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{{Short description|Subsonic cruise missile}}
{{About|the Pakistani cruise missile|other uses|Babar (disambiguation)}} {{About|the Pakistani cruise missile|other uses|Babar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
{{infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
| name = Babur Missile
|name=Babur cruise missile; Hatf VII
| image =
|caption=Babur cruise missile deployed at a show in 2006
| image_size = 250px
|image=Babur aa.jpg
| alt =
|origin= Pakistan
| caption = {{small|The ''Babur-IB Missile'' seen in Pakistan Day 2024, Shankar Parian parade Ground in ], ]. }}
|type=]
| origin = ]
|used_by='''Babur–I'''/'''Babur–II'''<br>{{small|]}}<br>'''Babur–III'''<br>{{small|]}}
| type = ]/]/]
|manufacturer=] (NDC)
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = yes
|unit_cost=
| is_bladed = no
|propellant= Solid fuel (booster rocket)<br />Liquid fuel (jet engine)
| is_explosive = yes
|production_date=
| is_artillery = yes
|service=Babur-I: 2010-present <ref>https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/</ref>
| is_vehicle = yes
|engine=]<br /> (] booster during launch)
| is_missile = yes
|engine_power=
| is_UK = no
|weight=1,500 kg
|length=6.2 m <ref>https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/</ref> <!-- Service history -->| service = ]–Present<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Babur (Hatf 7)|website=Missile Threat}}</ref>
| used_by = {{army|PAK}}<br />{{small|(])}}<br />])}}
|height=
| wars = <!-- Production history -->
|diameter=0.52 m
| designer = ]
|wingspan=
| design_date = 1998–2008 (GLCM)<br>2001–2018 (SLCM)
|speed=880 km/h or 550 mph (Mach 0.8){{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
| manufacturer = National Defence Complex
|vehicle_range=Babur–I/Babur-II: 700 km<ref name="CSIS Missile Threat">{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Hatf 7 "Babur" - Missile Threat|author=|date=|website=CSIS.org|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><br>Babur–III: 450 km
| unit_cost =
|ceiling=
| production_date =
|altitude=
| number =
|filling=450 - 500 kg Conventional or nuclear
| variants = ]
|guidance=], ]/], ], ]
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label = Technical data
|detonation=
| weight = {{cvt|1500|kg|lbs}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|launch_platform=] (TEL)<br>Underwater mobile platform
| length = {{convert|6.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|0.52|m|in|abbr=on}}
| crew =
| passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge =
| cartridge_weight =
| caliber =
| barrels =
| action =
| rate =
| velocity =
| range =
| max_range = {{cvt|900|km|mi}}
| feed =
| sights = <!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling = ]/]
| filling_weight = {{cvt|450|kg|lb}} – {{cvt|500|kg|lbs}}
| detonation =
| yield = {{convert|5|ktonTNT|lk=in}} – {{convert|12|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<ref name="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2023, Kristensen & Korda">{{cite web |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |title=Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023 |url=https://thebulletin.org/premium/2023-09/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-2023/ |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour =
| primary_armament =
| secondary_armament =
| engine = ]
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| payload_capacity =
| transmission = ]
| suspension = ] ]
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = Babur-I: {{cvt|700|km|mi}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br>Babur-IA: 450 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/amp/1606770|title=Pakistan Army conducts successful test launch of surface-to-surface Babur cruise missile|date=11 February 2021}}</ref><br>Babur-II: {{cvt|750|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/68840-pak-missiles-more-superior-than-indias-dr-samar|title=Pak missiles more superior than India's: Dr Samar|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref><br>Babur-III: {{convert|450|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/pakistan-conducts-second-test-of-babur-3-nuclear-capable-submarine-launched-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan Conducts Second Test of Babur-3 Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile|first=Ankit|last=Panda|website=thediplomat.com}}</ref><br>Harbah: {{convert|700|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/pakistan-tests-harbah-cruise-missile|title=Pakistan Tests Harbah Cruise Missile|date=8 January 2018}}</ref> <br>Babur-IB: {{cvt|900|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-02f6b2194ed082d786b8640a650d00f4|title=Pakistan tests home-grown missile with additional range|website=]|date=21 December 2021}}</ref><br>Harbah export variant: {{convert|290|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto"/>
| speed = 0.7 ] (subsonic)<br>{{cvt|990|km/h|mi/h}}
| guidance = ], ]/], ], ], ],
| steering = <!-- Missiles only -->
| wingspan = {{cvt|2.50|m|ft}}
| propellant = ] (jet engine)<br />] (booster)
| ceiling =
| altitude = ]
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy = {{cvt|20|m|ft}} ]<ref name="NTI, 2023">{{cite web |last1=NTI |title=Design Characteristics of Pakistan's Ballistic and Cruise Missiles |url=https://media.nti.org/pdfs/design_characteristics_of_pakistans_ballistic_cruise_missiles.pdf |website=media.nti.org |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiatives |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
| launch_platform = ]<br>]
| transport = ], Horizontal ] (HLT)
}} }}


