Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 03:19, 11 October 2024

Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997

Enacted by	the 105th United States Congress
Effective	November 19, 1997
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 105–89 (text) (PDF)
Legislative history
Introduced in the House by Dave Camp (R-MI) on February 27, 1997 Committee consideration by Ways and Means Passed the House on April 30, 1997 (Yeas: 416; Nays: 5) Passed the Senate on November 8, 1997 (Unanimous consent) Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 19, 1997

The Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA, Public Law 105–89) was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 19, 1997, after having been approved by the United States Congress earlier in the month.

Background

ASFA was enacted in a bipartisan manner to correct problems inherent within the foster care system that deterred adoption and led to foster care drift. Many of these problems had stemmed from an earlier bill, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, although they had not been anticipated when that law was passed, as states decided to interpret that law as requiring biological families be kept together no matter what. The biggest change to the law was how ASFA amended Title IV-E of the Social Security Act regarding funding.

Moreover, ASFA marked a fundamental change to child welfare thinking, shifting the emphasis towards children's health and safety concerns and away from a policy of reuniting children with their birth parents without regard to prior abusiveness. As such, ASFA was considered the most sweeping change to the U.S. adoption and foster care system in some two decades. One of ASFA's lead sponsors, Republican Senator John H. Chafee of Rhode Island, said, "We will not continue the current system of always putting the needs and rights of the biological parents first. ... It's time we recognize that some families simply cannot and should not be kept together."

Ideas for the bill originated with both Democrats and Republicans. First Lady of the United States Hillary Clinton originally voiced interest in the issue of orphaned children in an article she wrote in 1995. She then held public events to bring the issue exposure, and met with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services officials and private foundation executives over policy questions and recommendations. She cited the Act as the achievement which she initiated and shepherded that provided her with the greatest satisfaction. The bill began in Congress with bipartisan support, then became contentious over issues of terminating birth parents' rights to children and funding levels for programs to keep children out of foster care. Hillary Clinton played a key role in finding a compromise between Republicans and Democrats on the latter issue after negotiations first broke down.

Legislative history

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Dave Camp, Republican representatives for Michigan's 4th district at the time, introduced the ASFA to the House Committee on Ways and Means on February 27, 1997. The committee heard several witnesses that advocated for the ASFA while providing relevant inferences as to the state of the current adoption system. The first version of the bill as presented to the committee, Title I section 5, required that actions be taken to strip parental rights from parents who have neglected their child for "18 months of the most recent 24 months". Maureen K. Hogan, executive director of the Adopt a Special Kid/America, spoke as a witness at the February 27th committee hearing and suggested that section 5 of Title I be amended to suggest "placing a 12- month limit on family reunification" in place of the original language. (cite committee hearing). The final form of the bill, taking into consideration Mrs. Hogan's suggestion, landed on the "15 of the most recent 22 months" timeline.

On November 13, the house and senate agreed on the final version of the bill and voted in favor of its passing. President Bill Clinton Signed the ASFA into law on November 19, 1997. Throughout the process of drafting the ASFA, Congress in both the Senate and the house emphasized the need for speedy legislative reform for the foster care system. In greeting the final measure, Bill Clinton stated that the bill "makes clear that children's health and safety are the paramount concerns."

Major provisions

The major provisions of the law include:

Title I: Reasonable Efforts and Safety Requirements for Foster Care and Adoption Placements:

• Requires that States move to terminate parental rights for children who have been in Foster Care for 15 out of the last 22 months
• Exceptions to the 15/22 rule include:
  1. When the child is in a Foster Home with a biological relative (Kinship Care)
  2. When the Agency documents a compelling reason why parental termination is not in the Child's best interest
  3. When the State has failed to provide services necessary for reunification
• Requires that Permanency Hearings be held every 12 months
• Clarifies cases in which States are not required to reunite Families (Aggravated Circumstances)
• Expands family preservation and support services
• Requires background checks for all foster parent applicants and prohibits approval for any individual that has committed a felony or violence against child in the past five years.

Title II: Incentives for Providing Permanent Families for Children:

• Extends subsidies for adoptive children
• Provides incentives for States to improve adoption rates
• Requires States to document efforts to move children toward adoption
• Expands health care coverage for adoptive children
• Provides funding for efforts at encouraging adoption

Title III: Additional Improvements and Reforms:

• Clarifies that interstate boundaries should not delay adoption.
• Requires that children with disabilities entered into foster care are provided adequate health insurance.

