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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Italy}} | |||
{{Otheruses}} | |||
{{Other uses}} | |||
{{Infobox City |official_name = Comune di Roma | |||
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} | |||
|nickname = The Eternal City | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} | |||
|website = http://www.comune.roma.it | |||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
|image_skyline = Colosseum-2003-07-09.jpg | |||
| name = Rome | |||
|image_flag = Flag of Rome.svg | |||
| official_name = {{lang|it|Roma Capitale}} | |||
|image_seal = Roma01.jpg | |||
| native_name = {{native name|it|Roma}} | |||
|image_map = Roma posizione.png | |||
| settlement_type = ] and {{lang|it|]}} | |||
|map_caption = Location within ] in the Region of ] | |||
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | |||
|subdivision_type = ] | |||
| border = infobox | |||
|subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| perrow = 1/2/3/2 | |||
|subdivision_name = ] | |||
| total_width = 290 | |||
|subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| align = center | |||
|leader_title = ] | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
|leader_name = ] | |||
| image1 = Rome skyline panorama.jpg | |||
|area_magnitude = 1 E8 | |||
| caption1 = ] from ] | |||
|TotalArea_sq_mi = 496.1 | |||
| image2 = Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy 2 - May 2007.jpg | |||
|area_total = 1,285 | |||
| caption2 = ] | |||
|population_as_of = 2006 | |||
| image3 = Rom Colosseum Sept 2021 3.jpg | |||
|population_total = 2,547,677 | |||
| caption3 = ] | |||
|population_urban = 3,831,959 | |||
| image4 = Barcaccia e scalinata.jpg | |||
|area_urban = 5,352 | |||
| caption4 = ], ] and ] | |||
|UrbanArea_sq_mi = 2,066 | |||
| image5 = Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen crop.jpg | |||
|population_metro = 5,304,778 | |||
| caption5 = ] | |||
|population_density = 1,983 | |||
| image6 = Engelsburg und Engelsbrücke abends (Zuschnitt).jpg | |||
|population_density_mi2 = 5,135 | |||
| caption6 = ] | |||
|timezone = ] | |||
| image7 = Pantheon Rom 1 cropped.jpg | |||
|utc_offset = +1 | |||
| caption7 = ] and ] | |||
|timezone_DST = | |||
| image8 = Piazza Venezia - Il Vittoriano (cropped).jpg | |||
|utc_offset_DST = | |||
| caption8 = ] | |||
|latd = 41 | |||
}} | |||
|latm = 54 | |||
| image_flag = ] | |||
|lats = | |||
| image_shield = ] | |||
|latNS = N | |||
| nickname = {{native name|la|Urbs Aeterna}}<br />{{small|The Eternal City}}<br/>{{native name|la|]}}<br />{{small|The Capital of the world}}<br/>Throne of St. Peter | |||
|longd = 12 | |||
| etymology = various theories {{crossreference|(See '']'').}} | |||
|longm = 30 | |||
| established_title = Founded | |||
|longs = | |||
| established_date = 21 April 753 BC | |||
|longEW = E | |||
| founder = King ] (])<ref name=britannica/> | |||
|elevation = ndash; 37 | |||
| image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg | |||
|elevation_ft = ndash; 121,3 | |||
| map_caption = The territory of the {{lang|it|comune}} ({{lang|it|Roma Capitale}}, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome ({{lang|it|Città Metropolitana di Roma}}, in yellow). The white spot in the centre is ]. | |||
|footnotes = | |||
| image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0|geomask=Q220|zoom=8|frame-lat=41.92|frame-long=12.48|marker=city}} | |||
| pushpin_map = Italy#Europe | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Italy##Location within Europe | |||
| pushpin_relief = yes | |||
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|54|N|12|29|E|region:IT-62_type:city|display=inline,title}} | |||
| coor_pinpoint = | |||
| subdivision_type = ] | |||
| subdivision_name = ]{{efn|Also the ]}} | |||
| subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_type3 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name3 = ] | |||
| government_footnotes = | |||
| government_type = ] | |||
| leader_title2 = Legislature | |||
| leader_name2 = ] | |||
| leader_title1 = ] | |||
| leader_name1 = ] (]) | |||
| total_type = Total | |||
| unit_pref = IT | |||
| area_footnotes = | |||
| area_total_sq_mi = 496.3 | |||
| elevation_footnote = | |||
| elevation_m = 21 | |||
| elevation_ft = | |||
| population_total = | |||
| population_as_of = 31 December 2019 | |||
| population_footnotes = | |||
| population_density_km2 = 2236 | |||
| population_blank1_title = {{lang|it|Comune}} | |||
| population_blank1 = 2,860,009<ref name="Population">{{cite web |title=I numeri di Roma Capitale |url=https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/Popolazione_2018_RC_rev.pdf |website=Comune di Roma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504140647/https://www.comune.roma.it/web-resources/cms/documents/Popolazione_2018_RC_rev.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2020 |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=4 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| population_blank2_title = ] | |||
| population_blank2 = 4,342,212<ref name="PR">{{Cite web |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPRES1 |title=Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408150604/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPRES1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| population_demonym = {{langx|it|romano(i)}} (masculine), {{lang|it|romana(e)}} (feminine)<br />{{langx|en|Roman(s)}} | |||
| population_rank = ] in Europe<br/>] in Italy | |||
| demographics_type2 = GDP | |||
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| demographics2_title1 = Metro | |||
| demographics2_info1 = €153.507 billion (2020) | |||
| timezone1 = ] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +1 | |||
| timezone1_DST = ] | |||
| utc_offset1_DST = +2 | |||
| postal_code_type = ] | |||
| postal_code = 00100; 00118 to 00199 | |||
| area_code = 06 | |||
| website = {{URL|https://www.comune.roma.it|comune.roma.it}} | |||
| pushpin_label = Rome | |||
| un_locode = | |||
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | |||
| child = yes | |||
| official_name = ''], the ] and {{lang|it|]|italic=unset}}'' | |||
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|i, ii, iii, iv, vi}} | |||
| ID = 91 | |||
| year = 1980 | |||
| area = {{cvt|1431|ha|acre}} | |||
| buffer_zone = | |||
}} | |||
| image_blank_emblem = | |||
| blank_emblem_type = | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Rome''' {{in it|Roma}} (]:Ρώμη) is the ] of ] and of its region, called ]. It is located across the confluence of the ] and ] ]. It was once the capital of the ], the most powerful, largest and longest lasting empire of classical Western civilization. The ], a sovereign ] within Rome, is the seat of the ] located at St. Peter's square, and the home of the ]. | |||
'''Rome''' (] and {{langx|la|Roma}}, {{IPA|it|ˈroːma|pron|It-Roma.ogg}}) is the ] of ]. It is also the capital of the ] ], the centre of the ], and a special {{lang|it|]}} (municipality) named {{lang|it|Comune di Roma Capitale}}. With 2,860,009 residents in {{cvt|1285|km2|mi2|1}},<ref name="Population" /> Rome is the country's most populated {{lang|it|comune}} and the ] in the ] by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous ] in Italy.<ref name="PR" /> ] is the third-most populous within Italy.<ref name="citypop">{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Principal Agglomerations of the World |publisher=Citypopulation |date=January 2017 |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rome is located in the central-western portion of the ], within Lazio (]), along the shores of the ]. ] (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the worldwide ] under the governance of the ])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-smallest-country-in-the-world |title=What is the smallest country in the world? |work=History.com |access-date=27 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125308/https://www.history.com/news/what-is-the-smallest-country-in-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref> is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the ] due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the cradle of Western ] and ] ], and the centre of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding China Today: An Exploration of Politics, Economics, Society, and International Relations |first=Silvio |last=Beretta |year=2017 |isbn=9783319296258 |page=320 |publisher=Springer |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Christianity: Religions of the World |first=Ann Marie |last=B. Bahr |year=2009 |isbn=9781438106397 |page=139 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism |first=Peter |last=R. D'Agostino |year=2005 |isbn=9780807863411 |page= |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press }}</ref> | |||
Rome is the largest '']'' in Italy and it is also one of the largest European capital cities in land area, with an area of 1,285 square kilometers. The ''comune'' territory extends up to the ], with the district of ], on the south-west, located on the shore. Within the city limits, the population is about 2.5 million; almost 3.8 million live in the urbanised area of Rome, as represented by the province of Rome, making it second in population to ]. The current ] is ]. | |||
] spans 28 centuries. While ] dates the ] at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement for over three millennia and one of the ] in Europe.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005">Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), ''The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City''. Princeton University Press.</ref> The city's early population originated from a mix of ], ], and ]. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the ], the ] and the ], and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome |title=Old Age in Ancient Rome – History Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210546/https://www.historytoday.com/mary-harlow/old-age-ancient-rome |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> It was first called ''The Eternal City'' ({{langx|la|Urbs Aeterna}}; {{langx|it|La Città Eterna}}) by the Roman poet ] in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stephanie Malia Hom |title=Consuming the View: Tourism, Rome, and the Topos of the Eternal City |journal=Annali d'Igtalianistica |date=28 May 2024 |volume=28 |pages=91–116 |jstor=24016389 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andres Perez |first=Javier |title=Approximación a la Iconografía de Roma Aeterna |url=http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf |work=El Futuro del Pasado |access-date=28 May 2014 |pages=349–363 |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235403/http://www.elfuturodelpasado.com/elfuturodelpasado/Ultimo_numero_files/023.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> Rome is also called ] (Capital of the World). | |||
With a ] of €97 billion in the year 2005, the ''comune'' of Rome produced 6.7% of Italy's GDP, which is the highest proportion of GDP produced by any single one of Italy's ''comunes''. | |||
After the ], which marked the beginning of the ], Rome slowly fell under the political control of the ], and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the ], which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the ], almost all popes since ] (1447–1455) pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giovannoni |first1=Gustavo |title=Topografia e urbanistica di Roma |date=1958 |publisher=Istituto di Studi Romani |location=Rome |pages=346–347 |language=it}}</ref> In this way, Rome first became one of the major centres of the ]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Rome, city, Italy |encyclopedia=Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |year=2009 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324095132/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=117042793 |archive-date=24 March 2010}}</ref> and then became the birthplace of both the ] style and ]. Famous artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the ], which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic. | |||
The city's history extends nearly 2,800 years, during which time it has been the seat of ] and, later, the ], ] and Italian Republic (modern Italy). Rome is also called "''la Città Eterna''" (the Eternal City), "l'''Urbe''" (the latin for the City pre-eminently) and "''The City of the Seven Hills''". | |||
In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html |title=World's most visited cities |publisher=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203514/http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/travel/gallery/most-visited-cities-euromonitor/index.html |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Its historic centre is listed by ] as a ].<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web |title=Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 |work=] World Heritage Centre |access-date=8 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224124311/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 |archive-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> The host city for the ], Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies of the ], such as the ] (FAO), the ] (WFP), the ] (IFAD) and the ]. The city also hosts the European Union (EU) Delegation to the United Nations (UN) and the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2018/07/13/rome-chosen-as-seat-of-euro-med-assembly-secretariat_1915c82d-78f2-41e3-9bd7-69b0ba27ee6c.html |website=ANSAmed |title=Rome chosen as seat of Euro-Med Assembly secretariat – Italy |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155058/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2018/07/13/rome-chosen-as-seat-of-euro-med-assembly-secretariat_1915c82d-78f2-41e3-9bd7-69b0ba27ee6c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (UfM) as well as the headquarters of several Italian multinational companies, such as ], ], ], ], and banks such as ]. Numerous companies are based within Rome's ] business district, such as the luxury fashion house ] located in the ]. The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the ] have been the set of many ]–winning movies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/culture-and-entertainment/cinecitta-dream-factory.html |website=Italian Tourism |title=Cinecittà: Dream Factory |date=23 March 2015 |language=en |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418213709/http://www.italia.it/en/travel-ideas/culture-and-entertainment/cinecitta-dream-factory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
==Name and symbol== | |||
===Etymology=== | |||
According to the Ancient Romans' ],<ref name="livy1797">{{cite book |publisher=Printed for A.Strahan |last=Livy |others=George Baker (trans.) |title=The history of Rome |year=1797}}</ref> the name ''Roma'' came from the city's founder and first ], ].<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |title=Romulus and Remus |encyclopedia=Britannica |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself.<ref>Cf. Jaan Puhvel: ''Comparative mythology.'' The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1989, p. 287.</ref> As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name ''Roma''. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:<ref>Claudio Rendina: ''Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani''. Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, p. 17.</ref> | |||
* From ''Rumon'' or ''Rumen'', archaic name of the ], which in turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb {{lang|el|ῥέω|italic=no}} ({{lang|el-latn|rhéō}}) 'to flow, stream' and the Latin verb {{lang|la|ruō}} 'to hurry, rush';{{efn|This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian ]. However, the Greek verb descends from the ] ] (compare Ancient Greek {{lang|grc-Grek|ῥεῦμα|italic=no}} ({{lang|grc-latn|rheûma}}) 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name {{lang|grc-Grek|Στρυμών|italic=no}} ({{lang|grc-latn|Strumṓn}}) and Proto-Germanic ''*strauma-'' 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **''Frum-'', like Latin '']'' 'to freeze' from the root ''*sreyHg-'') and the Latin verb from ].}} | |||
* From the ] word {{lang|ett|𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀|italic=no}} ({{lang|ett-latn|ruma}}), whose root is ''*rum-'' "teat", with possible reference either to the ] the cognately named twins ], or to the shape of the ] and ]s; | |||
* From the Greek word {{lang|el|ῥώμη|italic=no}} ({{lang|el-latn|rhṓmē}}), which means ''strength''.{{efn|This hypothesis originates from ].}} | |||
===Other names and symbols=== | |||
Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central city),<ref name="Vergari Marco Luberti Pica Del Monte 2020 pp. 6–17">{{cite journal | last1=Vergari | first1=Francesca | last2=Marco Luberti | first2=Gian | last3=Pica | first3=Alessia | last4=Del Monte | first4=Maurizio | title=Geomorphology of the historic centre of the ''Urbs'' (Rome, Italy) | journal=Journal of Maps | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=17 | issue=4 | date=2020-05-18 | issn=1744-5647 | doi=10.1080/17445647.2020.1761465 | pages=6–17| s2cid=219441323 | doi-access=free | hdl=11573/1503575 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> from ''urbs roma'', or identified with its ancient Roman ] of ], the symbol of Rome's ]. Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Aeterna (The Eternal City), Caput Mundi (The ]), Throne of ] and Roma Capitale. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{ |
{{Main|History of Rome}} | ||
{{For timeline}} | |||
===Earliest history=== | |||
{{Main|Founding of Rome}} | |||
] | |||
While there have been discoveries of archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, the dense layer of much younger debris obscures ] and ] sites.<ref name="Heiken, G. 2005" /> Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from ] settlements on the ] built above the area of the future ]. Between the end of the ] and the beginning of the ], each hill between the sea and the Capitoline Hill was topped by a village (on the Capitoline, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).<ref name=coa9>Coarelli (1984) p. 9</ref> However, none of them yet had an urban quality.<ref name=coa9 /> Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ("]") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine.<ref name=coa9 /> This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the ], which also allowed the establishment of ] and ]. These, in turn, boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly ] and ]).<ref name=coa9 /> These developments, which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.<ref name=coa9 /> Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.<ref name="foundation">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |title=More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus |first=John Nobel |last=Wilford |date=12 June 2007 |work=] |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> | |||
====Legend of the founding of Rome==== | |||
{{Main|Romulus and Remus|Romulus}} | |||
]'', a sculpture of the ] suckling the infant twins ]]] | |||
Traditional stories handed down by the ] themselves explain the earliest ] in terms of ] and ]. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all ], is the story of ], the twins who were suckled by a ].<ref name="livy1797" /> They decided to build a city, but after an argument, ] killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman ]s, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}} This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the ] ] escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son ], the namesake of the ].<ref name="livy2005">{{Cite book |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd |isbn=978-0-14-196307-5 |last=Livy |title=The Early History of Rome |year=2005}}</ref> This was accomplished by the Roman poet ] in the first century BC. In addition, ] mentions an older story, that the city was an ] colony founded by ]. Strabo also writes that ] believed that Rome was founded by Greeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3 |title=Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 3, section 3 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301151855/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html |title=LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book V Chapter 3 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529132904/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C%2A.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Monarchy and republic=== | |||
{{Main|Ancient Rome|Roman Kingdom|Roman Republic}} | |||
], god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=W. Warde|title=Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic|date=1899|publisher=Kennikat Press|pages=202–204}}</ref> built in 120–80 BC]] | |||
] contains the ruins of the buildings that represented the political, legal, religious and economic centre of ancient Rome, constituting the "nerve centre" of all Roman civilisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Roman Forum |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=18 January 2012 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/26/the-roman-forum/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420181638/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/26/the-roman-forum/ |url-status=live}}</ref>]] | |||
After the foundation by Romulus according to a legend,{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}} Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a ], initially with sovereigns of ] and ] origin, later by ] kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=73}} | |||
In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an ] ] led by two annually-elected ]. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between ] (aristocrats) and ] (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, ], ], and ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=77}} After becoming master of ], Rome led several wars (against the ], ]-] and the Greek colony of ], allied with ], king of ]) whose result was the conquest of the ], from the central area up to ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=79}} | |||
The 3rd and 4th century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the ] and the ] through the three ] (264–146 BC) fought against ] and the three ] (212–168 BC) against ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | pp=81–83}} The first ]s were established at this time: ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | pp=81–85}} | |||