The '''Babur''' (]: '''بابر'''; Military designated: '''Hatf-VII''', ]: ''Target–7'') is an all-weather, ] cruise missile developed and designed by the ] (NDC) of Pakistan.
'''Babur''' (]: '''بابر'''; named after the first ] ]{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}), also designated '''Hatf VII''', is a short range turbojet powered subsonic cruise missile that can be launched from land or mobile underwater platforms. The missile is believed to have entered into service in 2010 and is capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1302318|title=Pakistan conducts successful test of Babur cruise missile|last=Dawn.com|date=2016-12-14|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Hatf 7 "Babur" {{!}} Missile Threat|work=Missile Threat|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1302318|title=Pakistan conducts successful test of Babur cruise missile|last=Dawn.com|first=|date=14 December 2016|website=Dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/152009|title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile|last=Sharif|first=Arshad|date=12 August 2005|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>


Codenamed as ], its development came as a surprise to the ] in 2005 as they had not expected the Pakistan being able to produce such a capable system, according to United States–based ].<ref name="Missile Threat, babur">{{cite web |title=Babur (Hatf 7) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/ |website=Missile Threat |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
==Origin==

], carrying four cruise missiles, on display at the IDEAS 2008 defence exhibition, ], Pakistan]]
After series of various data acquisition and validation trials, ''Babur'' entered first in military service of ] in 2010, and evolved into ], which saw its deployment with the ] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1302318|title=Pakistan conducts successful test of Babur cruise missile|date=2016-12-14|work=dawn.com|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|title=Hatf 7 "Babur" {{!}} Missile Threat|work=Missile Threat|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1302318|title=Pakistan conducts successful test of Babur cruise missile|date=14 December 2016|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/152009|title=Pakistan test-fires its first cruise missile|last=Sharif|first=Arshad|date=12 August 2005|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pakistanhotline.com/2014/11/pakistan-navy-armed-with-submarine-missile.html|title=Pakistan Navy armed with latest Submarine and Babur Cruise Missiles|work=Pakistan Hotline|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref>
]]]

Pakistan claims to have developed the Babur in response to alleged reports that India was planning to acquire ] from the US, in order to set up a ballistic missile defense system to counter Pakistan's arsenal of ballistic missiles.<ref name="paktribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?115472|title=Informatoin missing.|work=Paktribune|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Babur is the first cruise missile to be developed and designed by Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn" /> Some analysts have pointed out similarities of the missile with Chinese and American designs, namely the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=babur+missile&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8h4iL3-rXAhWmwVQKHfSjAWcQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=babur%20missile&f=false|title=Regional Missile Defense from a Global Perspective|last=Kelleher|first=Catherine McArdle|last2=Dombrowski|first2=Peter|date=2015-09-23|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804796569|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8BcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT114&dq=babur+missile&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8h4iL3-rXAhWmwVQKHfSjAWcQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=babur%20missile&f=false|title=Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts|last=Rajagopalan|first=Rajesh|last2=Mishra|first2=Atul|date=2015-08-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317324751|language=en}}</ref>
According to Pakistani military, SLCM-variant of ''Babur'' has provided Pakistan a long-sought "] sea-based ], augmenting existing deterrence."<ref name="www.armscontrol.org, Taheran, 2023">{{cite web |last1=Taheran |first1=Shervin |title=Pakistan Advances Sea Leg of Triad {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2018-06/news-briefs/pakistan-advances-sea-leg-triad |website=www.armscontrol.org |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018">{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Ahyousha |title=Babur Missile Test: Pakistan validating its Second-Strike Capability |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/04/27/babur-missile-test-pakistan-validating-its-second-strike-capability/ |website=Modern Diplomacy |access-date=12 October 2023 |date=27 April 2018}}</ref>

==Development history==
] ], displaying four cruise missiles at the ] in ] in ].}}]]

Development on ''Babur'' came at the tense atmosphere between ] in 1998.<ref name="paktribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?115472|title=Information missing|work=Paktribune|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> At that time, India was on pursuit of establishing a ], that included the acquisition of ] from ] and ] from the ], had adversely affected its deterrence mechanism.{{rp|388}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

These development triggered the Pakistani war strategists to introduced a complex cruise missile technology to evade and penetrate Indian defenses in an event of Pakistani military losing ground against approaching ].{{rp|388}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> The development on cruise missile was codenamed after ]– the first ] of ]– and delegated this program to civilian contractor, the ].

