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{{Short description|Polish–Lithuanian noble (1515–1565)}}
{{Wrongtitle | title=Mikolaj 'Czarny' Radziwiłł}}
{{For|other people with the name of Mikołaj Radziwiłł|Mikołaj Radziwiłł (disambiguation)}}
{{expand Belarusian|date=February 2024|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black
| image = Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny.JPG
| caption = Portrait of Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 4 February 1515
| birth_place = ], ] (now in ])<ref name=Suz>{{cite book|author=Saulius A. Suziedelis|title=Historical Dictionary of Lithuania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkGB1CSfIlEC&pg=PA245|date=7 February 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7536-4|page=245}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1565|5|28|1515|2|4|df=y}}
| death_place = ], Grand Duchy of Lithuania
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place = ], Lithuania
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| title =
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse = ]
| partner =
| children = ''with Elżbieta Szydłowiecka'':<br/>]<br/>Elżbieta Radziwiłł<br/>Zofia Agnieszka Radziwiłł <br/> Anna Magdalena Radziwiłł <br/>]<br/>{{Interlanguage link multi|Albrycht Radziwiłł (1558–1592)|pl|3=Albrecht Radziwiłł (1558-1592)|lt=Albrycht Radziwiłł}}<br/>]<br/>]
| parents = Jan Radziwiłł<br/>Anna Kiszka
| relations =
| callsign =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}


], Lithuania]]
]
'''Mikolaj Radziwi&#322;&#322;''', nicknamed ''The Black'' (] ''Czarny'') and also known as ''Miko&#322;aj Radziwi&#322;&#322; The Fifth'' (]-]) was a ] ], ], ] of ], Grand Grand Lithuanian ] and ] in the ]. '''Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł''' (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed '''the Black''' ({{langx|pl|Czarny}}, {{langx|lt|Juodasis}}), was a ]<ref>M. L. Bush.Rich noble, poor noble.1988, p.46</ref> and ] noble who held several administrative positions within the ], including the ], Grand Lithuanian ], and the ]. He was also ] (Prince) of the ].


Alternate renditions of his name include {{langx|lt|Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis}}, {{langx|be|Мікалай Радзівіл Чорны}}, and {{langx|la|Nicolaus Radvil}}. His first name is sometimes given in English as Nicholas.<ref name=Suz/><ref name="Penson">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA405|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=405}}</ref>
Miko&#322;aj Czarny was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance between his cousin ] and king ]. This made him one of the most powerful Royal advisers. Mikolaj became Marshal of Lithuania, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, as well as Palatine of Vilnius, gained immense wealth and became the most powerful magnate in the Commonwealth of that time.


==Political influence==
The new status of the ] was further strengthened when, during his ] to ] and ], a hereditary title of ] (SRI) was granted to him and his cousin Mikolaj the Red. This was an extremly important title in the Commonwealth, were all szlachta were supposed to be equal and majority of titles popular in other countries, like ] or ] were banned and none could be awarded by the Commonwealth king.
Mikołaj was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance between his cousin ] and the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania ].<ref name=hist>Peter Paul Bajer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231031433/http://www.szlachta.org/2radziwill.htm |date=31 December 2006 }}</ref> This made him one of the most powerful royal advisers. Mikołaj became ], Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, as well as ], gained immense wealth and became the most powerful magnate in the Commonwealth of that time. The growing influence of the ] was further bolstered when, during a ] to ] and ], he and his cousin Mikołaj the Red received a hereditary title of ''Prince'' (] (SRI)).<ref name=hist/>


He formed an alliance with his cousin ] against other notable Lithuanian families in the rivalry for the dominant status in the Great Duchy. This alliance marked the formation of a dynastic-like cooperation between Radziwi&#322;&#322;s and showed how family interests could affect magnates relations with ] (the Commonwealth). Both Radziwi&#322;&#322;s backed the cause of Lithuania independence. He formed an alliance with his cousin ] against other notable Lithuanian families in the rivalry for the dominant status in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. This alliance marked the formation of a dynastic-like cooperation between Radziwiłłs and showed how family interests could affect ]s' relations with the state.<ref name=hist/> Both Radziwiłłs backed the cause of Lithuania's ] and opposed the growing ].<ref name=hist/>