From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the ], representing the conservative part of the ], and the ], which relied on the help of the ] (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the city. The continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army, which turned out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the late 2nd and early 1st century BC there were several conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares ] and ],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} and the war against ],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} there was ] from which the general ] emerged victorious.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=89}} A ] under ] followed,{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}} and then the establishment of the ] with ], ] and ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}} | |||
The conquest of ] made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a ] against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=91}} His assassination in 44 BC led to a ] among ] (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), ] and ], and to a ] between Octavian and Antony.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=93}} | |||
===Empire=== | |||
{{Main|Roman Empire}} | |||
], express power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.]] | |||
] belong to a series of ''monumental fora'' (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also seen in the image is ].]] | |||
]. The ] is situated to the south (left) of the ].]] | |||
In 27 BC, Octavian was named '']'' and '']'', founding the ], a ] between the ''princeps'' and the senate.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=93}} Over time, the new monarch came to be known as the '']'' (hence ]), meaning "commander".<ref name="SimonHornblower">{{Cite book |last1=Hornblower |first1=Simon |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |last2=Spawforth |first2=Antony |last3=Eidinow |first3=Esther |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-1995-4556-8 |pages=728–729 |chapter=Imperator |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3268 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728}}</ref> During the reign of ], two thirds of the city was ruined after the ], and the ] commenced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/ |title=The Great Fire of Rome {{!}} Background {{!}} Secrets of the Dead {{!}} PBS|date=29 May 2014|website=Secrets of the Dead|language=en-US |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404105016/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |title=Great Fire of Rome |last=Society |first=National Geographic |date=18 June 2014 |website=National Geographic Society |language=en |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330173019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome : Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean |last=Freeman |first=Charles |isbn=978-0-19-965191-7 |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=868077503 |date=March 2014}}</ref> Rome's empire reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor ]. Rome was known as the ], i.e. the capital of the known world, an expression which had already been used in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was ruled by emperors of the ],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=97}} ] (who built an eponymous amphitheatre known as the ]),{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=97}} and ] dynasties.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=99}} This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by ] in ] in the first half of the first century (under ]) and popularised by his ]s through the empire and beyond.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=107}} The Antonine age is considered the zenith of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the ] to the ] and from ] to ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=99}} | |||
] at night]] | |||
After the end of the ] in AD 235, the Empire entered into a 50-year period known as the ], during which numerous generals fought for power and the central authority in Rome weakened dramatically. Around the same time, the ] ({{Circa}} 250–270) afflicted the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Huebner |first=Sabine |author-link=Sabine R. Huebner |date=7 Jun 2021 |title=The 'Plague of Cyprian': A revised view of the origin and spread of a 3rd-c. CE pandemic |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=34 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000349 |s2cid=236149169 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The ] along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious uncoordinated incursions that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The ] invaded from the east several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=101}} The civil wars ended in 285 with the final victory of ], who undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the ] and introduced a new authoritarian model known as the ], derived from his title of ''dominus'' ("lord"). His most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed ] which did not last. | |||
Diocletian divided the empire in 286, ruling over the eastern half from ], while his co-emperor ] ruled the western half from ] (when not on the move).{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=101}} The empire was further divided in 293, when Diocletian named two ], one for each ] (emperor). Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession, similar to the Antonine dynasty. Upon abdication in 305, both caesars succeeded and they, in turn, appointed two colleagues for themselves.{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=101}} However, a ] between rival claimants to power resulted in the unification of the empire under ] in 324. Hereditary succession was restored, but the east–west division was maintained. Constantine undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by rationalising the competencies of the several ministries. The so-called ] of 313, actually a fragment of a letter from his co-emperor ] to the governors of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including Christians, and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). In 330, he transformed ] into ], which became his new capital. However, it was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like ], ] or ] until given a city prefect in 359 by ].{{sfn|Kinder|Hilgemann|1964|p=103}} | |||
Constantine, following Diocletian's reforms. regionalised the administration, which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses. The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuckerman |first=Constantin |date=2002 |title=Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l'empire et la date de création des diocèses |url=https://www.academia.edu/2108633 |journal=Travaux et Mémoires}}</ref> The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. | |||
Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the ] issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and ] – with Theodosius clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his young children, ] and ], inherited the ] and ] empires respectively. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to ] in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in Rome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillett|first=Andrew|date=2001|title=Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors|url=https://www.academia.edu/18189525|journal=Papers of the British School at Rome|volume=69|pages=131–167|doi=10.1017/S0068246200001781|jstor=40311008|s2cid=129373675|issn=0068-2462}}</ref> | |||
] ], by ] (1890), the first time in {{c.}} 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy]] | |||
Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, ] by the ] led by ],{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=115}} but very little physical damage was done, most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the city with large basilicas, such as ] (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450–500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by ], king of the ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=117}} The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the deposition of ], who resided on Ravenna, on 4 September 476. This marked the end of the ] and, for many historians, the beginning of the ].{{sfn | Kinder | Hilgemann | 1964 | p=103}} | |||
The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatised.<ref>''Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present'', Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp. 160–179</ref> | |||
However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of ].<ref>''Rome, Profile of a City: 321–1308'', ], p. 165</ref> The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the sixth century and probably prevented the population from falling further.<ref>''Rome, Urban History'', pp. 184–185</ref> The figure of 450,000–500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of five Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population.<ref>Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III</ref> Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population). | |||
===Middle Ages=== | |||
{{Further|Fall of the Western Roman Empire}} | |||
] ], by ] (1830s)]] | |||
After the ] in AD 476, Rome was first under the control of ] and then became part of the ] before returning to ] control after the ], which devastated the city ] and ]. Its population declined from more than a million in AD 210 to 500,000 in AD 273<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |url=http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |title=travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome |publisher=Mandatory |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9 |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535–554),<ref>{{cite book |last=Tellier |first=Luc-Normand |title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185 |year=2009 |publisher=PUQ |isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1 |page=185 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513083650/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185 |url-status=live}}</ref> reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.<ref>Norman John Greville Pounds. ''An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330''. p. 192.</ref> It is generally thought the population of the city until AD 300 was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750–800,000 in AD 400, then 450–500,000 in AD 450 and down to 80–100,000 in AD 500 (though it may have been twice this).<ref>''Rome in Late Antiquity'', Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp. 14, pp. 115–119 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}; ''Rome Profile of a City'', Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp. 4, 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}; ''Ancient Rome, The Archaeology of the Eternal City'', Editors ] and ], pp. 142–165 {{ISBN|978-0-947816-55-1}}</ref> | |||
The Bishop of Rome, called the ], was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles ] and ] there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the ]. | |||
After the ] (569–572), the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the ], the ], and the ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} In 729, the Lombard king ] donated the north Latium town of ] to the Church, starting its temporal power.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} In 756, ], after having defeated the Lombards, gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the ], thus creating the ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility (together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} On Christmas night of 800, ] was crowned in Rome as ] by ]: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for control was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=19}} This event marks the beginning of the ], the first phase of the ]. | |||
], portraying the crowning of ] in ], on 25 December 800]] | |||
In 846, Muslim Arabs ], but managed to loot ]'s and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm |title=Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D. |date=5 December 2008 |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> After the decay of ], Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble families fought against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of ] and her daughter ], concubines and mothers of several popes, and of ], a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors ] and ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} The scandals of this period forced the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk ], who once elected pope under the name of ] became involved into the ] against Emperor ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} Subsequently, Rome ] by the ] under ] who had entered the city in support of the Pope, then besieged in ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} | |||
During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a ''senatore'' or ''patrizio''. In the 12th century, this administration, like other European cities, evolved into the ], a new form of social organisation controlled by the new wealthy classes.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=20}} Pope ] fought against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor ]: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was supported by ], a monk who was a religious and social reformer.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by ], which marked the end of the commune's autonomy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} Under ], whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a ''Senatore'', who was subject to the pope.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} | |||
In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in ], often acting as arbitrators between Christian ]s and exercising additional political powers.<ref name="Faus">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. {{ISBN|85-15-01750-4}}. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" – pág.: 65).</ref><ref name="Papal Arbitration">{{cathEncy|wstitle=Papal Arbitration |author=Jarrett, Bede}}</ref><ref>Such as regulating the ] of the ]. See ] and ].</ref> | |||
In 1266, ], who was heading south to fight the ] on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the ], the university of Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in ], could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families: ], ], ], ], ], nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} | |||
] returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the ].]] | |||
], born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's ]; he proclaimed a crusade against the ] and, in 1300, called for the first ], which brought millions of ] to Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} However, his hopes were crushed by the French king ], who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=21}} The Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was said of shock and grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was ] to ] (1309–1377).{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} During this period Rome was neglected, until a plebeian man, ], came to power.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming power with the title of '']'', his reforms were rejected by the populace.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Forced to flee, Cola returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal ], who was charged with restoring the Church's power in Italy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon lynched by the populace, and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again under ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the ] (1377–1418), and for the next forty years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} | |||
===Early modern history=== | |||
{{Main|Roman Renaissance}} | |||
] (from 1575) shows the city's primary monuments.]] | |||
], or Hadrian's Mausoleum, is a Roman monument built in 134 AD, radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and crowned with 16th and 17th-century statues.]] | |||
], created by ] in 1629]] | |||
In 1418, the ] settled the ], and a Roman pope, ], was elected.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from ], founder of the ], to ], humanist and literate, from ], a warrior pope, to ], immoral and ], from ], soldier and patron, to ], who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage of the arts.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} | |||
During those years, the centre of the ] moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new ], the ] and '']'' (the first bridge to be built across the ] since antiquity, although on Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in ] and ]. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the ] and, in turn, the ]. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture. | |||
The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the ] by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the ]. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under ] (1503–1513) and his successors ] and ], both members of the ]. | |||
] in Rome, {{circa|1650}}, by ]]] | |||
], {{circa|1730}}]] | |||
In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor ]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |first1=P.M. |last1=Baumgarten |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Basilica of St. Peter |publisher=New Advent |date=1 February 1912 |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133607/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like ], ], ] and ], who built the temple of ] and planned a great project to renovate the ]. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the ], the ], plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the ] for the tomb of Julius II. | |||
Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including ], who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The ] caused the first plunder of the city in more than five hundred years since ]; in 1527, the ]s of Emperor ] ], bringing an abrupt end to the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} | |||
Beginning with the ] in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} Under the popes from ] to ], Rome became the centre of a reformed Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the papacy.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}} The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}} | |||
This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families (], ], ], ], ], ]) were protected by their respective popes, who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=23}} During the ], new ideas reached the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the ].{{sfn | Bertarelli | 1925 | p=22}} | |||
===Late modern and contemporary=== | |||
] troops breaching the ] at ] during the '']'' (1870), the final event of the ]. Painting by ].]] | |||
The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived ] (1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the ]. The ] were restored in June 1800, but during ]'s reign Rome was ] of the ]: first as ''Département du Tibre'' (1808–1810) and then as ''Département Rome'' (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the ] of 1814. | |||
In 1849, ] was proclaimed during a year of ]. Two of the most influential figures of the ], ] and ], fought for the short-lived republic. | |||
Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy was united as the ] in 1861 with the temporary capital in ]. That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of ]. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the ]. Italian troops were able to ] entering the city through a breach near ]. ] declared himself a ]. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |date=1911 |last1=Ott |first1=M. |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Pope Pius IX |publisher=New Advent |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223209/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |archive-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area. | |||
The civilization of ancient Rome originated in the ] or ], when the tribe of the ] migrated to the ] to settle around the River ]. For almost a thousand years, Rome was a very important city in the ] and possibly the largest city in the world, with around 1.5 to 2 million inhabitants, as the capital of the expansive ]. With the rise of ], Rome became the center of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of the popes. The slow ] heralded the beginning of the ], but the city regained prominence as the cultural capital of ] for several hundred years leading up to the ]. Rome remains influential today, as the capital of Italy, as center of the Catholic Church, and as a major metropolis. | |||
] planes, 1943]] | |||
In ], Rome was built on ] ] by the twin descendants of the ] prince ], ]. Romulus killed Remus in a quarrel over where their city was to be located and became the first of seven Kings of Rome, as well as the source of the city's name.<ref>Titus Livius (]) ''Ab Urbe Condita'' (History of Rome), Book I</ref> | |||
Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of ] led by ], who led a ]. He did away with democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new ] and allying Italy with ] in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cederna |first1=Antonio |title=Mussolini urbanista |date=1979 |publisher=Laterza |location=Bari |pages=passim |language=it}}</ref> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the ] was ], resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baily|first=Virginia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/25/liberation-of-rome-italian-imagination|title=How the Nazi occupation of Rome has gripped Italy's cultural imagination|work=The Guardian|date=25 July 2015|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Mussolini ]. On the date of the ] 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944. | |||
{{seealso|Founding of Rome|Roman Kingdom|Roman Republic}} | |||
Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "]" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of ''la dolce vita'' ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' filmed in the city's iconic ]. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the ''comune'' had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs. | |||
Central Rome is dominated by the traditional ] that hark back to the Latin founding myth of the city. These seven hills are the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, Capitoline, and Palatine Hills. The ] and its islands are an important additional component of the city, flowing south through the western portion of the central zone. | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
===Location |
===Location=== | ||
] | |||
Rome is located on the ] 24 km (15 miles) inland from the ]. The city was built on a defendable hill dominating the last high-banked river crossing where traverse was faciliated by a midstream isle. | |||
Rome is in the ] region of ] on the ] ({{langx|it|Tevere}}) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the ], the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the ], which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre. | |||
Although the city centre is about {{cvt|24|km|mi|0}} inland from the ], the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of ] is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from {{cvt|13|m|0}} ] (at the base of the ]) to {{cvt|139|m|0}} ] (the peak of ]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravaglioli |first1=Armando |title=Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita |publisher=Tascabili Economici Newton |year=1997 |location=Rome |language=it |isbn=978-88-8183-670-3}}</ref> The ''Comune'' of Rome covers an overall area of about {{cvt|1285|km2|0}}, including many green areas. | |||
The ancient city within the walls covers about four percent of the modern municipality's 582 square miles. The old city is the smallest of Rome's twelve administrative zones. The walled city center is made up of 22 ''rioni'' (districts), sorrounding it are 35 ''quartieri urbani'' (urban sectors), and within the city limits are six large ''suburbi'' (]). The ''comune'' of Rome located outside the municipal boundaries about doubles the area of the actual city. | |||
===Parks and gardens=== | |||
A belt ] describes a huge circle around the capital about six miles out from the city center. The circle ties together the antique roads that led to Rome: the ], the ] and ]. Large amounts of modern apartment buildings are located in the districts outside the center, where contemporary architecture has not gone unnoticed. Many street frontages and show windows often change to keep up with the times and the Romans have suceeded in harmonizing the old and the new. | |||
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Rome}} | |||
], in the ]]] | |||
Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204030918/http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-date=4 February 2008 |title=Green Areas |publisher=RomaPerKyoto.org |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the ], ], and ]. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some {{cvt|1.8|km2|1|abbr=out|lk=out}}. The ] is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the ] (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush ], close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking ] and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of ] and ]. There is also a notable pine wood at ], near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the ] and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano. | |||
Though small, the old city center contains about 300 hotels and 300 '']'', over 200 palaces, 900 churches, eight of Rome's major parks, the residence of the Italian president, the houses of the ], offices of the city and city government, and many great and well-known monuments. The old city also contains thousands of workshops, offices, bars, and restaurants. Millions of tourists visit Rome anually, making it one of the most touristic cities in the world. | |||
==Climate== |
===Climate=== | ||
{{Main|Climate of Rome}} | |||
Rome's climate is at its most comfortable from April through June or early July. By August, the temperature during the heat of the day often exceeds 35° C (95° F). Many businesses close during August, and Romans traditionally abandon the city for cooler climes. The average high temperature in December is about 13° C (55° F)<ref>Data according to the British Broadcasting Corp.'s site.</ref> | |||
]s in the ]]] | |||
Rome has a ] (]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters. | |||
==Economy== | |||
Its average annual temperature is above {{cvt|21|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|9|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{cvt|12.6|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is {{cvt|31.7|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|17.3|°C|°F}} at night. | |||
December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately {{cvt|8|°C|°F}}. Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{cvt|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{cvt|3|and|5|C|F}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx |title=Storia della neve a Roma |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter |website=The Mercury News |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi |website=Corriere della sera |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The average ] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} in February to a high of {{cvt|25.0|°C|°F}} in August.<ref name="seatemperature.org2"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm |date=13 July 2020 }}, seatemperature.org.</ref> | |||
The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was {{cvt|42.9|°C|°F}} on 18 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg|title=Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks|newspaper=]|first=Ian|last=Livingston|date=17 July 2023}}</ref> | |||
{{Weather box | |||
|location = ], elevation: {{convert|129|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present | |||
|metric first= Yes | |||
|single line= Yes | |||
|Jan record high C = 20.8 | |||
|Feb record high C = 23.0 | |||
|Mar record high C = 26.6 | |||
|Apr record high C = 30.0 | |||
|May record high C = 34.2 | |||
|Jun record high C = 39.3 | |||
|Jul record high C = 39.7 | |||
|Aug record high C = 40.6 | |||
|Sep record high C = 40.0 | |||
|Oct record high C = 32.0 | |||
|Nov record high C = 26.1 | |||
|Dec record high C = 21.2 | |||
|year record high C = 40.6 | |||
|Jan high C = 12.0 | |||
|Feb high C = 13.0 | |||
|Mar high C = 15.8 | |||
|Apr high C = 18.8 | |||
|May high C = 22.3 | |||
|Jun high C = 28.1 | |||
|Jul high C = 31.0 | |||
|Aug high C = 31.6 | |||
|Sep high C = 26.7 | |||
|Oct high C = 22.2 | |||
|Nov high C = 16.9 | |||
|Dec high C = 12.7 | |||
|year high C = 21.0 | |||
|Jan mean C = 7.5 | |||
|Feb mean C = 8.0 | |||
|Mar mean C = 10.7 | |||
|Apr mean C = 13.6 | |||
|May mean C = 18.0 | |||
|Jun mean C = 22.5 | |||
|Jul mean C = 25.1 | |||
|Aug mean C = 25.4 | |||
|Sep mean C = 21.0 | |||
|Oct mean C = 17.0 | |||
|Nov mean C = 12.4 | |||
|Dec mean C = 8.5 | |||
|year mean C = 15.8 | |||
|Jan low C = 3.4 | |||
|Feb low C = 3.4 | |||
|Mar low C = 5.9 | |||
|Apr low C = 8.6 | |||
|May low C = 12.6 | |||
|Jun low C = 16.7 | |||
|Jul low C = 19.3 | |||
|Aug low C = 19.8 | |||
|Sep low C = 16.0 | |||
|Oct low C = 12.4 | |||
|Nov low C = 8.5 | |||
|Dec low C = 4.7 | |||
|year low C = 10.9 | |||
|Jan record low C = -11.0 | |||
|Feb record low C = -6.9 | |||
|Mar record low C = -6.5 | |||
|Apr record low C = -2.4 | |||
|May record low C = 1.8 | |||
|Jun record low C = 5.6 | |||
|Jul record low C = 9.1 | |||
|Aug record low C = 9.3 | |||
|Sep record low C = 4.3 | |||
|Oct record low C = 0.8 | |||
|Nov record low C = -5.2 | |||
|Dec record low C = -6.6 | |||
|year record low C = -11.0 | |||
|precipitation colour = green | |||
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.6 | |||
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.8 | |||
|Mar precipitation mm = 58.6 | |||
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.6 | |||
|May precipitation mm = 56.9 | |||
|Jun precipitation mm = 30.1 | |||
|Jul precipitation mm = 19.8 | |||
|Aug precipitation mm = 30.2 | |||
|Sep precipitation mm = 64.9 | |||
|Oct precipitation mm = 88.1 | |||
|Nov precipitation mm = 108.2 | |||
|Dec precipitation mm = 98.3 | |||
|year precipitation mm = 752.0 | |||
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | |||
|Jan precipitation days = 7.40 | |||
|Feb precipitation days = 7.48 | |||
|Mar precipitation days = 6.85 | |||
|Apr precipitation days = 7.42 | |||
|May precipitation days = 5.54 | |||
|Jun precipitation days = 3.38 | |||
|Jul precipitation days = 2.16 | |||
|Aug precipitation days = 2.20 | |||
|Sep precipitation days = 6.00 | |||
|Oct precipitation days = 7.32 | |||
|Nov precipitation days = 8.84 | |||
|Dec precipitation days = 9.44 | |||
|year precipitation days = 74.03 | |||
|humidity colour = | |||
|Jan humidity = 75.8 | |||
|Feb humidity = 71.5 | |||
|Mar humidity = 70.6 | |||
|Apr humidity = 70.4 | |||
|May humidity = 69.0 | |||
|Jun humidity = 65.4 | |||
|Jul humidity = 63.3 | |||
|Aug humidity = 64.1 | |||
|Sep humidity = 69.1 | |||
|Oct humidity = 74.0 | |||
|Nov humidity = 77.9 | |||
|Dec humidity = 77.2 | |||
|year humidity = 70.7 | |||
|Jan sun = 155.9 | |||
|Feb sun = 171.9 | |||
|Mar sun = 203.1 | |||
|Apr sun = 221.1 | |||
|May sun = 276.5 | |||
|Jun sun = 298.8 | |||
|Jul sun = 337.6 | |||
|Aug sun = 320.2 | |||
|Sep sun = 237.9 | |||
|Oct sun = 200.6 | |||
|Nov sun = 153.3 | |||
|Dec sun = 146.9 | |||
|year sun = 2723.9 | |||
|Jan percentsun = 53 | |||
|Feb percentsun = 58 | |||
|Mar percentsun = 55 | |||
|Apr percentsun = 56 | |||
|May percentsun = 61 | |||
|Jun percentsun = 65 | |||
|Jul percentsun = 73 | |||
|Aug percentsun = 75 | |||
|Sep percentsun = 63 | |||
|Oct percentsun = 58 | |||
|Nov percentsun = 51 | |||
|Dec percentsun = 51 | |||
|year percentsun = | |||
|Jan dew point C = 3.9 | |||
|Feb dew point C = 3.5 | |||
|Mar dew point C = 5.8 | |||
|Apr dew point C = 8.5 | |||
|May dew point C = 12.1 | |||
|Jun dew point C = 15.1 | |||
|Jul dew point C = 16.9 | |||
|Aug dew point C = 17.7 | |||
|Sep dew point C = 15.5 | |||
|Oct dew point C = 12.9 | |||
|Nov dew point C = 9.3 | |||
|Dec dew point C = 5.2 | |||
|year dew point C = 10.5 | |||
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | |||
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv | |||
|title = Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020 | |||
|publisher = ] | |||
|access-date = August 31, 2023 | |||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv | |||
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref> | |||
|source 2 = Temperature extreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/ | |||
|language = it | |||
|title = Roma Ciampino | |||
|publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana | |||
|access-date = August 31, 2023 | |||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/ | |||
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
==Demographics== <!--linked--> | |||
{{hatnote|'People of Rome' redirects here. For the ancient Roman political concept, see ]. For the 2003 film, see ].}} | |||
{{See also|Demographics of Italy}} | |||
] in 2022]] | |||
{{Historical populations | |||
|type= | |||
|footnote= Source: ], 2022 | |||
|1861 |194500 | |||
|1871 |212432 | |||
|1881 |273952 | |||
|1901 |422411 | |||
|1911 |518917 | |||
|1921 |660235 | |||
|1931 |930926 | |||
|1936 |1150589 | |||
|1951 |1632402|1961 |2163555|1971 |2750370|1981 |2805109|1991 |2733908|2001 |2546804|2011 |2617175 | |||
|2021 |2749031}} | |||
By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern ]) on the ].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} It had an area of about {{cvt|285|ha|abbr=off}} and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC.<ref>Cornell (1995) 204–205</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |title=Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome |author=Gregory S. Aldrete |date=30 January 2007 |publisher=JHU Press |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78 |archive-date=30 November 2015 |isbn=978-0-8018-8405-4}}</ref> When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Lorne H. |title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C. |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1990 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=5–39 |doi=10.2307/295257 |jstor=295257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257 |access-date=12 February 2022 |issn=0002-9475}}</ref> The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |title=The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline |author=P.M.G. Harris |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |isbn=978-0-275-97131-1 |year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Herreros |first=Francisco |url=https://www.academia.edu/1458998 |title=Size and Virtue |journal=European Journal of Political Theory |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=463–482 |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue |archive-date=4 September 2015 |doi=10.1177/1474885107080651 |year=2007 |s2cid=145139011 | issn = 1474-8851}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=295257 |title=Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.–400 B.C. |first=Lorne H. |last=Ward |date=1 January 1990 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=5–39 |doi=10.2307/295257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 1: Warfare and the Army in Early Rome |author=Rich, John |title=A Companion to the Roman Army |year=2007 |editor=Erdkamp, Paul |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2153-8 |chapter-url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113433/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |author=Paul Bairoch |date=18 June 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |isbn=978-0-226-03466-9}}</ref> | |||
The size of the city at the time of the Emperor ] is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.<ref>N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 33–39</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Duiker |first1=William |last2=Spielvogel |first2=Jackson |title=World History |date=2001 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=978-0-534-57168-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149 |url-access=registration |page=149 |edition=Third}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Storey |first=Glenn R. |year=1997 |title=The population of ancient Rome |journal=Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=71 |issue=274 |pages=966–978 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00085859 |issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Oates |first=Whitney J. |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html |title=The Population of Rome |journal=Classical Philology |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=1934 |issn=0009-837X |doi=10.1086/361701 |pages=101–116 |s2cid=154126945 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529132834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome%2A.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Estimates of the city's population towards and after the end of the Roman empire also vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in the mid-fifth century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population had already started to decline from the late fourth century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire.<ref>Arnold HM Jones The Decline of the Ancient World, Lonmans, Green and Co. Ltd, London 1966</ref> According to Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 500,000 by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic Wars, 535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During the pontificate of ] (590–604), it may have reached 90,000, augmented by refugees.<ref>Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312–1308, 2000 p. 65 {{ISBN|0-691-04961-0}}</ref> Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of 'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell to 120,000 in the ].<ref>Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity, 2001 p. 14 {{ISBN|0-415-92976-8}}</ref> Neil Christie, citing free rations for the poorest, estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a million at the end of the century.<ref>Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, An Archaeology of Italy 300–800 A.D. 2006 p. 61, {{ISBN|978-1-85928-421-6}}</ref> Novel 36 of Emperor ] records 3.629 million pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per month for the five winter months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has been used to suggest a population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the remaining provinces of North Africa in 439 by the ], and may have continued to some degree afterwards for a while. The city's population declined to less than 50,000 people in the ] from 700 AD onward. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the ].<ref>P. Llewellyn, ''Rome in the Dark Ages'' (London 1993), p. 97.</ref> | |||
When the ] annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the city within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The ] regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}{{clarify|why?|date=March 2014}} Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s. | |||
In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup> stretching over more than {{cvt|5,000|km2}}). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> The current{{when|date=August 2017}} birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} | |||
The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.<ref name=World_Urban_Areas>{{Cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=January 2015 |website=demographia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions |title=Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) |date=2006 |website=] |at=Ch. 3 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032242/https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |title=Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone |date=2009 |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924142951/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=unfit |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |title=World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision) |date=2010 |website=] Department of Economic and Social Affairs |at=(Table A.12. Data for 2007) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425020103/http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=OECD |author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C |year=2006 |publisher=OECD Publishing |at=Table 1.1 |isbn=978-92-64-02708-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |last=Brinkoff |first=Thomas |date=1 January 2019 |website=Population Statistics and Maps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> | |||
===Origin groups=== | |||
Today, Rome has a dynamic and diverse economy with thriving innovation, technologies, communications and service sectors. It produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other city in Italy). Rome grows 4,4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate than any other city in the rest of the country. Rome's economic growth began to surpass that of its rivals, ] and ] after World War II. ] is inevitably one of Rome's chief industries, with many notable museums including the ], and the ]. The city is also a centre for ] as well as electronics and aerospace industries. | |||
] '']'']] | |||
Many international headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the ] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient Via Tiburtina. | |||
According to the 2011 statistics conducted by ISTAT,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117015639/http://demo.istat.it/str2009/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly ] (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283). | |||
The ] '']'', off ], has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pretto |first=Emiliano |title=Rome Post – what's happening in Rome |website=romepost.it |date=21 June 2009 |url=http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621033439/http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm | archive-date=21 June 2009 | url-status=unfit | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> | |||
==Demographics== | |||
'''Summary table''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 1em; text-size:80%; text-align:right" | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!align=center colspan=2| City of Rome <br>Population by year | |||
!Country of citizenship, January 1, 2023 | |||
!Population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces - Area of citizenship Roma |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=ISTAT The Italian National Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|All countries of the world | |||
|350 BC || 30,000 | |||
|511,332 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|European Union (28 countries) | |||
|250 BC || 100,000 | |||
|193,427 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Other European non-EU-28 countries | |||
|100 BC || 500,000 | |||
|61,566 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Northern Africa | |||
|25 BC || 1,000,000 | |||
|31,237 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Western Africa | |||
|120 || 1,650,000 | |||
|20,489 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Eastern Africa | |||
|330 || 600,000 | |||
|8,568 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Central and South Africa | |||
|530 || 50,000 | |||
|2,845 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Western Asia | |||
|1000 || 20,000 | |||
|9,073 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Eastern Asia | |||
|1750 || 156,000 | |||
|65,431 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Central and South Asia | |||
|1800 || 163,000 | |||
|74,060 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Northern America | |||
|1820 || 140,000 | |||
|2,903 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Central and South America | |||
|1850 || 185,000 | |||
|41,279 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Oceania | |||
|1858 || 182,000 | |||
|303 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Stateless | |||
|1871 || 212,000 | |||
| |
|151 | ||