It is now documented that the Babur's cruise missile technology comes from the U.S. ] when Pakistani intelligence successfully retrieve the unknown number of Tomahawks from Afghanistan when these system malfunctioned during ].{{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/><ref name="Dawn" />

===Origins===
].}} ]]
Pakistan's engineering feat on successfully developing and deploying of ''Babur'' quickly attracted the speculation regarding its origins and development.{{rp|248}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> In 2005, Pakistan's test of ''Babur'' surprised the United States as they had not expected that the country could produce such weapon system.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

The U.S.-based analysts leveled serious allegations on China of helping Pakistan when they pointed out the similarities of the missile with Chinese and American designs, namely the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185|title=Regional Missile Defense from a Global Perspective|last1=Kelleher|first1=Catherine McArdle|last2=Dombrowski|first2=Peter|date=2015-09-23|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-9656-9|page=185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8BcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT114|title=Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Rajesh|last2=Mishra|first2=Atul|date=2015-08-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32475-1|page=114}}</ref>

In 2012, Gen. ]– former program manager and an army chief in 1991– rebuffed and dismissed the U.S. allegations on Chinese help, giving credits to Pakistani scientists who mastered the technology.{{rp|388}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>

In 2020, former Prime Minister ] (who was Prime Minister in 1998) confessed in stating that Pakistani scientists had reverse-engineered the American Tomahawk missile to make the Babur missile, when one fell as an unexploded ordnance in Pakistan's territory during the ] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif claims reverse-engineering US Tomahawk missile in 1990s |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266537/nawaz-sharif-claims-reverse-engineering-us-tomahawk-missile-in-1990s |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=The Express Tribune |date=1 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


==Design== ==Design==
The Babur's airframe is made up of a tubular fuselage, with a pair of folded wings attached to the middle section and the ] at the rear along with the propulsion system. Propelled by a ] (either ] or ]){{specify|date=July 2017}}, the Babur has a maximum speed of approximately 550&nbsp;mph. Launched from ground-based mobile ]s (TELs), the Babur can be armed with both conventional and ] and has a reported range of {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}}. On launch, a ] provides additional ] to accelerate the missile away from the launch vehicle. After the launch the wings unfold, the booster rocket is jettisoned and the jet engine started. The missile is stated to have a high degree of maneuverability, allowing it to "hug" the terrain, and "near-stealth" capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Pakistan_Tests_Nuclear_Capable_Cruise_Missile_999.html|title=Pakistan Tests Nuclear-Capable Cruise Missile|publisher=|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missiles-test-fails-for-the-fourth-time/articleshow/56105444.cms|title=Nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile's test fails for the fourth time}}</ref> Terrain-hugging ability helps the missile avoid enemy radar detection by utilizing "terrain masking", giving Babur the capability to penetrate enemy air defence systems undetected.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/07/26/pakistan.missile.test.reut/index.html|title=Pakistan test fires nuclear-capable missile|date=26 July 2007|publisher=|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> The Babur's airframe is made up of a tubular fuselage, with a pair of folded wings attached to the middle section and the ] at the rear along with the propulsion system. Propelled by a ] (]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hatf 7 "Babur"|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US}}</ref> the Babur has a maximum speed of approximately 550&nbsp;mph. Launched from ground-based mobile ]s (TELs), the Babur can be armed with both conventional and ] and has a reported range of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}. On launch, a ] provides additional ] to accelerate the missile away from the launch vehicle. After the launch the wings unfold, the booster rocket is jettisoned and the jet engine started. The missile is stated to have a high degree of maneuverability, allowing it to "hug" the terrain, and "near-stealth" capabilities.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Pakistan_Tests_Nuclear_Capable_Cruise_Missile_999.html|title=Pakistan Tests Nuclear-Capable Cruise Missile|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missiles-test-fails-for-the-fourth-time/articleshow/56105444.cms|title=Nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile's test fails for the fourth time|website=]|date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Terrain-hugging ability helps the missile avoid enemy radar detection by utilizing "terrain masking", giving Babur the capability to penetrate enemy air defence systems undetected.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="cnn">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/07/26/pakistan.missile.test.reut/index.html|title=Pakistan test fires nuclear-capable missile|date=26 July 2007|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>


The Babur's guidance system uses a combination of ]s (INS), ] and ]. The guidance system reportedly gives the missile pinpoint accuracy.<ref name="Dawn" /> GPS access is not guaranteed under hostile conditions so the latest production models have also reportedly incorporated the Russian ]. Future software and hardware updates could include the European Union's ] and China's ].<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7-babur/</ref> An upgraded variant tested on the 14 December 2016 included upgraded avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit land and sea based targets without the aid of GPS. Also the missile is able to hit targets more accurately.<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1302422/improved-version-of-babur-cruise-missile-tested-successfully|title=Improved version of Babur cruise missile tested successfully|first=The Newspaper's Staff|last=Reporter|date=15 December 2016|website=Dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="700km">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-cruise-missile-babur-with-range-of-700kms/story-50FloJFcJRhFCjd7XqRdwK.html|title=Pakistan successfully test-fires cruise missile ‘Babur’ with range of 700km|date=14 December 2016|website=HindustanTimes.com|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1263305/pakistan-successfully-tests-fires-indigenous-babur-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan successfully tests fires indigenous Babur Cruise Missile - The Express Tribune|author=|date=14 December 2016|website=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com"/> The Babur's guidance system uses a combination of ]s (INS), ] and ]. The guidance system reportedly gives the missile pinpoint accuracy.<ref name="Dawn" /> GPS access is not guaranteed under hostile conditions so the latest production models have also reportedly incorporated the Russian ]. Future software and hardware updates could include the European Union's ] and China's ].<ref name="missilethreat.csis.org">{{Cite web |url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7-babur/ |title=Hatf 7 "Babur"|access-date=2016-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027061515/http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-7-babur/ |archive-date=2016-10-27 |url-status=dead|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> An upgraded variant tested on the 14 December 2016 included upgraded avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit land and sea based targets without the aid of GPS. Also the missile is able to hit targets more accurately.<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1302422/improved-version-of-babur-cruise-missile-tested-successfully|title=Improved version of Babur cruise missile tested successfully|date=15 December 2016|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="700km">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-cruise-missile-babur-with-range-of-700kms/story-50FloJFcJRhFCjd7XqRdwK.html|title=Pakistan successfully test-fires cruise missile 'Babur' with range of 700km|date=14 December 2016|website=HindustanTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1263305/pakistan-successfully-tests-fires-indigenous-babur-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan successfully tests fires indigenous Babur Cruise Missile – The Express Tribune|date=14 December 2016|website=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>

