidin. Darul Falah. p. 72. ISBN 978-979-3036-66-3. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- M. Ghulam Hussain Daleel (2023). Kayinath: For Literature and Philanthropy. Notion Press. ISBN 9798888839706. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
...ninety-nine names of God, mentioned in the Quran. Allah's names imply his attributes....
- ^ Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1.
- See the Surah "al-A'raf" (7:180 ), "Al-Isra" (17:110 ), "Ta-Ha" (20:8 ) and "al-Hashr" (59:24 ).
- "Hadith: Book of Invocations - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- "Hadith - Book of Oneness, Uniqueness of Allah (Tawheed) - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- http://quran.com/59/22-24 (59:22–24)
- Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in the vowelled Classical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.
- ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2013). Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 1 (Part 1): Al-Fatihah 1 to Al-Baqarah 141 2nd Edition. MSA Publication Limited. p. XXIV. ISBN 978-1861798268. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
Exegesis of Al-Tabari and Al-Qurtubi with the reference material from a Hadith from Sunan al-Tirmidhi transmitted by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.
- Al-Bayhaqi (1999, pp. 55, 101)
- Firanda Andirja"Perbedaan Lafadz Allah اَللَّه dan Al-ilah اَلْإِلَه". firanda.com (in Indonesian). 13 July 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
-Asma' Wa As-Sifat Lil-Baihaqi (1/56). Haasyiyah Kitaab at-Tauhiid (1/13) and Tafsiir At-Tabari (1/121).
- Abdullah bin Taslim al-Buthoni (2010). "Ar-Rabb, yang Maha Mengatur dan Menguasai Alam Semesta" [Ar-Rabb, the Almighty who regulates and rules the Universe]. Almanhaj.com (in Indonesian). asdf. Retrieved 17 August 2024. References:
- Mu’jamu Maqâyîsil Lughah 2/313
- An-Nihâyah fî Gharîbil Hadîts wal Atsar 2/450
- Tafsir at-Tabari 1/89
- Commentary of Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di in his work; Tafsiir al-Asma-illahil husna hlm. 47
- commentary of al-Uthaymin in kitab “Syarhul arba’iin an-Nawaawiyyah” (hal.43).
- Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 79
- Bada-i’ul fawa-id 2/473
- Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 80
- [kitab “Fiqhul asma-il husna” (hal. 80-81).
- Kitab “Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47).
- [“Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47) and“Fiqhul asma-il husna” (p. 81).
- Kitab “Madaarijus saalikiin” (1/411).
- HR Muslim (no. 34).
- "Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2140; Book 32, Hadith 8; English translation : Vol. 4, Book 6, Hadith 2140 Chapters On Al-Qadar". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
- Ja’far Assagaf (2019). "Reduksi Sufi antara Penyebutan Ibnu al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (w. 543 H) dengan Ibnu 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (w. 638 H) ?" [Sufi reduction between the mention of Ibn al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (d. 543 H) with Ibn 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (d. 638 H)?]. alkhairaat-ternate.or.id (in Indonesian). Alkhiraat Media. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ Adika Mianoki (2022). "Berapakah Jumlah Asmaul Husna?" [How many the numbers of Asmaul Husn]. muslim.or.id (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Atsari (YPIA) Islam Atsari Educational Institute. Retrieved 14 August 2024. Reference commentary from= Kamila bint Muhammad bin Jassim bin Ali Al-Jaham Al-Kuwari (2002). المجلى في شرح القواعد المثلى في صفات الله وأسمائه الحسنى [magazine in explaining the ideal rules in the attributes of God and His beautiful names... by Muhammad Salih al-Uthaymin] (in Arabic). Dar Ibn Hazm. pp. 123–132. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ^ Ammi Nur Baits (2011). "Hafal Asmaul Husna, Masuk Surga?" [(if) memorized Asma al-Husn, (is it) guaranteed entering the heaven?]. KonsultasiSyariah.com (in Indonesian). Yufid Institution Network. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
Ibn al-Qayyim, in Shifa ul-Alil p. 472; Al-Uthaymin; Al-Qawaid ul-Muthla, Pg. 13 – 14
- ^ Islamweb Research team (2022). "هل أسماء الله غير متناهية العدد؟". islamweb.net (in Arabic). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Mauritania: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar). Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- ^ Abdulaziz Al Sheikh. Fatwa no. 39788 (in Arabic). Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
- Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2003). "أسماء الله تعالى غير محصورة في تسعة وتسعين اسماً" [The names of God Almighty are not limited to ninety-nine names only]. IslamQA.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 August 2024.