|1881 || 273,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1901 || 422,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1911 || 518,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1921 || 660,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1931 || 930,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1936 || 1,150,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1951 || 1,651,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1961 || 2,187,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1971 || 2,781,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1981 || 2,839,000 | |||
|- | |||
|1991 || 2,775,000 | |||
|- | |||
|2001 || 2,546,000 | |||
|} | |} | ||
At the time of the Roman Empire, Rome was for many centuries the world greatest city, with over one million estimated residents. After the fall of empire, due to barbaric invasions, the population of Rome declined to only 20,000 inhabitants in the dark ages. Afterwards, the population began to rise in the Renaissance and surpassed one hundred thousand residents in XVII century. | |||
===Language=== | |||
There were about 200,000 people living in Rome in 1870, when it became the capital of the new ]. In the fascist period, between the last decades of the 19th century and World War II, Rome grew rapidly and surpassed 1,000,000 residents. The EUR district was built during this period. After WWII and the Nazi military occupation, which seriously damaged the city, Rome experienced another great change in demographics during the "economic miracle" of the 1950s and '60s. But in the late 1980s and '90s, Rome's population began to fall because many residents, in order to escape traffic and pollution, moved to the external urban belt. | |||
{{Main|Roman dialect|Latin}} | |||
] at a subway station in Rome]] | |||
Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive. Through the process of ], the peoples of Italy, ], the ] and ] developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the ], borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The ] is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ostler, N. |year=2007 |title=Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-8027-1679-8}}</ref> | |||
At present, like most western European capitals, Rome has accumulated a substantial immigrant population. Italy's official statistics bureau (]) in 2005 estimates, states that 145,000 immigrants live in the Rome's comune, or 5.69 percent of the total comune population. The foreign population in the urban area of Rome consists in 206,000 persons, or 5.37 percent of the total urban area population. The foreign population in the metro area of Rome is about 248,000 persons or 4.67 percent of the total metro area population. By far the largest number of immigrants are Eastern European, with the largest numbers of foreigners coming from ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
The medieval ] belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the ] than to the Florentine.<ref name=sie/><ref>{{cite web|title=Romanesco|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/romanesco/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> A typical example of Romanesco of that period is ''{{ill|Cronica dell'Anonimo Romano|lt=Vita di Cola di Rienzo|it}}'' ("Life of ]"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.<ref name=sie>{{cite web|title=La Parlata romana|url=http://online.unistrasi.it/Avvisi/Laparlataromana.pdf|website=online.unistrasi.it|publisher=Università per stranieri di Siena|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206110011/http://online.unistrasi.it/Avvisi/Laparlataromana.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the ] (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two ] popes (] and ]) and with the ], two events which provoked a large immigration from ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Achille|first1=Paolo|title=Italiano di Roma|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italiano-di-roma_(Enciclopedia_dell'Italiano)/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=dia>{{cite web|title=Dialetti|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti_(Enciclopedia_dell'Italiano)/|website=www.treccani.it|publisher=Treccani|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.<ref name=dia/> | |||
==Religion== | |||
===Religion=== | |||
The ] constituted the major religion of the city in antiquity. However, other religions remained represented within its ever-changing boundaries, and by the 4th century Christianity was widespread alongside the ancient cults. | |||
{{Main|Religion in Rome}} | |||
{{See also|Vatican City|History of the Jews in Rome}} | |||
], Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734]] | |||
], ] is the city's largest ].]] | |||
] at the ]]] | |||
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly ], and the city has been an important centre of religion and ] for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the ] and later the seat of the ] and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the ] (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were ], the Most High, and ], the god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, ], according to tradition. Other deities such as ] and ] were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as ]. Later, after ] and ] were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the ] was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the ]), Rome has for centuries been the home of the ] and the ], otherwise known as the Pope. | |||
During his reign, Emperor ] legalized Christianity. However, it was ] who made it the official religion of the Roman Empire, allowing a rapid spread of the religion which similarly continued to spread thereafter. Rome was established as the center of the Catholic Church. Consequently, a great number of some of the most important religious buildings of Christianity were erected in the city. | |||
Despite the fact that Rome is home to the ] and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the ], in the south-east of the city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include the ], the ], the ], ] and the ]. There are also the ancient ] underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the ], ], ], and ]. | |||
Across the river Tiber from the old Roman Forum and its centers of pre-Christian worship is the ], an autonomous country inside the city and the center of Catholicism. There are currently over 900 ], including many world famous locations, housing a wide collection of masterpieces of religious art. | |||
Since the end of the ], Rome is also the centre of an important ] community,<ref>Coarelli, p. 308.</ref> which was once based in ], and later in the ]. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the '']''. | |||
In Rome there is also the largest ] in Europe, designed by the Italian achitect ] and inaugurated on ], ]. | |||
The territory of ] is part of the ''Mons Vaticanus'' (]), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where ], the ], the ], and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman ] of ] until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the ], the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of ], later expanded by the current fortification walls of ], ], and ]. When the ] of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. | |||
Rome has been a major ] site since the ]. People from all over the ] visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major ] site during the Middle Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the ], Rome kept its status as Papal capital and holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy ] to ] (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites, both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the ]: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the ] of ] in ], which ] stood on during his ] on his way to trial.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html |title=Steps Jesus walked to trial restored to glory |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=13 June 2007 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=22 August 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430054419/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In addition, Rome hosts multiple ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEMPO AL TEMPIO. MONASTERO BUDDHISTA HUA YI SI {{!}} Evento FAI |url=https://fondoambiente.it/eventi/tempo-al-tempio-monastero-buddhista-hua-yi-si |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=fondoambiente.it |language=it}}</ref> temples, a ] temple {{Cn|date=November 2024}}, and a variety of ] temples <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrocelli |first=Leonardo |date=2023-08-11 |title=Culto e cultura nel segno della dea: sorge a Taranto il tempio di Minerva |url=https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/video/video/1415466/culto-e-cultura-nel-segno-della-dea-sorge-a-taranto-il-tempio-di-minerva.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it |language=it}}</ref> held by the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas which every year takes part in the religious festivities of the ], historically known as ''Dies Romana'' and also referred to as Romaia, the festival linked to the ], celebrated on 21 April.<ref name="Plutarch12">], ''] - Life of Romulus'', (from ])</ref> According to ], ] is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April, ]. From this date, the Roman chronology derived its system, known by the ] phrase '']'', meaning ''"from the founding of the City"'', which counted the years from this presumed foundation. | |||
{{wide image|Plac_św._Piotra_(St._Peter's_Basilica).jpg|1000px|alt=Panorama of St. Peter's Square|] in ]}} | |||
==Government== | |||
{{See also|Mayor of Rome|City Council of Rome|Elections in Rome|Administrative subdivisions of Rome}} | |||
], seat of the municipality of Rome. It has been a ] since 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<ref name="Falconi">{{cite book|first=Fabrizio|last=Falconi|year=2015|title=Roma segreta e misteriosa|publisher=]|isbn=9788854188075 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgrkCgAAQBAJ| access-date=19 August 2019|language=it}}</ref>]] | |||
], current seat of the ]]] | |||
Rome constitutes a comune '']'', named ''"Roma Capitale"'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |title=Roma diventa Capitale |access-date=6 March 2012 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130517/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 ''comuni'' of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the ''comune'' is the ''Palazzo Senatorio'' on the ], the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as ''"Campidoglio"'', the Italian name of the hill. ''Palazzo Senatorio'', seat of the municipality of Rome, has been a ] since AD 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<ref name="Falconi"/> | |||
Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called ''municipi'' (sing. ''municipio'') (until 2001 named ''circoscrizioni'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Territorio |publisher=Comune di Roma |access-date=5 October 2009 |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub= |language=it}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each ''municipio'' is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The ''municipi'' frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi were originally 20, then 19,<ref>In 1992 after a ] the XIX Circoscrizione became the '']'' of ]</ref> and in 2013, their number was reduced to 15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15 |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml# |access-date=13 March 2013 |newspaper=Il Messaggero |date=11 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml |archive-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 '']'', all of which are located within the ] except ] and ]. These originate from the ], which evolved in the Middle Ages into the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |title=The "Rioni" of Rome |publisher=Romeartlover.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html |archive-date=19 May 2009}}</ref> In the ], under Pope ], they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under ] in 1743. | |||
Rome is the principal town of the ], operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old ], which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until ]. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At {{cvt|5352|km2}}, its dimensions are comparable to the region of ]. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the ] region.<ref>Artour. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112717/https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx |date=28 November 2020 }}. Retrieved August 25th, 2020.</ref> | |||
Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the ]. The official residences of the ] and the ], the seats of both houses of the ] and that of the ] are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in ] near the Olympic stadium. | |||
===International relations=== | |||
] headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo]] | |||
Among the ], Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State, and the territorially smaller ]. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian ] and a sovereign possession of the ], which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the ]. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described as the capital of two states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discorsi del Presidente Ciampi |url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |publisher=Presidenza della Repubblica |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053829/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Le istituzioni salutano Benedetto XVI |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html |newspaper=La Repubblica |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302053332/http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html |archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo Romano" made up by three main international agencies of the ]: the ] (FAO), the ] (WFP) and the ] (IFAD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf |url-status=dead |title=parlamento.it |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> | |||
Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The ] are located in ]. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the ], which established the ] (predecessor to the ]), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed ] in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the ] and of the ]. The city is the place where the ] and the ] were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the ] (International Development Law Organisation), the ] (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the ] (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law). | |||
====Twin towns and sister cities==== | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}} | |||
Since 9 April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally ] only with: | |||
* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France, 1956 | |||
: ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi.'' {{in lang|it}} | |||
: ''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris.'' {{in lang|fr}} | |||
: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Gemellaggio Roma – Parigi – (1955) |format=PDF |location=Paris |date=30 January 1956 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |title=Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014) |format=PDF |location=Rome |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Commune Roma |language=fr |work=Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali |access-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |title=Twinning with Rome |access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Paris1">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |work=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Paris2">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |work=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations: special partners |access-date=14 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref> | |||
Rome's other partner cities are:<ref name="partner cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html |title=Comune di Roma |publisher=Commune of Rome |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155047/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| | |||
* {{flagdeco|BOL}} ], Bolivia<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|ALG}} ], Algeria<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} ], China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Beijing Municipal Government |access-date=23 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818133858/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/ |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |title=Le jumelage avec Rome |access-date=9 July 2008 |publisher=Municipalité de Paris |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974 |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|SRB}} ], Serbia<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} ], Brazil<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|ARG}} ], Argentina<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|EGY}} ], Egypt<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|US}} ], United States<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|UKR}} ], Ukraine<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|Syria}} ], Syria<ref name="Rome declares Kobane 'sister city'">{{cite web |url=https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city |title=Rome declares Kobane 'sister city' |access-date=18 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110518/https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|POL}} ], Poland<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|ESP}} ], Spain<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |title=Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526204453/http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=17 October 2009}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|PAK}} ], Pakistan<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaffery |first1=Owais |date=9 June 2011 |title=Sister cities: Multan celebrates Italy's national day |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/185116/sister-cities-multan-celebrates-italys-national-day/ |location=Pakistan |newspaper=The Express Tribune |publication-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021849/https://tribune.com.pk/story/185116/sister-cities-multan-celebrates-italys-national-day |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|IND}} ], India<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|US}} ], United States<ref name="New York sisters">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |publisher=The City of New York |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|BUL}} ], Bulgaria<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|KOR}} ], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |access-date=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government |publisher=www.seoul.go.kr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archive-date=10 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities |access-date=23 August 2013 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|AUS}} ], Australia<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|ALB}} ], Albania<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |access-date=23 June 2009 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010042121/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 25 January 2008.</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|IRN}} ], Iran<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} ], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=] |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611131633/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|BEL}} ], Belgium<ref name="partner cities"/> | |||
* {{flagdeco|TUN}} ], Tunisia<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web |url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm |archive-date=8 May 2008 |title=Cooperation Internationale |publisher=2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal |language=fr |access-date=31 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|US}} ], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Visita a Washington del Sindaco |url=http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |access-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222237/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW183956&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
* {{flagdeco|ARM}} ], Armenia<ref>{{cite web|title= | |||
Yerevan, Rome sign Friendship and Cooperation Agreement|url=https://news.am/eng/news/845162.html|publisher=news.am|access-date=2024-10-14|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225714/https://news.am/eng/news/845162.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
==Economy== | |||
{{main|Economy of Rome}} | |||
], in the ] ], is the headquarters of ], considered one of the world's oil and gas "]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/|title=The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector|website=Global Witness}}</ref>]] | |||
]'s headquarters in Rome, the second largest ] in the world by revenue after the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 power companies in the world: Ranking the largest |url=https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ |newspaper=Power Technology |access-date=7 February 2020 |date=19 March 2019|last1=Vara |first1=Vasanthi }}</ref>]] | |||
], ] headquarters in Rome]] | |||
As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single {{lang|it|Ministeri}}), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the ] (FAO). Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the ] (IFAD), ] (WFP), the ], and the ] (ICCROM). | |||