Enabling ''Babur'' being ] was quite difficult for Pakistan because the ]s (both 70A and 90B) of Pakistan Navy do not have ].<ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018" /> Over the several decades, Pakistan worked towards quietly converting and engineering its traditional ] into ]s.<ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018" /> While deployed in the submarine, ''Babur'' uses ], advanced guidance/controls system and is designed to ] and horizontally through submarine torpedoes in the absence of vertical launch systems.<ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018" /> Within the vertical system, it is impossible to keep weapons in ] but with horizontal launch system Pakistan has made this option possible for herself.<ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018" />


==Operational history== ==Operational history==
On August 12, 2005, Pakistan publicly announced that it had successfully test-fired a nuclear-capable cruise missile with a range of 500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/050820/science14.htm|title=science14.htm|author=|date=20 August 2005|website=Dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>, ], 11 August 2005</ref> The missile was launched from a land-based ] (TEL).<ref name="paktribune" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-08/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Its-First-Cruise-Missile.cfm?CFID=160727994&CFTOKEN=57239264|title=VOA News Report|author=|date=August 2005|website=VOANews.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> Pakistan did not notify India of its test-firing as the existing notification agreement is limited to ballistic missile testing only. On 12 August 2005, Pakistan publicly announced that it had successfully test-fired a nuclear-capable cruise missile with a range of 500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/050820/science14.htm|title=science14.htm|date=20 August 2005|website=dawn.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>, ], 11 August 2005</ref> The missile was launched from a land-based ] (TEL).<ref name="paktribune" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-08/Pakistan-Test-Fires-Its-First-Cruise-Missile.cfm?CFID=160727994&CFTOKEN=57239264|title=VOA News Report|date=August 2005|website=VOANews.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> Pakistan did not notify India of its test-firing as the existing notification agreement is limited to ballistic missile testing only.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


On March 22, 2007, Pakistan test-fired an upgraded version of the Babur with an extended range of 700&nbsp;km.<ref name="cnn" /> On 22 March 2007, Pakistan test-fired an upgraded version of the Babur with an extended range of 700&nbsp;km.<ref name="cnn" />


On May 6, 2009, Pakistan conducted another test-firing but did not announce the event until 9 May 2009, citing political reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/09-May-2009/Babar-missile-testfired-last-Wednesday|title=Babar missile test-fired last Wednesday|date=9 May 2009|work=The Nation|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/world/asia/30missile.html|title=U.S. Says Pakistan Made Changes to Missiles Sold for Defense|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|first2=David E.|last2=Sanger|date=29 August 2009|publisher=|access-date=26 July 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On 6 May 2009, Pakistan conducted another test-firing but did not announce the event until 9 May 2009, citing political reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/09-May-2009/babar-missile-testfired-last-wednesday|title=Babar missile test-fired last Wednesday|date=9 May 2009|work=The Nation|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424151921/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/09-May-2009/Babar-missile-testfired-last-Wednesday|archive-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/world/asia/30missile.html|title=U.S. Says Pakistan Made Changes to Missiles Sold for Defense|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|first2=David E.|last2=Sanger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 August 2009|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>


On October 28, 2011, Pakistan successfully test-fired its Babur cruise missile which has a range of 700&nbsp;km. The ISPR said Babur was capable of carrying conventional and atomic warheads. A special feature of this launch was the validation of a new multi-tube missile launch vehicle (MLV) during the test. The three-tube MLV enhances manifold the targeting and deployment options in the conventional and nuclear modes. With its shoot-and-scoot capability, the MLV provides a major force multiplier effect for target employment and survivability.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2011|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/10/28/pakistan-successfully-tests-babur-cruise-missile|title=Pakistan successfully tests Babur Cruise missile|work=The News Tribe|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> On 28 October 2011, Pakistan successfully test-fired its Babur cruise missile which has a range of 700&nbsp;km. The ISPR said Babur was capable of carrying conventional and atomic warheads. A special feature of this launch was the validation of a new multi-tube missile launch vehicle (MLV) during the test. The three-tube MLV enhances manifold the targeting and deployment options in the conventional and nuclear modes. With its shoot-and-scoot capability, the MLV provides a major force multiplier effect for target employment and survivability.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2011|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/10/28/pakistan-successfully-tests-babur-cruise-missile|title=Pakistan successfully tests Babur Cruise missile|work=The News Tribe|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228092006/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/10/28/pakistan-successfully-tests-babur-cruise-missile/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