Compilation Fatwa of Uthaymin
- Taymiyyah, ibn, Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad (2003). The Goodly Word: al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib. Islamic Texts Society. p. 72. ISBN 1-903682-15-0.
- ^ Muhammad Al-Munajjid (2021). "Arti dari Sabda Nabi –shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam- : "Dan aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari-Mu"" [The meaning of the words of the Prophet – sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam –: “And I seek refuge in You from You”.]. islamqa.info (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
Sahih Muslim (751), on the authority of Aisha; Al-Munawi commentary in Faidh ul-Qadir Sharh al-Jami' as-Saghir: 2/176; Ibn al-Qayyim commentary in Thariq al-hijratayn wa bab as-Sa'adatayn: 1/431
- "Sunan Ibnu Majah 3831" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- John Andrew Morrow (2013). Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism. McFarland. p. 13. ISBN 978-0786458486. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- "Surat Al-Fatihah Ayat 3" (in Indonesian and Arabic). Islamic University of Madinah. excerpt from Imad Zuhair Hafidh (2015). تفسيرُ المدينةِ المُنوَّرة [Exegesis Madinah al-Munawwara] (in Arabic). مركز تعظيم القرآن الكريم بالمدينة المنورة. Retrieved 19 August 2024. Reference Hadiths:
- Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal (2018). "Syarhus Sunnah: Kaidah Nama dan Sifat Allah #02" [Explanation of Sunnah: principles of the Name and Attributes of Allah #02]. Rumaysho (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 August 2024. References from:
- Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm.
- Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.
- Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers.
- Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.
- "Berdoa Kepada Allah Dengan Nama "Al-Hannan" Dan "Al-Mannan"" [praying to Allah with the names of "O Hannan" and "O Mannan"]. fatwaulama.com (in Indonesian). lajnah. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- Namira Nahouza (2009, p. 193)
- Walīd ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh ʻAlī (2004). جهود الإمام ابن قيم الجوزية في تقرير توحيد الأسماء والصفات, Volume 3 [The efforts of Imam Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya in establishing the oneness of names and attributes, Volume 3] (in Arabic). المبرة الخيرية لعلوم القرآن والسنة. pp. 1390, 1412, 2041. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- Schimmel, Annemarie (1993). The Mystery of Numbers. New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0-19-508919-7.
- Momen, Moojan (2000). Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. George Ronald. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-85398-446-7. The endnote states: "Ibn Májah, Sunan, 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, Sunan, 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements in Shi'i tradition include: Majlisí, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 26. p. 7.
- Bruce Lawrence The Qur'an: A Biography Atlantic Books Ltd, 02.10.2014 ISBN 9781782392187 chapter 8
- Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21.11.2007 ISBN 9780748631346 pp. 54–56
- ^ Lambden, Stephen (1993). "The Word Baháʼ: Quintessence of the Greatest Name". Baháʼí Studies Review. 3 (1).
- Smith, Peter (2000). "greatest name". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 167–8. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- Khadem, Dhikru'llah (March 1976). "Bahá'u'lláh and His Most Holy Shrine". Baháʼí News (540): 4–5. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20.
Bibliography
- ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī al-Kafʿamī (1436–1500 CE), al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992) (WorldCat listing).
- Namira Nahouza (2009), Contemporary Wahhabism Rebranded as Salafism: The Issue of Interpreting the Qur'anic Verses and Hadith on the Attributes of God and its Significance, University of Exeter, retrieved 20 August 2024
External links
- Al-Rahman al-Rahim. Problems of Interpretation and Translation
- Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. ISCA. ISBN 1930409036. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
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