According to the ], Rome is a "Beta +" city.<ref name="GAWC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy.<ref name="atkearney.at">{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |title=2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135221/http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),<ref name="rapporto2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.asp |title=Rapporto Censis 2006 |publisher=Censis.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418003612/http://www.censis.it/277/372/5732/5766/5783/5784/content.ASP |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref>{{update inline|date=May 2018}} the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<ref name="rapporto2006" /> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<ref name="observatoribarcelona.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806145437/http://www.observatoribarcelona.org/eng/Indicadors.php?IdentificadorTema=1&Identificador=11 |url-status=dead |title=Observatoribarcelona.org |archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<ref name="ilsole24ore.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |title=La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia |publisher=Il Sole 24 ORE |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174557/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/speciali/redditi_comuni_08/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<ref name="ilsole24ore.com" /> On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<ref name="citymayors_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |title=World's richest cities in 2009 |publisher=City Mayors |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612160130/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=May 2018}} The Rome area had a ], and $38,765 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> | |||
Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry, and it is largely dominated by ], high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, ], is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: ], ], and ].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |title=The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies |first=Scott |last=DeCarlo |date=30 March 2006 |work=Forbes |access-date=16 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113092755/http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}}</ref> | |||
Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the ], thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the ] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient ]. | |||
===Tourism=== | |||
{{Main|Tourism in Rome|List of tourist attractions in Rome}} | |||
] in ], the ] and ]]] | |||
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] are the ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheshire |first1=Lee |last2=da Silva |first2=José |title=The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling? |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |website=] |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling |url-status=live}}</ref>]] | |||
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – ], ] and the {{lang|it|]|italic=no}} and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – ], ]s, churches, ]s, historical buildings, the ]s and ruins of the ], and the ]. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the ] (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<ref name="itvnews.tv">{{cite web |title=The 50 Most Visited Places in The World |website=itvnews.tv |date=2 October 2009 |url=http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html | archive-date=2 October 2009 | url-status=dead | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> | |||
Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of ]. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |title=AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture |publisher=Romanculture.org |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies |archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |title=Isvroma.it |publisher=Isvroma.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182423/http://www.isvroma.it/public/EN/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=%20 |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> Rome contains numerous ], including the ], ], ],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trajan's Glorious Forum |magazine=Archaeology |volume=51 |issue=1 |date=January–February 1998 |author=James E. Packer |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216035602/http://www.archaeology.org/9801/abstracts/trajan.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> the ], and the ], to name but a few. The ], arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a ].<ref name=brewers>I H Evans (reviser), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite book |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |title=America, the Land We Love |last1=Miller |first1=Francis Trevelyan |last2=Wilson |first2=Woodrow |last3=Taft |first3=William Howard Taft |last4=Roosevelt |first4=Theodore |publisher=W. T. Blaine |year=1915 |page=201 |oclc=679498513 |author-link=Francis Trevelyan Miller |author-link2=Woodrow Wilson |author-link3=William Howard Taft |author-link4=Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111825/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, ]s, ]s, ]s, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important ] such as ], painting, sculpture and ] work. ], ] and gem engraving, ]s, figurine glass, ], and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00221331 |last=Toynbee |first=J.M.C. |date=December 1971 |title=Roman Art |journal=The Classical Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=439–442 |issn=0009-840X |jstor=708631|s2cid=163488573 }}</ref> Rome later became a major centre of ] art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose ]s, ]s, ]s and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to ], and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and ]. The city was affected greatly by the ], and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |title=Baroque Art of Rome (ROME 211) |publisher=Trincoll.edu |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094548/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome211.html |archive-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings |author=Matt Rosenberg |publisher=About.com |url=http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ], art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as ] and ]. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |title=The Franca Camiz Memorial Field Seminar in Art History |publisher=Trinity College, Hartford Connecticlt |access-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530094628/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/rome/curriculum/rome350.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and museums. | |||
Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as ] it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |title=Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo |publisher=Maxxi.beniculturali.it |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/ |archive-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside ]'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditorium.com/ |title=Auditorium Parco della Musica |publisher=Auditorium.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/ |archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> and ]' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pelati |first1=Manuela |title=Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016 |url=http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |access-date=5 December 2015 |work={{Lang|it|Corriere della Sera}} |date=30 September 2015 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side. | |||
==Education== | |||
]. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities,<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=La Storia |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia}}</ref> and with 122,000 students, it is the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chi Siamo |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/chi-siamo}}</ref>]] | |||
Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during ] and the ], along with Florence.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |last1=Benigni |first1=U. |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Roman Academies |publisher=New Advent |date=1 March 1907 |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112132437/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm |archive-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081217002737/http://www.gfkamerica.com/practice_areas/roper_pam/nbi_index/index.en.html/downloads/cbi2006-q4-free.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 December 2008 |title=Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index |website=GfK Custom Research North America }}</ref> | |||
Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, ] (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm |title=Top 100 European Universities |date=2005 |website=Academic Ranking of World Universities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082351/http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm |archive-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its ''World University Rankings''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cwur.org/2013.php |title=Top 100 Universities |date=2013 |website=Center for World University Rankings |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213080424/https://cwur.org/2013.php |url-status=live}}</ref> and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm |title=Top 100 European Universities |date=2008 |website=Academic Ranking of World Universities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521224840/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm |archive-date=21 May 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: ] in 1982, and ] in 1992. Rome hosts also the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=LUISS School of Government |website=sog.luiss.it |url=http://www.sog.luiss.it/ |language=it |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710155033/https://sog.luiss.it/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as ], Italy's most important business school. Rome ] was founded in 1973 by ] and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of ]. | |||
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Rome contains many ] and other institutes, including the ], the ], the ] (the oldest ] university in the world, founded in 1551), ], the ], the Link ], and the ]. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |title=The American University of Rome |publisher=The American University of Rome |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128230359/http://www.aur.edu/american-university-rome/ |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> and ] as well as ] branch campus, ], a campus of ] and Temple University Rome, a campus of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |title=Temple Rome Study Abroad |publisher=Temple University |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201112645/http://www.temple.edu/studyabroad/programs/semester_year/italy/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> The ] are several ] for students from foreign countries studying for the ] at the Pontifical Universities.<ref name="NAC">{{cite web |url=http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/ |title=About the NAC |publisher=] |access-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825005857/http://www.pnac.org/about-us/about-the-nac/ |archive-date=25 August 2010}}</ref> Examples include the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Rome's major libraries include: the {{Lang|it|]|italic=no}}, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the ], established in 1565; the ], opened in 1701; the ], one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della ], which is based in the ] and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;<ref>Amedeo Benedetti, ''La Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana'', "Biblioteche oggi", n. 3, aprile 2009, p. 41.</ref> and the ], one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 ], as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 ]. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the ], the ] and the ], a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences.<ref>{{cite web |author=Max Planck Gesellschaft e.V |url=http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613192334/http://www.mpg.de/english/aboutTheSociety/aboutUs/scientificAwards/awardsOfMPS/hannoIlseHahnPrize/index.html |archive-date=13 June 2008 |title=Max Planck Society – Hanno and Ilse Hahn Prize |publisher=Mpg.de |date=17 May 2006 |access-date=25 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
{{Main|Culture in Rome}} | |||
===Architecture=== | |||
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{{Excerpt|Architecture of Rome}} | |||
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] in ]]] | |||
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====Fountains and aqueducts==== | ||
{{Main|List of fountains in Rome|List of aqueducts in the city of Rome}} | |||
{{main|Roman architecture}} | |||
] began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of ].]] | |||
] in Rome]] | |||
Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had ]s for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the ]s of Rome. During the ], in 98 AD, according to ], the Roman consul who was named '']'' or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine ] which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<ref>Frontin, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome, translation and commentary by Pierre Grimal, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944.</ref> | |||
One of the symbols of Rome is the ], the largest ] ever built in the ]. Originally capable of seating 50,000 spectators, it was used for ]ial ]. It was built in the ] and completed in ]. The great complex of the ] consist of a series of monumental '']'' (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries, between ] and ]. The forums were the heart of the late ] and of the ]. The list of the very important monuments of ancient Rome includes the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ]. Moreover, the archeological site of ] preserves intact a whole ancient roman town. | |||
During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of ], were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<ref>''Italian Gardens, a Cultural History'', Helen Attlee. Francis Lincoln Limited, London 2006.</ref> | |||
===The Renaissance and the Baroque=== | |||
{{main|Renaissance}}{{main|Baroque}} | |||
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Rome was the major world center of the Renaissance, and that left a profound mark on the city. The most impressive masterpiece of Renaissance in Rome is the ] by ], with the Palazzo Senatorio, seat of city govt. In this period the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the ], now seat of the President of the Republic, the ], the ], the ], the ], now seat of the Prime Minister of Italy, the ], the ], the ]. | |||
Rome is also famous for her huge and majestic squares, often adorned with obelisks, many of those built in the XVII century. The principal squares are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. One of the most emblematic examples of the baroque art is the ] by ]. Other notable baroque palaces of XVII century are the ], now seat of the] and the ], now seat of the ]. | |||
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====Statues==== | ||
{{See also|Talking statues of Rome}} | |||
{{main|Neoclassicism}} | |||
], 1648]] | |||
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In 1870, Rome became capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy. And neoclassicism, a building style influenced by architecture during the late 800s, became a predominant style in Roman buildings. In this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbol of Roman neoclassicism is the ] or "Altar of Fatherland", where the grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italian fallen in ], is located. | |||
Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the ]. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the ] and the ], yet there are four other noted ones: ], ], ] and ]. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents ], Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be ], ] represents ], Madama Lucrezia is a bust of ], and ] is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or ] expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to ] in the Campo de'Fiori. | |||
===The Fascist Architecture=== | |||
{{see also|Aestheticization as propaganda}} | |||
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The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an original architectural style, characterized by feast and the resarch of a link with ancient Rome architecture. The most important fascist style site in Rome is the ] district, acronym for ], built in 1935. It was originally conceived for the ], and was called "E.42" (''"Esposizione 42"''). However, the world exhibition never took place due to ] entering the ] in ]. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the ''Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana'' (1938-1943), the iconic design of which has been labeled the ] or Square ]. | |||
After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had a germ of an off-centre ] that other capitals were still planning (] and ] in Paris). Also the Palazzo della Farnesina, the actual seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in fascist style. | |||
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====Obelisks and columns==== | ||
{{Main|List of obelisks in Rome}} | |||
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], ]]] | |||
The surroundings of Rome are characterized by numerous and large green areas and opulent ancient villas. The most important are: ], with a large landscape garden in the naturalistic English manner, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions; ], the largest public landscaped park of Rome with an area of 1.8 km²; ], a splendid example of ] mansion that was the roman residence of Benito Mussolini; ], commissioned by ] to house his collection of antiquities and Roman sculpture, which soon filled the casino that faced the Villa down a series of formal parterres. | |||
The city hosts eight ]ian and five ] ]s, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ] obelisk in Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |title=Chasing Obelisks in Rome |publisher=Initaly.com |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125357/http://initaly.com/regions/classic/obelisks.htm |archive-date=6 February 2010}}</ref> The city contains some of obelisks in ]s, such as in ], ], ], and ], and others in ]s, ] parks and gardens, such as in ], the ], and the ]. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also ]'s and ], two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in ] and it was built around 180 AD by ] in memory of his parents. The ] was inspired by ] at ], which is part of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |title=7 Free Things To Do In Rome |publisher=roundtheworldmagazin.com |access-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217200236/http://www.roundtheworldmagazine.com/free-things-to-do-in-rome/ |archive-date=17 February 2017 |date=12 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
===Museums and galleries=== | |||
The list of most important museums and galleries of Rome includes: the ], the ], the ] National Etruscan Museum, the ], the ], the Museum of ], the National Gallery of Modern Art. | |||
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====Bridges==== | ||
{{Main|List of bridges in Rome}} | |||
] ], designed by ] ]] | |||
] at sunset]] | |||
Rome is the greatest italian high education center, hosting the largest university in Europe, the ] University, with 150,000 students from all over the world. The city has also other two public universities, the ] and the ], and many private universities as the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ]. | |||
The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the ]. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is ], which connects the ] with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are ], ] and ]. Considering ], also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the ], currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |title=The Bridges of Ancient Rome |publisher=Citrag.it |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113044759/http://www.citrag.it/archi/page/bridges/e_f_pn_ro.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref> Other noteworthy bridges are ], the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; ], actually the only remaining arch of the ancient ''Pons Aemilius'', collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and ], a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the ], the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the ], which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by ] in 1688.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |title=Sant'Angelo Bridge |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109154613/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523159/SantAngelo-Bridge |archive-date=9 January 2010}}</ref> | |||
Rome is also one of the world most important centers of music, hosting the ]. The facilities of the Academy are now located on the premises of the new ] in Rome, one of the largest musical venues in the world. In addiction, Rome has an ], the ]. | |||
====Catacombs==== | |||
==Administrative subdivision of Rome== | |||
{{ |
{{Main|Catacombs of Rome}} | ||
] are the location of many papal burials.]] | |||
].]] | |||
The '''administrative subdivision of Rome''' consists of the 19 sub-municipalities (]) of ]'s municipality. Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the XIV, what is now the Comune di Fiumicino, voted some years ago to become a full municipality itself and eventually detached from Rome. | |||
Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include ] and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through ], a soft ], outside the boundaries of the city, because ] forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the ] which has invested in the ] the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome. | |||
===List of ''Municipi''=== | |||
The territory of the commune of Rome is divided into 20 ''Municipi'' (area subdivisions): | |||
===Entertainment and performing arts=== | |||
*] – Includes the traditional Rioni: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], part of ], ]. | |||
{{Main|Music in Rome|Events in Rome}} | |||
*] – Includes the districts: ], ], ], ] and a part of the ]. | |||
] at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli]] | |||