On June 6, 2012 Pakistan conducted a successful test-fire of the multi-tube, indigenously developed cruise missile Hatf-VII (Babur), which can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads with stealth capabilities. It was the third test-fire conducted by Pakistan in the recent past, of different capacity and load. “It can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads and has stealth capabilities”, said an official announcement of the ISPR. “It also incorporates the most modern cruise missile technology of Terrain Contour Matching (Tercom) and Digital Scene Matching and Area Co-relation (]), which enhances its precision and effectiveness manifolds.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-15147-N-capable-Hatf-VII-cruise-missile-test-fired|title=N-capable Hatf-VII cruise missile test-fired|date=6 June 2012|work=The News International, Pakistan|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> On 6 June 2012, Pakistan conducted a successful test-fire of the multi-tube, indigenously developed cruise missile Hatf-VII (Babur), which can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads with stealth capabilities. It was the third test-fire conducted by Pakistan in the recent past, of different capacity and load. “It can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads and has stealth capabilities”, said an official announcement of the ISPR. “It also incorporates the most modern cruise missile technology of Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM) and Digital Scene Matching and Area Co-relation (]), which enhances its precision and effectiveness manifolds.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-15147-N-capable-Hatf-VII-cruise-missile-test-fired|title=N-capable Hatf-VII cruise missile test-fired|date=6 June 2012|work=The News International, Pakistan|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> A new variant of the missile, termed Babur-1B, was test fired on 14 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/79343/pakistan-test-fires-enhanced-version-of-babur-cruise-missile|title=Pakistan test-fires enhanced version of Babur cruise missile {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>


Pakistan conducted a successful launch of an enhanced version of the Babur II missile On December 14, 2016. Enhancements include upgraded aerodynamics and avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit targets without the aid of GPS, and also target sea based targets as well land based targets.<ref name="dawn.com"/><ref name="700km"/> On 14 December 2016, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of an enhanced version of the Babur II missile. Enhancements include upgraded aerodynamics and avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit targets without the aid of GPS, and also target sea-based targets as well land based targets.<ref name="dawn.com"/><ref name="700km"/>


On 9 January 2017, Pakistan claimed to have conducted a successful launch of the Babur III missile from an underwater mobile platform. The Babur-III has been claimed to have a range of 450&nbsp;km and be used as a ] capability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-missiles-idUSKBN14T1EL|title=Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'|author=|date=10 January 2017|publisher=|access-date=26 July 2017|via=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/pakistan-test-fires-first-submarine-launched-cruise-missile-babur-3/|title=Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3|author=|date=|website=AryNews.tv|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38563330|title=Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'|author=|date=9 January 2017|publisher=|access-date=26 July 2017|via=www.BBC.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1289288/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-babur-iii-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile' - The Express Tribune|author=|date=9 January 2017|website=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> However, defence and imagery analysts questioned discrepancies in the video, and called it fake footage and propaganda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pakistans-video-of-babur-missile-launch-fake-navy-sources-tell-ndtv-1647215|title=Pakistan's Babur Missile Test Claim May Be Fake, Navy Sources Tell NDTV|author=|date=|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/babur-3-missile-launch-video-fake-pakistan-nuclear-missile/1/853818.html|title=Did Pakistan fake nuclear missile Babur-3 launch? Photoshop expert thinks so|author=|date=|website=InToday.in|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur III missile from an underwater mobile platform. The Babur-III has a range of 450&nbsp;km and can be used as a ] capability.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-missiles-idUSKBN14T1EL|title=Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'|date=10 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="arynews.tv">{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/pakistan-test-fires-first-submarine-launched-cruise-missile-babur-3/|title=Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3|website=AryNews.tv|date=9 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38563330|title=Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'|work=BBC News|date=9 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1289288/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-babur-iii-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile' – The Express Tribune|date=9 January 2017|website=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> It has been speculated that the missile is ultimately designed to be incorporated with the ] which has been reported to have been modified.<ref name="Panda">{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/pakistans-tests-new-sub-launched-nuclear-capable-cruise-missile-what-now/|title=Pakistan Tests New Sub-Launched Nuclear-Capable Cruise Missile. What Now?|last=Panda|first=Ankit|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thediplomat.com">{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/the-risks-of-pakistans-sea-based-nuclear-weapons/|title=The Risks of Pakistan's Sea-Based Nuclear Weapons|last=Panda|first=Ankit|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-US}}</ref> On 29 March 2018, Pakistan reported that the missile had again been successfully tested.<ref name="The Financial Express">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/defence/pakistan-tests-its-indigenously-built-submarine-launched-cruise-missile-babur/1115584/|title=Pakistan tests its indigenously built Submarine Launched Cruise Missile Babur|date=2018-03-30|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 11 February 2021, Pakistan conducted successful launch of Babur-1A cruise missile having upgraded avionics and navigation systems and capability to hit the ground based and sea based surface targets with the range of 450&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=2021-02-11|title=Pakistan Army conducts successful test launch of surface-to-surface Babur cruise missile|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1606770|access-date=2021-05-04|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Pakistan conducts successful launch of Babur cruise missile|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2283548/pakistan-conducts-successful-training-launch-of-babur-cruise-missile|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref>