Coincidentally, despite opposing close ties with Poland, he was the chief negotatiator in the successful negotiation between Poland and the state controlled by the ], which led to the ] of ] and its union with Poland in 1562. Despite opposing close ties with Poland, he was the chief negotiator in the successful negotiation between the ] and the state controlled by the ], which led to the ] of ] and its union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1562.<ref name=hist/>


Mikołaj contributed to the ongoing ] of the Grand Duchy, influencing other Lithuanian nobles to follow him in adopting Polish culture{{spaced ndash}}its fashion, customs and language.<ref name=hist/> Despite being a fervent opponent of the closer union with Poland, he was an active supporter of ] in Lithuania. He himself did not speak Lithuanian, his knowledge of ] was limited. Polish was his native language and the only one he was able to use fluently.<ref>Jasnowski 2014, p. 283.</ref><ref>Frost 2015, p. 441.</ref>
Miko&#322;aj also greatly furthered the poloniasation of other Lithuanian nobles by adopting Polish culture - it's fashion, customs and language.


==Religious activities==
⚫ He was known for his religious beliefs, as he was one of the most prominent converts and advocates of the ] faith in Poland. He provided financial support for the printing of the first Polish ] of the ] in 1563, colporated works written in defense of the ] faith, financed a magnificent church and college at Vilnius, supported learned Protestants, and in various other ways fostered the ] faith.


⚫ He was known for his religious beliefs, as he was one of the most prominent converts and advocates of the ] faith in ].<ref name=hist/> He provided financial support for the printing of the first complete ] of the ] in 1563 in ], distributed works written in defense of the ], financed a church and college in Vilnius, supported educated Protestants, and in various other ways fostered the ] faith.<ref name=hist/> He is known to have exchanged letters with ] and protected religious exiles from ]. Because Protestants supported usage of local languages, he is also believed to have funded Lithuanian churches and schools.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
{{stub}}


==Legacy==
]
With the exception of his daughter Anna, all his children converted to ] and became ardent supporters of the ].{{cn|date=March 2024}}
]

]
He is remembered by a statue in the ].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Tapestry dedicated to Mikolaj the Black Radziwill.jpg|] which depicts ] granting the title of prince to Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł in 1547
HJRK A 1412 Radziwill.jpg|Armor which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
Tournament helmet of Mikolaj the Black Radziwill.jpg|Tournament helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
Helmet of Mikolaj the Black Radziwill.jpg|German-made ]-styled helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis. Arklio šarvai.Chanfron of Mikalojus Radvila the Black.jpg|] which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
The Radziwill Bible.jpg|The Radziwiłł Bible (1563), printed in his printing house in ]
</gallery>

==Citations and references==
{{Reflist}}

===Cited sources===
* Józef Jasnowski, ''Mikołaj Czarny Radziwiłł (1515-1565). Kanclerz i marszałek ziemski Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, wojewoda wileński'', Oświęcim 2014.

{{Grand Marshals of Lithuania}}
{{Grand Chancellors of Lithuania}}

{{Great Hetmans of Lithuania}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radziwill, Mikolaj the Black}}
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Latest revision as of 22:56, 11 November 2024

Polish–Lithuanian noble (1515–1565) For other people with the name of Mikołaj Radziwiłł, see Mikołaj Radziwiłł (disambiguation).
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Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black
Portrait of Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black
Born4 February 1515
Nesvizh, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (now in Belarus)
Died28 May 1565(1565-05-28) (aged 50)
Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Resting placeDubingiai, Lithuania
SpouseElżbieta Szydłowiecka
Childrenwith Elżbieta Szydłowiecka:
Mikolaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł
Elżbieta Radziwiłł
Zofia Agnieszka Radziwiłł
Anna Magdalena Radziwiłł
Jerzy Radziwiłł
Albrycht Radziwiłł [pl]
Stanisław Pius Radziwiłł
Krystyna Radziwiłł
Parent(s)Jan Radziwiłł
Anna Kiszka
Reburial of Mikołaj the Black in the Dubingiai, Lithuania

Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed the Black (Polish: Czarny, Lithuanian: Juodasis), was a Lithuanian and Polish noble who held several administrative positions within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the Voivode of Vilnius, Grand Lithuanian Chancellor, and the Grand Hetman of Lithuania. He was also Reichsfürst (Prince) of the Holy Roman Empire.