*] – Includes: ], ]; ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
*] – Includes the districts: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and a part of the ]. | |||
*] – Includes the districts: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and parts of the ] and of the ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of the districts: ], ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes the districts: ], ], ], ] and parts of the ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes the districts: ], ], ], ] and parts of the ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of the districts: ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes: ], ], ], ] and parts of ], ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of: ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes: ], ], ], ], ], ] and parts of ], ] and ]. | |||
*] – Includes: ], ], ], and parts of ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of: ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of: ], ], ], ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes the Rioni ] and ] and parts of the districts ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of:], ], ], ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes parts of: ], ], ], ]. | |||
*] – Includes: ], ], ], ] and parts of ], ]. | |||
Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the ] (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new ], one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the ], as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the ] in 1991 and the ] in 2004. | |||
===Vatican City=== | |||
{{main|Vatican City}} | |||
]]] | |||
The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the ] of the ], which is a separate sovereign state. It hosts ] with the ]. The open space before the basilica was redesigned by ], from ] to ], under the direction of ], as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich 1975 p 175). In Vatican City there are also the prestigiuous ] with the ], the ] and other important works of ], ], ], ]. | |||
Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The ] was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late ] and early ] eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the ] and the ], though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the ] of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is ], whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, ] perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms. | |||
==Transportation== | |||
Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=LA NEW HOLLYWOOD: IL CONTESTO POLITICO-SOCIALE |url=http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210955/http://www.unife.it/letterefilosofia/comunicazione/insegnamenti/storia_cinema/materiale_didattico/a-a-2016-2017/la-new-hollywood-il-contesto-politico-sociale-i-temi-lo-stile |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Unife.it |publisher=Università degli Studi di Ferrara |language=it}}</ref> | |||
Rome has an intercontinental ], the ], but more commonly known as ], which also is Italy's chief airport, and the Giovan Battista Pastine international airport (commonly referred to as ]), a joint civilian and military airport southeast of the city-center, along the ], which handles mainly charter flights and regional European flights including some low-cost airlines. A third airport, called Aeroporto dell'Urbe, is located in the north of the city along the ancient ] and handles mainly helicopters and private flights. A fourth airport, called Aeroporto di Centocelle, in the eastern part of Rome between the Via Prenestina and the Via Casilina, has been abandoned for some years now, but is currently being redeveloped as one of the largest public parks in Rome. | |||
], the largest railway station in Europe.|left]] | |||
===Fashion=== | |||
A 2-line ] system operates in Rome called the "Metropolitana" or ]. Construction works for the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main train station (Termini) with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 ] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war. The area was later partly redesigned and renamed ] (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955 and it is now part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999 - 2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. A new branch of the B line (B1) is under construction, as is a third line, called C. A fourth line, line D, is under development. The frequent archaeological findings delay underground work. | |||
]]] | |||
Rome is also widely recognised as a world ]. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 ] after ], ], and ], and beating ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |title=The Global Language Monitor » Fashion |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion |archive-date=1 November 2009}}</ref> | |||
This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. As of 2005, total length is 38 km. The two existing lines, A & B, only intersect at one point, ], the main train station in Rome (which also is the largest train station in Europe{{citation needed}}, underneath and around which now exists as a lively shopping center known as the "Forum Termini" with more than 100 shops of various types). Other stations includes: Tiburtina (second-largest, which is currently being redeveloped and enlarged to become the main high-speed train hub in the city), Ostiense, Trastevere, Tuscolana, S. Pietro, Casilina, Torricola. | |||
Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as ], ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fendi.com/ |title=Fendi |publisher=fendi.com |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/ |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> ], ], and ], are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as ], ], ], ], ], and ] have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale ]. | |||
] | |||
The Rome Metro is part of an extensive transport network made of a tramway network, several suburban and urban lines in and around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to Fiumicino Airport. Whereas most ]-Regionale lines (Regional State Railways) do provide mostly a suburban service with more than 20 stations scattered throughout the city, the Roma-Lido (starting at Ostiense station), the Roma-Pantano (starting nearby Termini) and the Roma-Nord (starting at Flaminio station) lines offer a metro-like service. | |||
Rome also has a comprehensive ] and light rail system. The English web site of the ATAC public transportation company allows a route to be calculated using the buses, light rail and subways. The Metrebus integrated fare system allows holders of tickets and integrated passes to travel on all companies vehicles, within the validity time of the ticket purchased. | |||
===Cuisine=== | |||
Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to the banning of unauthorized traffic from the central part of city during workdays from 6 am to 6 pm. This area is officially called Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL). Heavy traffic due to night-life crowds during weekends led in recent years to the creation of other ZTLs in the Trastevere and S. Lorenzo districts during the night, and to experimentation with a new night ZTL also in the city center (plans to create a night ZTL in the Testaccio district as well are underway). In recent years, parking spaces along the streets in wide areas of the city have been converted to pay parking, as new underground parking spread throughout the city. In spite of all these measures, traffic remains an unsolved problem, as in many of the world's cities. | |||
{{Main|Roman cuisine}} | |||
]'', a typical Roman dish]] | |||
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ]. ] was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2021-09-28 |title=Packs Of Ravenous Wild Boars Are Ransacking Rome |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/28/1041124299/wild-boars-rome-streets-food |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref> | |||
==Events== | |||
{{expandsect}} | |||
* ''Roma Sana'' April: Mediterranean Trade Fair for Natural Products with exhibitions of biological products, conferences and tasting. | |||
* ''Roman Summers'', from June to September: Various events from music to theater, literary meetings and cinema. Events that take place in the most characteristic places in Rome that attract the participation of thousands of artists from all over the world. | |||
*''Roma Europa Festival'', September: Annual appointment for modern ] and ], music and dance, with artists from of all Europe. | |||
* ''RomeFilmFest'', October: Film Festival help in the Auditorium. | |||
* ''Festival Romics'', October: Comics and Cartoon Festival: exhibitions, cartoon film showings of designers and publishing companies. | |||
* ''Roma Jazz Festival'', October: Festival of jazz music since of 1876. Italian and international artists. | |||
* ''Republic day - June, 2'': Military parade on Via dei Fori Imperiali, with "]". | |||
Later, during the ], Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was ], who was a chef working for ]; he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook ''Opera dell'arte del cucinare'' was published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance ] and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rolland |first=Jacques |title=The food encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Rose |location=Toronto |year=2006 |isbn=0-7788-0150-0 |oclc=70176309 |page=273}}</ref> | |||
===Cultural and religious events=== | |||
] alla romana'']] | |||
*''Rome’s Good Friday Procession'' in April. On Good Friday, a procession lead by the pope moves from the Via Crucis, from the Colosseum and up Monte Palatino, re-enacting the 14 stations of the cross from the death of Jesus to placement of his body in the tomb. | |||
The ], Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the "belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or ''vaccinari''.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313">Eyewitness Travel (2006), pg. 312 – 313</ref> The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth quarter".<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> The old-fashioned '']'' (oxtail cooked in the way of butchers)<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2006 pg. 312 - 313"/> | |||
* ''Literature Festival'', from May to June: Readings of works of famous contemporary writers, accompanied by music, in the setting of Basilica di Massenzio. () | |||
*''International Urban Theatre Festival'': In September, the Festival Internazionale del Teatreo Urbano that transforms Rome into an urban theatrical stage. | |||
*''Rome Jazz Festival'': In October, international artists gather at various venues for the eclectic Rome Jazz Festival. | |||
*''Roman Jewish holiday'', the Mo’ed di Piombo, stems from 1793 (5553 in the Hebrew calendar). Rome’s Jewish Temple is illuminated at night as the rabbi explains the meaning underscoring the celebration. | |||
In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby ], as lamb and vegetables (] are common).<ref>{{cite book |title=Culinaria Italy |first=Claudia |last=Piras |publisher=Culinaria Konemann |year=2000 |isbn=3-8290-2901-2 |oclc=881159457 |page=291}}</ref> In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the ''cucina giudaico-romanesca''. | |||
===White Night=== | |||
Series of events at venues throughout Rome in September: concerts, special outdoor performances, churches and monuments open to the public at this time, museums open all night with free entrance, shops open all night. () | |||
Examples of Roman dishes include ''] alla romana'' – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; '']'' – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; '']'' – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; '']'' – ] with ], ] and '']''; and '']'' – ] dumpling, Roman-style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carnacina |author2=Buonassisi, Vincenzo |first=Luigi |title=Roma in Cucina |publisher=Giunti Martello |location=Milano |year=1975 |language=it}}</ref> | |||
==Sister cities== | |||
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} - ], ] | |||
===Cinema=== | |||
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} - ], ] | |||
{{Main|List of films set in Rome|List of films set in ancient Rome}} | |||
* {{flagicon|United States}} - ], ], ] | |||
], the largest film studio in ]<ref name="cinecittà">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani/|title=Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani|date=30 December 2021 |access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref>]] | |||
* {{flagicon|UK}} - ], ] | |||
* {{flagicon|United States}} - ], ] | |||
Rome hosts the ],<ref name="romefile1">{{cite web |url=http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |title=History of Cinecittà Studios in Rome |publisher=Romefile |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the ], where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The {{cvt|99|acre|ha|adj=on}} studio complex is {{cvt|9.0|km|mi}} from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to ], with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | |||
* {{flagicon|France}} - ], ] | |||
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} - ], ] | |||
Founded in 1937 by ], the studios were bombed by the ] during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with ]. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | |||
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} - ], ] | |||
* {{flagicon|Japan}} - ], ] | |||
===Sports=== | |||
], home of ] and ], is one of the largest sports stadiums in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |title=Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome | Spostare le Finale da Roma? No! Grazie |publisher=Maspostatevilaregina.com |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/ |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>]] | |||
] is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the ] and ]. The latter took place in the ], which is also the shared home stadium for local ] clubs ], founded in 1900, and ], founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the ] has become a staple of Roman sports culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |title=Football First 11: Do or die derbies |publisher=CNN |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as ] and ] (both for AS Roma), and ] (for SS Lazio). | |||
]]] | |||
Rome hosted the ], with great success, using many ancient sites such as the ] and the ] as venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the final of the ]), the ], the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a ] to host the ] but it was withdrawn.<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |title=Media |publisher=Olympic.org |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217 |archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Bladesplace.id.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |title=Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games |publisher=Bladesplace.id.au |access-date=17 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html |archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref> | |||
Further, Rome hosted the ] and is home to the internationally recognised basketball team ]. ] is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the ], which has been playing in the ] since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as ] (winner of five Italian championships), ] and ] (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio). | |||
Every May, Rome hosts the ], an ] tennis tournament, on the clay courts of the ]. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the ] three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball (]), ] or ]. | |||
==Transport== | |||
{{Main|Transport in Rome}} | |||
].]] | |||
]]] | |||
Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the ] and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about {{cvt|10|km|mi|0}} from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the ] or GRA). | |||
Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal ] for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, ], is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, ], has been redeveloped as a ] terminus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203063001/http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2006 |title=Eurostar Italia Alta Velocità |date=3 December 2006}}</ref> As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna. | |||
Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental ], Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby ], south-west of Rome. The older ] is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside ], south-east of Rome. A third airport, the ], is a small, low-traffic airport located about {{cvt|6|km|0}} north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino), with 32.8 million passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiche Dati di Traffico Aeroportuale Italiano |url=https://assaeroporti.com/statistiche/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Assaeroporti |language=it-IT}}</ref> | |||
Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (]), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is ], located about {{cvt|62|km|abbr=off}} northwest of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Porti di Roma |url=http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/ |archive-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |first=Peter |last=Kiefer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112759/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt |archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref>{{Better source needed|28=January 2024|reason=data is out of date|date=January 2024}} Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (''Zona a Traffico Limitato'' (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in ], ] and ] has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts. | |||
] | |||
] metro station]] | |||
A three-line metro system called the '']'' operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Stephen L. |title=Archaeology, Ideology and Urbanism in Rome from the Grand Tour to Berlusconi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |year=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87459-5 |page=192 |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031404/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ECCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |url-status=live}}</ref> The line had been planned to quickly connect the ] with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where 1942 the ] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed ] in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line. | |||
The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of {{cvt|3.9|km|mi|0}}. | |||
A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of {{cvt|25.5|km|mi|0}}. It will partly replace the existing ]-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Kington |title=Roman remains threaten metro |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |work=] |date=14 May 2007 |access-date=10 August 2008 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074912/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/14/italy.artnews |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro C, apre la Pantano-Centocelle: folla di romani all'inaugurazione |url=http://www.ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |access-date=11 November 2014 |work=Il Messaggero |date=9 November 2014 |language=it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014416/http://ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. | |||
A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of {{cvt|20|km|mi|0}}. The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold. | |||
Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has {{cvt|39|km|0}} of track and 192 stops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |title=ATAC |website=atac.roma.it |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212503/http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> There are also ]es.<ref name="juts2009">{{cite book |title=Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010 |last=Webb |first=Mary |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7106-2903-6 |location=Coulsdon |oclc=316826596}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}} | |||
*] | |||
*] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
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* ] | |||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Notelist}} | |||
<references /> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
*References and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article. | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=Luigi Vittorio |title=Guida d'Italia |volume=IV |year=1925 |publisher=CTI |location=Milano|oclc=552570307 |language=it}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Brilliant |first=Richard |year=2006 |title=Roman Art. An American's View |publisher=Di Renzo Editore |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8323-085-1}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Coarelli |first=Filippo |title=Guida archeologica di Roma |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year=1984 |language=it |location=Milano}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=De Muro |first1=Pasquale |last2=Monni |first2=Salvatore |last3=Tridico |first3=Pasquale |title=Knowledge-Based Economy and Social Exclusion: Shadow and Light in the Roman Socio-Economic Model |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=35 |issue=6 |year=2011 |pages=1212–1238 |issn=0309-1317 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00993.x|doi-access=free }} | |||
* {{Cite book |title=Rome – Eyewitness Travel |publisher=DK |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4053-1090-1}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |year=2011 |title=Rome |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Kinder |first1=Hermann |last2=Hilgemann |first2=Werner |title=Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte |volume=1 |publisher=Dtv |year=1964 |oclc=887765673 |language=de}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Lucentini |first=Mario |year=2002 |title=La Grande Guida di Roma |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8289-053-7 |language=it}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Rendina |first=Mario |year=2007 |title=Roma ieri, oggi, domani |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |language=it}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Spoto |first=Salvatore |year=1999 |title=Roma Esoterica |publisher=Newton & Compton Editori |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-8289-265-4 |language=it}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:21, 23 December 2024