On 21 December 2021, Pakistan conducted a successful test of an enhanced range version of the indigenously developed Babur-1B that had a range of more than 900&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan conducts successful test of enhanced version of home-grown cruise missile: ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1665039/pakistan-conducts-successful-test-of-enhanced-version-of-home-grown-cruise-missile-ispr |work=Dawn |date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=Pakistan tests home-grown missile with additional range|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-02f6b2194ed082d786b8640a650d00f4|access-date=2021-12-22|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref>

==Variants==
The Babur weapons system was developed over a series of variants by the ].

* Babur-1: Initial variant developed with the range of 700&nbsp;km first tested on 22 March 2007.
* Babur-2: The second variant of the Babur missile series, it boasts an enhanced range of 750&nbsp; and was developed to hit ground and naval targets without using a ]. The variant was first tested on 14 December 2016.
* Babur-3: ] variant with a range of 450&nbsp;km. It was first tested on 9 January 2017 and provides ] capabilities.
* Babur-1A: Enhanced ] and ] systems with a range of 450&nbsp;km. It can hit ground and naval targets with high accuracy. It was first tested on 11 February 2021.
* Babur-1B: Enhanced range variant which can hit targets more than 900&nbsp;km, the first test being conducted on 21 December 2021.

=== Babur-III and Harbah ===
On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the ''Babur-III'' missile from an underwater mobile platform, with a targeted range of {{cvt|450|km|mi}}; ''Babur-III'' can carry nuclear warheads and it affectively established Pakistan's ] from sea.<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref name="arynews.tv"/><ref name="BBC News"/><ref name="tribune.com.pk"/> It is not known which submarine Pakistan had launched but it has been speculated that the ] (Under Construction) and the ] have been engineered towards cruise missile submarines.<ref name="Panda"/><ref name="thediplomat.com"/> After first test of ''Babur-III'', India was of the view that this is a bluff and its military establishment believed that Pakistan was bluffing which India could easily call any time.<ref name="Modern Diplomacy, Khan, 2018" /> On 29 March 2018, Pakistan Navy conducted another successful tested for validation and assurances, which negated India's claim of bluff.<ref name="The Financial Express"/>

During the same time, the Pakistan Navy revealed the ''Harbah'', which is an ] non-nuclear version of ''Babur''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ansari |first1=Usman |title=Outgoing Pakistan Navy chief reveals details of modernization programs |url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2020/10/14/outgoing-pakistan-navy-chief-reveals-details-of-modernization-programs/ |website=defensenews.com |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> The ], media wing of the ], reported that the missile was test fired on 3 January 2018 from PNS ''Himmat'', an {{sclass|Azmat|fast attack craft|0}} missile boat{{Explain|date=June 2021|reason=a missile supposed to be submarine launched one launched from a missile boat?}}.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/pakistan-tests-an-indigenously-developed-anti-ship-cruise-missile/|title=Pakistan Tests An Indigenously Developed Anti-Ship Cruise Missile|last=Diplomat|first=Ankit Panda, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/76779/pakistan-conducts-firing-of-cruise-missile-from-azmat-class-boat|title=Pakistan conducts firing of cruise missile from Azmat-class boat {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paknavy.gov.pk/IMPRESSIVE%20FIRE%20POWER%20DISPLAY.pdf|title=IMPRESSIVE FIRE POWER DISPLAY BY PAKISTAN NAVY IN NORTH ARABIAN SEA|access-date=2018-02-19|archive-date=2018-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108153642/https://www.paknavy.gov.pk/IMPRESSIVE%20FIRE%20POWER%20DISPLAY.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Harbah export variant==
A variant of the Harbah Missile for export, this variant has a range of 290&nbsp;km. According to NDS, The salient features of this missile are a mid-course/terminal guidance system, fire and forget capabilities and an all weather operational capability.


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
;Related developments ;Related developments
* ] * ]
;Similar missiles ;Similar missiles
* ] * {{lwc|Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk}}
* ] * {{lwc|CJ-10 (missile)}}
* ] * {{lwc|Hyunmoo-3}}
* {{lwc|Nirbhay}}
* ]

;Related lists ;Related lists
* ] * ]
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Latest revision as of 08:17, 3 January 2025

Subsonic cruise missile This article is about the Pakistani cruise missile. For other uses, see Babar (disambiguation).