Alternate renditions of his name include Lithuanian: Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis, Belarusian: Мікалай Радзівіл Чорны, and Latin: Nicolaus Radvil. His first name is sometimes given in English as Nicholas.

Political influence

Mikołaj was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance between his cousin Barbara Radziwiłł and the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus. This made him one of the most powerful royal advisers. Mikołaj became Marshal of Lithuania, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, as well as Palatine of Vilnius, gained immense wealth and became the most powerful magnate in the Commonwealth of that time. The growing influence of the Radziwiłł family was further bolstered when, during a diplomatic mission to Charles V and Ferdinand I, he and his cousin Mikołaj the Red received a hereditary title of Prince (Reichsfürst (SRI)).

He formed an alliance with his cousin Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł against other notable Lithuanian families in the rivalry for the dominant status in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. This alliance marked the formation of a dynastic-like cooperation between Radziwiłłs and showed how family interests could affect magnates' relations with the state. Both Radziwiłłs backed the cause of Lithuania's sovereignty and opposed the growing Polish-Lithuanian union.

Despite opposing close ties with Poland, he was the chief negotiator in the successful negotiation between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the state controlled by the Livonian Order, which led to the secularisation of Livonia and its union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1562.

Mikołaj contributed to the ongoing Polonisation of the Grand Duchy, influencing other Lithuanian nobles to follow him in adopting Polish culture – its fashion, customs and language. Despite being a fervent opponent of the closer union with Poland, he was an active supporter of Polish culture in Lithuania. He himself did not speak Lithuanian, his knowledge of Ruthenian was limited. Polish was his native language and the only one he was able to use fluently.

Religious activities

He was known for his religious beliefs, as he was one of the most prominent converts and advocates of the Reformed churches faith in Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He provided financial support for the printing of the first complete Polish translation of the Bible in 1563 in Brest-Litovsk, distributed works written in defense of the Reformed faith, financed a church and college in Vilnius, supported educated Protestants, and in various other ways fostered the Calvinist faith. He is known to have exchanged letters with John Calvin and protected religious exiles from Italy. Because Protestants supported usage of local languages, he is also believed to have funded Lithuanian churches and schools.

Legacy

With the exception of his daughter Anna, all his children converted to Roman Catholicism and became ardent supporters of the Counter Reformation.

He is remembered by a statue in the Brest Millennium Monument.

Gallery

  • Tapestry which depicts Emperor Charles V granting the title of prince to Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł in 1547 Tapestry which depicts Emperor Charles V granting the title of prince to Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł in 1547
  • Armor which belonged to Mikołaj the Black Armor which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
  • Tournament helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black Tournament helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
  • German-made Oriental-styled helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black German-made Oriental-styled helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
  • Chanfron which belonged to Mikołaj the Black Chanfron which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
  • The Radziwiłł Bible (1563), printed in his printing house in Lithuanian Brest The Radziwiłł Bible (1563), printed in his printing house in Lithuanian Brest

Citations and references

  1. ^ Saulius A. Suziedelis (7 February 2011). Historical Dictionary of Lithuania. Scarecrow Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-8108-7536-4.
  2. M. L. Bush.Rich noble, poor noble.1988, p.46
  3. Oskar Halecki; W: F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP Archive. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-00-128802-4.
  4. ^ Peter Paul Bajer Short history of the Radziwill Family Archived 31 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Jasnowski 2014, p. 283.
  6. Frost 2015, p. 441.

Cited sources

  • Józef Jasnowski, Mikołaj Czarny Radziwiłł (1515-1565). Kanclerz i marszałek ziemski Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, wojewoda wileński, Oświęcim 2014.
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