Capital and largest city of Italy For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation).Capital city and comune in Italy
Rome Roma (Italian) | |
---|---|
Capital city and comune | |
Roma Capitale | |
Rome skyline from Castel Sant'AngeloTrevi FountainColosseumBarcaccia, Spanish Steps and Trinità dei MontiSaint Peter's BasilicaCastel Sant'AngeloPantheon and Piazza della RotondaVictor Emmanuel II Monument | |
FlagCoat of arms | |
Etymology: various theories (See Etymology). | |
Nickname(s): Urbs Aeterna (Latin) The Eternal City Caput Mundi (Latin) The Capital of the world Throne of St. Peter | |
The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (Città Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The white spot in the centre is Vatican City. | |
RomeLocation within ItalyShow map of ItalyRomeLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe | |
Coordinates: 41°54′N 12°29′E / 41.900°N 12.483°E / 41.900; 12.483 | |
Country | Italy |
Region | Lazio |
Metropolitan city | Rome Capital |
Founded | 21 April 753 BC |
Founded by | King Romulus (legendary) |
Government | |
• Type | Strong Mayor–Council |
• Mayor | Roberto Gualtieri (PD) |
• Legislature | Capitoline Assembly |
Area | |
• Total | 1,285 km (496.3 sq mi) |
Elevation | 21 m (69 ft) |
Population | |
• Rank | 8th in Europe 1st in Italy |
• Density | 2,236/km (5,790/sq mi) |
• Comune | 2,860,009 |
• Metropolitan City | 4,342,212 |
Demonym(s) | Italian: romano(i) (masculine), romana(e) (feminine) English: Roman(s) |
GDP | |
• Metro | €153.507 billion (2020) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
CAP code(s) | 00100; 00118 to 00199 |
Area code | 06 |
Website | comune.roma.it |
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
Official name | Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura |
Reference | 91 |
Inscription | 1980 (4th Session) |
Area | 1,431 ha (3,540 acres) |
Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma, pronounced [ˈroːma] ) is the capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, and a special comune (municipality) named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km (496.1 sq mi), Rome is the country's most populated comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber Valley. Vatican City (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the worldwide Catholic Church under the governance of the Holy See) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the cradle of Western civilization and Western Christian culture, and the centre of the Catholic Church.
Rome's history spans 28 centuries. While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement for over three millennia and one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe. The city's early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans, and Sabines. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and metropolis. It was first called The Eternal City (Latin: Urbs Aeterna; Italian: La Città Eterna) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called Caput Mundi (Capital of the World).
After the fall of the Empire in the west, which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy, and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the Renaissance, almost all popes since Nicholas V (1447–1455) pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world. In this way, Rome first became one of the major centres of the Renaissance and then became the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic.
In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The host city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security. The city also hosts the European Union (EU) Delegation to the United Nations (UN) and the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) as well as the headquarters of several Italian multinational companies, such as Eni, Enel, TIM, Leonardo, and banks such as BNL. Numerous companies are based within Rome's EUR business district, such as the luxury fashion house Fendi located in the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana. The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award–winning movies.
Name and symbol
Etymology
According to the Ancient Romans' founding myth, the name Roma came from the city's founder and first king, Romulus.
However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:
- From Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the Tiber, which in turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb ῥέω (rhéō) 'to flow, stream' and the Latin verb ruō 'to hurry, rush';
- From the Etruscan word 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (ruma), whose root is *rum- "teat", with possible reference either to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Remus, or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine Hills;
- From the Greek word ῥώμη (rhṓmē), which means strength.
Other names and symbols
Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central city), from urbs roma, or identified with its ancient Roman initialism of SPQR, the symbol of Rome's constituted republican government. Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Aeterna (The Eternal City), Caput Mundi (The Capital of the world), Throne of St. Peter and Roma Capitale.
History
Main article: History of Rome For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Rome.Earliest history
Main article: Founding of RomeWhile there have been discoveries of archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites. Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, each hill between the sea and the Capitoline Hill was topped by a village (on the Capitoline, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC). However, none of them yet had an urban quality. Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ("synoecism") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence level, which also allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities. These, in turn, boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Cumae). These developments, which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.
Legend of the founding of Rome
Main articles: Romulus and Remus and RomulusTraditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the story of Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city, but after an argument, Romulus killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman annalists, this happened on 21 April 753 BC. This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus, the namesake of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. This was accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC. In addition, Strabo mentions an older story, that the city was an Arcadian colony founded by Evander. Strabo also writes that Lucius Coelius Antipater believed that Rome was founded by Greeks.
Monarchy and republic
Main articles: Ancient Rome, Roman Kingdom, and Roman RepublicAfter the foundation by Romulus according to a legend, Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.
In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an oligarchic republic led by two annually-elected consuls. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci, Aequi, and Marsi. After becoming master of Latium, Rome led several wars (against the Gauls, Osci-Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto, allied with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula, from the central area up to Magna Graecia.
The 3rd and 4th century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the Balkans through the three Punic Wars (264–146 BC) fought against Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC) against Macedonia. The first Roman provinces were established at this time: Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.
From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the optimates, representing the conservative part of the Senate, and the populares, which relied on the help of the plebs (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the city. The continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army, which turned out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the late 2nd and early 1st century BC there were several conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, and the war against Jugurtha, there was a civil war from which the general Sulla emerged victorious. A major slave revolt under Spartacus followed, and then the establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.
The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life. His assassination in 44 BC led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark Antony and Lepidus, and to a final civil war between Octavian and Antony.
Empire
Main article: Roman EmpireIn 27 BC, Octavian was named Augustus and princeps, founding the principate, a diarchy between the princeps and the senate. Over time, the new monarch came to be known as the imperator (hence emperor), meaning "commander". During the reign of Nero, two thirds of the city was ruined after the Great Fire of Rome, and the persecution of Christians commenced. Rome's empire reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan. Rome was known as the caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the known world, an expression which had already been used in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was ruled by emperors of the Julio-Claudian, Flavian (who built an eponymous amphitheatre known as the Colosseum), and Antonine dynasties. This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius) and popularised by his apostles through the empire and beyond. The Antonine age is considered the zenith of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt.
After the end of the Severan dynasty in AD 235, the Empire entered into a 50-year period known as the Crisis of the Third Century, during which numerous generals fought for power and the central authority in Rome weakened dramatically. Around the same time, the Plague of Cyprian (c. 250–270) afflicted the Mediterranean. Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The Germanic tribes along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious uncoordinated incursions that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The Persian Empire invaded from the east several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated. The civil wars ended in 285 with the final victory of Diocletian, who undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced a new authoritarian model known as the Dominate, derived from his title of dominus ("lord"). His most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed price controls which did not last.
Diocletian divided the empire in 286, ruling over the eastern half from Nicomedia, while his co-emperor Maximian ruled the western half from Mediolanum (when not on the move). The empire was further divided in 293, when Diocletian named two caesar, one for each augustus (emperor). Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession, similar to the Antonine dynasty. Upon abdication in 305, both caesars succeeded and they, in turn, appointed two colleagues for themselves. However, a series of civil wars between rival claimants to power resulted in the unification of the empire under Constantine the Great in 324. Hereditary succession was restored, but the east–west division was maintained. Constantine undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by rationalising the competencies of the several ministries. The so-called Edict of Milan of 313, actually a fragment of a letter from his co-emperor Licinius to the governors of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including Christians, and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). In 330, he transformed Byzantium into Constantinople, which became his new capital. However, it was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like Milan, Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in 359 by Constantius II.
Constantine, following Diocletian's reforms. regionalised the administration, which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses. The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation. The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control.
Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the Edict of Thessalonica issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius I – with Theodosius clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his young children, Honorius and Arcadius, inherited the western and eastern empires respectively. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to Ravenna in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in Rome.
Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, was sacked in 410 by the Visigoths led by Alaric I, but very little physical damage was done, most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the city with large basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450–500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by Genseric, king of the Vandals. The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the deposition of Romulus Augustus, who resided on Ravenna, on 4 September 476. This marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the beginning of the Middle Ages.
The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatised.
However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great. The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the sixth century and probably prevented the population from falling further. The figure of 450,000–500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of five Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population. Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population).
Middle Ages
Further information: Fall of the Western Roman EmpireAfter the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War, which devastated the city in 546 and 550. Its population declined from more than a million in AD 210 to 500,000 in AD 273 to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535–554), reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens. It is generally thought the population of the city until AD 300 was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750–800,000 in AD 400, then 450–500,000 in AD 450 and down to 80–100,000 in AD 500 (though it may have been twice this).
The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church.
After the Lombard invasion of Italy (569–572), the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the Byzantines, the Franks, and the Lombards. In 729, the Lombard king Liutprand donated the north Latium town of Sutri to the Church, starting its temporal power. In 756, Pepin the Short, after having defeated the Lombards, gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the Exarchate of Ravenna, thus creating the Papal States. Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility (together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor. These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages. On Christmas night of 800, Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as Emperor by Pope Leo III: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for control was to be a constant of the Middle Ages. This event marks the beginning of the Carolingian Empire, the first phase of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 846, Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls, but managed to loot St. Peter's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall. After the decay of Carolingian power, Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble families fought against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of Theodora and her daughter Marozia, concubines and mothers of several popes, and of Crescentius, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors Otto II and Otto III. The scandals of this period forced the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk Ildebrando da Soana, who once elected pope under the name of Gregory VII became involved into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor Henry IV. Subsequently, Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans under Robert Guiscard who had entered the city in support of the Pope, then besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo.
During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a senatore or patrizio. In the 12th century, this administration, like other European cities, evolved into the commune, a new form of social organisation controlled by the new wealthy classes. Pope Lucius II fought against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor Pope Eugenius III: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was supported by Arnaldo da Brescia, a monk who was a religious and social reformer. After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by Adrianus IV, which marked the end of the commune's autonomy. Under Pope Innocent III, whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a Senatore, who was subject to the pope.
In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers.
In 1266, Charles of Anjou, who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the Sapienza, the university of Rome. In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in Viterbo, could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the conclave. In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families: Annibaldi, Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.
Pope Boniface VIII, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's universal domain; he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna family and, in 1300, called for the first Jubilee of Christianity, which brought millions of pilgrims to Rome. However, his hopes were crushed by the French king Philip the Fair, who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at Anagni. The Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was said of shock and grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). During this period Rome was neglected, until a plebeian man, Cola di Rienzo, came to power. An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming power with the title of Tribuno, his reforms were rejected by the populace. Forced to flee, Cola returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal Albornoz, who was charged with restoring the Church's power in Italy. Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon lynched by the populace, and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again under Gregory XI. The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the Western Schism (1377–1418), and for the next forty years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.
Early modern history
Main article: Roman RenaissanceIn 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman pope, Martin V, was elected. This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance. The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican Library, to Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo X, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage of the arts.
During those years, the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity, although on Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.
The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture.
The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici family.
In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius II.
Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The War of the League of Cognac caused the first plunder of the city in more than five hundred years since the previous sack; in 1527, the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city, bringing an abrupt end to the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.
Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church. Under the popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V, Rome became the centre of a reformed Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the papacy. The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.
This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families (Barberini, Pamphili, Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri, Odescalchi) were protected by their respective popes, who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives. During the Age of Enlightenment, new ideas reached the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare. But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed.
Late modern and contemporary
The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the French Revolution. The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during Napoleon's reign Rome was annexed as a Département of the French Empire: first as Département du Tibre (1808–1810) and then as Département Rome (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the Congress of Vienna of 1814.
In 1849, a second Roman Republic was proclaimed during a year of revolutions in 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic.
Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy was united as the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 with the temporary capital in Florence. That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Pope Pius IX declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome. In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area.
Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism led by Benito Mussolini, who led a march on the city. He did away with democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome. The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the San Lorenzo district was subject to Allied bombing raids, resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died. Mussolini was arrested on 25 July 1943. On the date of the Italian Armistice 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944.
Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of la dolce vita ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday and La Dolce Vita filmed in the city's iconic Cinecittà Studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the comune had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs.