Babur Missile
TypeGLCM/SLCM/AshM
Place of originPakistan
Service history
In service2010–Present
Used by Pakistan Army
(Army Strategic Forces)
[ Pakistan Navy
(Naval Strategic Forces)
Production history
DesignerNational Defence Complex
Designed1998–2008 (GLCM)
2001–2018 (SLCM)
ManufacturerNational Defence Complex
VariantsSee variants
Specifications (Technical data)
Mass1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
Length6.2 m (20 ft)
Diameter0.52 m (20 in)
Wingspan2.50 m (8.2 ft)
Maximum firing range900 km (560 mi)
WarheadHE/NE
Warhead weight450 kg (990 lb) – 500 kg (1,100 lb)
Blast yield5 kilotons of TNT (21 TJ) – 12 kilotons of TNT (50 TJ)
EngineTurbojet
TransmissionAutomatic
SuspensionWS2500 10WD
PropellantLiquid-propellant (jet engine)
Solid-propellant (booster)
Operational
range		Babur-I: 700 km (430 mi)
Babur-IA: 450 km
Babur-II: 750 km (470 mi)
Babur-III: 450 km (280 mi; 240 nmi)
Harbah: 700 km (430 mi; 380 nmi)
Babur-IB: 900 km (560 mi)
Harbah export variant: 290 km (180 mi; 160 nmi)
Flight altitudeTerrain-following
Maximum speed 0.7 Mach. (subsonic)
990 km/h (620 mph)
Guidance
system		INS, TERCOM/DSMAC, GPS, GLONASS, Terminal,
Accuracy20 m (66 ft) CEP
Launch
platform		Transporter erector launcher
Cruise-missile submarine
TransportTEL, Horizontal launch tube (HLT)

The Babur (Urdu: بابر; Military designated: Hatf-VII, Translit: Target–7) is an all-weather, subsonic cruise missile developed and designed by the National Defence Complex (NDC) of Pakistan.

Codenamed as Babur, its development came as a surprise to the U.S. intelligence in 2005 as they had not expected the Pakistan being able to produce such a capable system, according to United States–based CSIS.

After series of various data acquisition and validation trials, Babur entered first in military service of Pakistan Army in 2010, and evolved into able to launch from submarine, which saw its deployment with the Pakistan Navy in 2018.

According to Pakistani military, SLCM-variant of Babur has provided Pakistan a long-sought "credible sea-based second-strike capability, augmenting existing deterrence."

Development history

A Pakistan-engineered WS2500 TEL, displaying four cruise missiles at the IDEAS in 2008 in Karachi.

Development on Babur came at the tense atmosphere between India and Pakistan in 1998. At that time, India was on pursuit of establishing a missile defense program, that included the acquisition of S-300 Grumble from Russia and Patriot PAC-3 from the United States, had adversely affected its deterrence mechanism.

These development triggered the Pakistani war strategists to introduced a complex cruise missile technology to evade and penetrate Indian defenses in an event of Pakistani military losing ground against approaching Indian Army. The development on cruise missile was codenamed after Zahir-ud-Din Babur– the first Mughal Emperor of India– and delegated this program to civilian contractor, the National Defence Complex.

It is now documented that the Babur's cruise missile technology comes from the U.S. Tomahawk when Pakistani intelligence successfully retrieve the unknown number of Tomahawks from Afghanistan when these system malfunctioned during their mission in Afghanistan in 1998.

Origins

A TEL system displaying the ground-launched cruise missile in Karachi.

Pakistan's engineering feat on successfully developing and deploying of Babur quickly attracted the speculation regarding its origins and development. In 2005, Pakistan's test of Babur surprised the United States as they had not expected that the country could produce such weapon system.

The U.S.-based analysts leveled serious allegations on China of helping Pakistan when they pointed out the similarities of the missile with Chinese and American designs, namely the DH-10 and Tomahawk.

In 2012, Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg– former program manager and an army chief in 1991– rebuffed and dismissed the U.S. allegations on Chinese help, giving credits to Pakistani scientists who mastered the technology.

In 2020, former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (who was Prime Minister in 1998) confessed in stating that Pakistani scientists had reverse-engineered the American Tomahawk missile to make the Babur missile, when one fell as an unexploded ordnance in Pakistan's territory during the American cruise missile attack in Afghanistan.

Design

The Babur's airframe is made up of a tubular fuselage, with a pair of folded wings attached to the middle section and the empennage at the rear along with the propulsion system. Propelled by a jet engine (turbojet), the Babur has a maximum speed of approximately 550 mph. Launched from ground-based mobile transporter erector launchers (TELs), the Babur can be armed with both conventional and nuclear warheads and has a reported range of 750 km (470 mi). On launch, a booster provides additional thrust to accelerate the missile away from the launch vehicle. After the launch the wings unfold, the booster rocket is jettisoned and the jet engine started. The missile is stated to have a high degree of maneuverability, allowing it to "hug" the terrain, and "near-stealth" capabilities. Terrain-hugging ability helps the missile avoid enemy radar detection by utilizing "terrain masking", giving Babur the capability to penetrate enemy air defence systems undetected.

The Babur's guidance system uses a combination of inertial navigation systems (INS), terrain contour matching (TERCOM) and GPS satellite guidance. The guidance system reportedly gives the missile pinpoint accuracy. GPS access is not guaranteed under hostile conditions so the latest production models have also reportedly incorporated the Russian GLONASS. Future software and hardware updates could include the European Union's GALILEO and China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. An upgraded variant tested on the 14 December 2016 included upgraded avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit land and sea based targets without the aid of GPS. Also the missile is able to hit targets more accurately.

Enabling Babur being launched from a submarine was quite difficult for Pakistan because the Agosta-class submarines (both 70A and 90B) of Pakistan Navy do not have vertical launching system. Over the several decades, Pakistan worked towards quietly converting and engineering its traditional Agosta-90B class submarines into cruise-missile submarines. While deployed in the submarine, Babur uses air-water controlled, advanced guidance/controls system and is designed to launched cold and horizontally through submarine torpedoes in the absence of vertical launch systems. Within the vertical system, it is impossible to keep weapons in knockdown assembly form but with horizontal launch system Pakistan has made this option possible for herself.

Operational history

On 12 August 2005, Pakistan publicly announced that it had successfully test-fired a nuclear-capable cruise missile with a range of 500 km. The missile was launched from a land-based transporter erector launcher (TEL). Pakistan did not notify India of its test-firing as the existing notification agreement is limited to ballistic missile testing only.

On 22 March 2007, Pakistan test-fired an upgraded version of the Babur with an extended range of 700 km.

On 6 May 2009, Pakistan conducted another test-firing but did not announce the event until 9 May 2009, citing political reasons.

On 28 October 2011, Pakistan successfully test-fired its Babur cruise missile which has a range of 700 km. The ISPR said Babur was capable of carrying conventional and atomic warheads. A special feature of this launch was the validation of a new multi-tube missile launch vehicle (MLV) during the test. The three-tube MLV enhances manifold the targeting and deployment options in the conventional and nuclear modes. With its shoot-and-scoot capability, the MLV provides a major force multiplier effect for target employment and survivability.

On 6 June 2012, Pakistan conducted a successful test-fire of the multi-tube, indigenously developed cruise missile Hatf-VII (Babur), which can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads with stealth capabilities. It was the third test-fire conducted by Pakistan in the recent past, of different capacity and load. “It can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads and has stealth capabilities”, said an official announcement of the ISPR. “It also incorporates the most modern cruise missile technology of Terrain Contour Matching (TERCOM) and Digital Scene Matching and Area Co-relation (DSMAC), which enhances its precision and effectiveness manifolds.” A new variant of the missile, termed Babur-1B, was test fired on 14 April 2018.

On 14 December 2016, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of an enhanced version of the Babur II missile. Enhancements include upgraded aerodynamics and avionics where now the missile is able to accurately hit targets without the aid of GPS, and also target sea-based targets as well land based targets.

On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur III missile from an underwater mobile platform. The Babur-III has a range of 450 km and can be used as a second-strike capability. It has been speculated that the missile is ultimately designed to be incorporated with the Agosta 90B-class submarine which has been reported to have been modified. On 29 March 2018, Pakistan reported that the missile had again been successfully tested.

On 11 February 2021, Pakistan conducted successful launch of Babur-1A cruise missile having upgraded avionics and navigation systems and capability to hit the ground based and sea based surface targets with the range of 450 km.

On 21 December 2021, Pakistan conducted a successful test of an enhanced range version of the indigenously developed Babur-1B that had a range of more than 900 km.

Variants

The Babur weapons system was developed over a series of variants by the Pakistan military.

  • Babur-1: Initial variant developed with the range of 700 km first tested on 22 March 2007.
  • Babur-2: The second variant of the Babur missile series, it boasts an enhanced range of 750  and was developed to hit ground and naval targets without using a GPS. The variant was first tested on 14 December 2016.
  • Babur-3: Submarine launched variant with a range of 450 km. It was first tested on 9 January 2017 and provides second strike capabilities.
  • Babur-1A: Enhanced avionics and navigation systems with a range of 450 km. It can hit ground and naval targets with high accuracy. It was first tested on 11 February 2021.
  • Babur-1B: Enhanced range variant which can hit targets more than 900 km, the first test being conducted on 21 December 2021.

Babur-III and Harbah

On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur-III missile from an underwater mobile platform, with a targeted range of 450 km (280 mi); Babur-III can carry nuclear warheads and it affectively established Pakistan's second-strike capability from sea. It is not known which submarine Pakistan had launched but it has been speculated that the Hangor-class submarine (Under Construction) and the Agosta 90B-class submarine have been engineered towards cruise missile submarines. After first test of Babur-III, India was of the view that this is a bluff and its military establishment believed that Pakistan was bluffing which India could easily call any time. On 29 March 2018, Pakistan Navy conducted another successful tested for validation and assurances, which negated India's claim of bluff.

During the same time, the Pakistan Navy revealed the Harbah, which is an anti-ship missile non-nuclear version of Babur. The ISPR, media wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces, reported that the missile was test fired on 3 January 2018 from PNS Himmat, an Azmat-class missile boat.

Harbah export variant

A variant of the Harbah Missile for export, this variant has a range of 290 km. According to NDS, The salient features of this missile are a mid-course/terminal guidance system, fire and forget capabilities and an all weather operational capability.

See also

Related developments
Similar missiles
Related lists

References

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