Geography
Location
Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber (Italian: Tevere) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island, the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the Aventine Hill, the Caelian Hill, the Capitoline Hill, the Esquiline Hill, the Palatine Hill, the Quirinal Hill, and the Viminal Hill. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the Aniene, which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.
Although the city centre is about 24 km (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 m (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the Pantheon) to 139 m (456 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario). The Comune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 km (496 sq mi), including many green areas.
Parks and gardens
Main article: List of parks and gardens in RomePublic parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals. The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the Villa Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some 1.8 km (0.7 sq mi). The Villa Sciarra is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici. There is also a notable pine wood at Castelfusano, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.
Climate
Main article: Climate of RomeRome has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.
Its average annual temperature is above 21 °C (70 °F) during the day and 9 °C (48 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) during the day and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) during the day and 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) at night.
December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately 8 °C (46 °F). Temperatures during these months generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).
The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in February to a high of 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in August.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) on 18 July 2023.
Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport, elevation: 129 m or 423 ft, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
39.3 (102.7) |
39.7 (103.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.6 (2.58) |
62.8 (2.47) |
58.6 (2.31) |
68.6 (2.70) |
56.9 (2.24) |
30.1 (1.19) |
19.8 (0.78) |
30.2 (1.19) |
64.9 (2.56) |
88.1 (3.47) |
108.2 (4.26) |
98.3 (3.87) |
752.0 (29.61) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.40 | 7.48 | 6.85 | 7.42 | 5.54 | 3.38 | 2.16 | 2.20 | 6.00 | 7.32 | 8.84 | 9.44 | 74.03 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 75.8 | 71.5 | 70.6 | 70.4 | 69.0 | 65.4 | 63.3 | 64.1 | 69.1 | 74.0 | 77.9 | 77.2 | 70.7 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155.9 | 171.9 | 203.1 | 221.1 | 276.5 | 298.8 | 337.6 | 320.2 | 237.9 | 200.6 | 153.3 | 146.9 | 2,723.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 53 | 58 | 55 | 56 | 61 | 65 | 73 | 75 | 63 | 58 | 51 | 51 | 60 |
Source 1: NOAA | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Temperature extreme in Toscana |
Demographics
'People of Rome' redirects here. For the ancient Roman political concept, see SPQR. For the 2003 film, see People of Rome (film). See also: Demographics of ItalyYear | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1861 | 194,500 | — |
1871 | 212,432 | +9.2% |
1881 | 273,952 | +29.0% |
1901 | 422,411 | +54.2% |
1911 | 518,917 | +22.8% |
1921 | 660,235 | +27.2% |
1931 | 930,926 | +41.0% |
1936 | 1,150,589 | +23.6% |
1951 | 1,632,402 | +41.9% |
1961 | 2,163,555 | +32.5% |
1971 | 2,750,370 | +27.1% |
1981 | 2,805,109 | +2.0% |
1991 | 2,733,908 | −2.5% |
2001 | 2,546,804 | −6.8% |
2011 | 2,617,175 | +2.8% |
2021 | 2,749,031 | +5.0% |
Source: ISTAT, 2022 |
By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern Taranto) on the Salento Peninsula. It had an area of about 285 ha (700 acres) and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC. When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000. The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.
The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million. Estimates of the city's population towards and after the end of the Roman empire also vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in the mid-fifth century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population had already started to decline from the late fourth century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire. According to Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 500,000 by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic Wars, 535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During the pontificate of Pope Gregory I (590–604), it may have reached 90,000, augmented by refugees. Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of 'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell to 120,000 in the reform of 419. Neil Christie, citing free rations for the poorest, estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a million at the end of the century. Novel 36 of Emperor Valentinian III records 3.629 million pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per month for the five winter months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has been used to suggest a population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the remaining provinces of North Africa in 439 by the Vandals, and may have continued to some degree afterwards for a while. The city's population declined to less than 50,000 people in the Early Middle Ages from 700 AD onward. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance.
When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the city within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s.
In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800 inhabitants/km stretching over more than 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi)). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%. The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million. Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area.
Origin groups
According to the 2011 statistics conducted by ISTAT, approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283).
The Esquilino rione, off Termini Railway Station, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.
Summary table
Country of citizenship, January 1, 2023 | Population |
---|---|
All countries of the world | 511,332 |
European Union (28 countries) | 193,427 |
Other European non-EU-28 countries | 61,566 |
Northern Africa | 31,237 |
Western Africa | 20,489 |
Eastern Africa | 8,568 |
Central and South Africa | 2,845 |
Western Asia | 9,073 |
Eastern Asia | 65,431 |
Central and South Asia | 74,060 |
Northern America | 2,903 |
Central and South America | 41,279 |
Oceania | 303 |
Stateless | 151 |
Language
Main articles: Roman dialect and LatinRome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive. Through the process of Romanization, the peoples of Italy, Gallia, the Iberian Peninsula and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the Norman Conquest, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.
The medieval Roman dialect belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the Neapolitan language than to the Florentine. A typical example of Romanesco of that period is Vita di Cola di Rienzo [it] ("Life of Cola di Rienzo"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century. Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the Tuscan dialect (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two Medici popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and with the Sack of Rome in 1527, two events which provoked a large immigration from Tuscany. Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Rome See also: Vatican City and History of the Jews in RomeMuch like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Christian, and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the Most High, and Mars, the god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. Other deities such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy), Rome has for centuries been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope.
Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, in the south-east of the city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San Clemente, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesù. There are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Pontifical Gregorian University, and Pontifical Oriental Institute.
Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important Jewish community, which was once based in Trastevere, and later in the Roman Ghetto. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the Tempio Maggiore.
The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus (Vatican Hill), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber, the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III, Pius IV, and Urban VIII. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop.
Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites, both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the Pilate's stairs: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial.
In addition, Rome hosts multiple Buddhist temples, a Taoist temple , and a variety of Roman modern pagan temples held by the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas which every year takes part in the religious festivities of the Natale di Roma, historically known as Dies Romana and also referred to as Romaia, the festival linked to the foundation of Rome, celebrated on 21 April. According to legend, Romulus is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April, 753 BC. From this date, the Roman chronology derived its system, known by the Latin phrase Ab Urbe condita, meaning "from the founding of the City", which counted the years from this presumed foundation.
St. Peter's Square in Vatican CityGovernment
See also: Mayor of Rome, City Council of Rome, Elections in Rome, and Administrative subdivisions of RomeRome constitutes a comune speciale, named "Roma Capitale", and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 comuni of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the comune is the Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill, the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as "Campidoglio", the Italian name of the hill. Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the municipality of Rome, has been a town hall since AD 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.
Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi (sing. municipio) (until 2001 named circoscrizioni). They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi were originally 20, then 19, and in 2013, their number was reduced to 15.
Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo. These originate from the 14 regions of Augustan Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni. In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743.
Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome, operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old provincia di Roma, which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until Civitavecchia. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At 5,352 km (2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the Lazio region.
Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister, the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium.
International relations
Among the global cities, Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State, and the territorially smaller Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the Holy See, which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described as the capital of two states. Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo Romano" made up by three main international agencies of the United Nations: the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The Treaties of the EU are located in Palazzo della Farnesina. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense College. The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law).
Twin towns and sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in ItalySince 9 April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:
- Paris, France, 1956
- Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)
- Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)
- "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."
Rome's other partner cities are:
- Achacachi, Bolivia
- Algiers, Algeria
- Beijing, China
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Brasília, Brazil
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cairo, Egypt
- Cincinnati, United States
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kobanî, Syria
- Kraków, Poland
- Madrid, Spain
- Multan, Pakistan
- New Delhi, India
- New York City, United States
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Seoul, South Korea
- Sydney, Australia
- Tirana, Albania
- Tehran, Iran
- Tokyo, Japan
- Tongeren, Belgium
- Tunis, Tunisia
- Washington, D.C., United States
- Yerevan, Armenia
Economy
Main article: Economy of RomeAs the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP), the NATO Defence College, and the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).
According to the GaWC study of world cities, Rome is a "Beta +" city. The city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy. With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion), the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities. Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita. Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008, yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509. On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd. The Rome area had a GDP amounting to $167.8 billion, and $38,765 per capita.
Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry, and it is largely dominated by services, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni, and Telecom Italia.
Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina.
Tourism
Main articles: Tourism in Rome and List of tourist attractions in RomeRome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – Capitoline Museums, the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the Catacombs. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.
Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of archaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome, and The Swedish Institute at Rome. Rome contains numerous ancient sites, including the Forum Romanum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Forum, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon, to name but a few. The Colosseum, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the world.
Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, fountains, mosaics, frescos, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin die and gem engraving, ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork. Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas, palaces, piazzas and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to Florence, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the baroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini and Cortona. In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour, when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture, art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes and museums.
Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016. The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.
Education
Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance, along with Florence. According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.
Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, La Sapienza (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings. and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges. In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISS School of Government, Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as LUISS Business School, Italy's most important business school. Rome ISIA was founded in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of industrial design.
Rome contains many pontifical universities and other institutes, including the British School at Rome, the French School in Rome, the Pontifical Gregorian University (the oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), Istituto Europeo di Design, the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici, the Link Campus of Malta, and the Università Campus Bio-Medico. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; The American University of Rome and John Cabot University as well as St. John's University branch campus, John Felice Rome Center, a campus of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome, a campus of Temple University. The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities. Examples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College, the Scots College, and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana, established in 1565; the Biblioteca Casanatense, opened in 1701; the National Central Library, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important; and the Vatican Library, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the American Academy in Rome, the French Academy in Rome and the Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History, a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences.
Culture
Main article: Culture in RomeArchitecture
This section is an excerpt from Architecture of Rome. The architecture of Rome over the centuries has greatly developed from Ancient Roman architecture to Italian modern and contemporary architecture. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of Classical architecture, developing new forms such as the arch, the dome and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance and Baroque architecture. Rome's cityscape is also widely Neoclassical and Fascist in style.Fountains and aqueducts
Main articles: List of fountains in Rome and List of aqueducts in the city of RomeRome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire, in 98 AD, according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman consul who was named curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.
During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of Rubens, were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".
Statues
See also: Talking statues of RomeRome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues of Rome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the Marforio, yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus, Marforio represents Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis, and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.
Obelisks and columns
Main article: List of obelisks in RomeThe city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome. The city contains some of obelisks in piazzas, such as in Piazza Navona, St Peter's Square, Piazza Montecitorio, and Piazza del Popolo, and others in villas, thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa Celimontana, the Baths of Diocletian, and the Pincian Hill. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in Piazza Colonna and it was built around 180 AD by Commodus in memory of his parents. The Column of Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan's Column at Trajan's Forum, which is part of the Imperial Fora.
Bridges
Main article: List of bridges in RomeThe city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is Ponte dei Quattro Capi, which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are Ponte Cestio, Ponte Sant'Angelo and Ponte Milvio. Considering Ponte Nomentano, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the Aniene, currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city. Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto, the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; Ponte Rotto, actually the only remaining arch of the ancient Pons Aemilius, collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by Bernini in 1688.
Catacombs
Main article: Catacombs of RomeRome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include pagan and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through tuff, a soft volcanic rock, outside the boundaries of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.
Entertainment and performing arts
Main articles: Music in Rome and Events in RomeRome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004.
Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.
Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.
Fashion
Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan, New York, and Paris, and beating London.
Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as Valentino, Bulgari, Fendi, Laura Biagiotti, Brioni, and Renato Balestra, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Gucci, Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani, and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti.
Cuisine
Main article: Roman cuisineRome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ancient age. Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.
Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef working for Pius IV; he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork.
The Testaccio, Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the "belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or vaccinari. The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth quarter". The old-fashioned coda alla vaccinara (oxtail cooked in the way of butchers) is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.
In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are common). In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the cucina giudaico-romanesca.
Examples of Roman dishes include saltimbocca alla romana – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; carciofi alla romana – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; carciofi alla giudia – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; spaghetti alla carbonara – spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino; and gnocchi di semolino alla romana – semolina dumpling, Roman-style.
Cinema
Main articles: List of films set in Rome and List of films set in ancient RomeRome hosts the Cinecittà Studios, the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40 ha) studio complex is 9.0 km (5.6 mi) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.
Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.
Sports
Association football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup. The latter took place in the Stadio Olimpico, which is also the shared home stadium for local Serie A clubs SS Lazio, founded in 1900, and AS Roma, founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for AS Roma), and Alessandro Nesta (for SS Lazio).
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, with great success, using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup), the Stadio Flaminio, the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawn.
Further, Rome hosted the EuroBasket 1991 and is home to the internationally recognised basketball team Virtus Roma. Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (winner of five Italian championships), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927 (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio).
Every May, Rome hosts the Italian Open, an ATP Masters 1000 tennis tournament, on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d'Italia three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball (M. Roma Volley), handball or waterpolo.
Transport
Main article: Transport in RomeRome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the Grande Raccordo Anulare or GRA).
Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, Termini, is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, Roma Tiburtina, has been redeveloped as a high-speed rail terminus. As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna.
Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport, Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby Fiumicino, south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside Ciampino, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the Rome Urbe Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino), with 32.8 million passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.
Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (Lido di Ostia), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia, located about 62 km (39 mi) northwest of the city.
The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities. Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere, Testaccio and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.
A three-line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where 1942 the World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed Esposizione Universale Roma in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.
The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi).
A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing Termini-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014. The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work.
A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold.
Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km (24 mi) of track and 192 stops. There are also trolleybuses.
See also
Notes
- Also the Vatican City
- This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus. However, the Greek verb descends from the Proto-Indo-European root *srew- (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma) 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (Strumṓn) and Proto-Germanic *strauma- 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **Frum-, like Latin frīgeō 'to freeze' from the root *sreyHg-) and the Latin verb from *h₃rew-.
- This hypothesis originates from Plutarch.
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External links
- Comune of Rome (in Italian)
- APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome (in English)
- Rome Museums – official site. Archived 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in English).
- Capitoline Museums (in English)
- Geographic data related to Rome at OpenStreetMap
Media related to Roma at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by — |
Landmarks of Rome Rome |
Succeeded by Aurelian Walls |
- Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
- Rome
- Ancient city of Rome
- Capitals in Europe
- Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
- Catholic pilgrimage sites
- Holy cities
- Places in the deuterocanonical books
- New Testament cities
- Populated places established in the 8th century BC
- 8th-century BC establishments in Italy
- World Heritage Sites in Italy