Title IV: Miscellaneous:

• Allows parents to assign next of kin if they are in a near-death situation so that their child does not have to enter foster care

Impact

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2020)

As a result, some states have relied upon the three exceptions in the law more as part of stressing reunification, while other states have stressed adoption.

Twelve years after the Implementation of ASFA, the Urban Institute's Center for Social Policy did a study reviewing the effectiveness of AFSA. In the study conclusion, The Urban Institute declared that AFSA had increased the number of children leaving foster care, but that AFSA had failed to properly support blood relatives. Multiple other studies show that ASFA increased foster care exits, including Chapin Hill's study showing a significant increase in adoption rates. Other researchers have shown that not only did adoptions increase, but that permanency placements happened at a statistically significantly faster rate.

The number of youth adopted from care has steadily risen since ASFA's passage: up from roughly 38,000 in 1998 to over 66,000 in 2019, according to federal data.

In a research study of California child welfare cases, researchers show an increase in the rate of reunification and a decline in foster care re-entry (e.g., recidivism) rate in the post-ASFA era.

In a report published in 2018 by the "Memphis Law Review", Texas Tech University law professor DeLeith Gossett said “The act's financial incentives have disrupted families permanently by the speedy termination of parental rights, without the accompanying move from foster care to adoptive homes" and said "The programs that the Adoption and Safe Families Act govern thwart its very purpose as children continue to languish in foster care waiting for permanent adoptive homes, often until they age out of the system into negative life outcomes." “ASFA was blamed for leaving a lot of children as orphans and that certainly wasn't the intention of ASFA," she said. "There has been concern we moved to permanency but didn't pay attention to the parent's needs."

See also

• Adoption 2002
• Uniform Adoption Act

References

1. ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (November 17, 1997). "Clinton to Approve Sweeping Shift in Adoption". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
2. ^ Sengupta, Somini (October 29, 2000). "Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
3. ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
4. Hort, Katherine A. (2000). "Is Twenty-two Months Beyond the Best Interest of the Child? ASFA's Guidelines for the Termination of Parental Rights". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 29 (6). Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
5. "Intentions and Results: A Look Back at The Adoption and Safe Families Act". Urban Institute. December 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
6. Wulczyn, Fred; Hislop, Kristen; Chen, Lijun (2005). Adoption Dynamics: An Update on the Impact of the Adoption and Safe Families Act (PDF) (Report). Chapin Hall Working Paper. Chapin Hall Center for Children. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
7. Rockhill, Anna (February 2007). "Is the Adoption and Safe Families Act Influencing Child Welfare Outcomes for Families With Substance Abuse Issues?". Child Maltreatment. 12 (1): 13. doi:10.1177/1077559506296139. PMID 17218644.
8. "Adoption & Foster Care Statistics". Children's Bureau. ACF. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
9. Wulczyn, F. (2004). "Family reunification". The Future of Children. 14 (1): 94–113. doi:10.2307/1602756. JSTOR 1602756. PMID 15072020.
10. Gossett, DeLeith Duke (December 9, 2018). "The Client: How States Are Profiting from the Child's Right to Protection" (PDF). The University of Memphis Law Review. 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

External links

• Full text of Adoption and Safe Families Act

v t e Hillary Clinton
11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (2020–present) 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013) US Senator from New York (2001–2009) First Lady of the United States (1993–2001) First Lady of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)
Secretary of State	Tenure as Secretary Foreign trips Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review Foreign policy of the Obama administration Hillary Doctrine Email controversy UN Security Council Resolution 1888 UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
US senator	Senate career Family Entertainment Protection Act Flag Protection Act of 2005
First Lady	Tenure as First Lady 1993 health care reform Hillaryland Travel office controversy FBI files controversy "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Vital Voices Save America's Treasures State Children's Health Insurance Program Adoption and Safe Families Act Foster Care Independence Act White House Millennium Council
Arkansas	Legal career Career in corporate governance Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families Rose Law Firm Legal Services Corporation Whitewater controversy Cattle futures controversy
Philanthropic	Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together
Speeches and policies	Political positions "Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995) "Basket of deplorables" (2016)
Writings	Bibliography Senior thesis (1969) It Takes a Village (1996) Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998) An Invitation to the White House (2000) Living History (2003) Hard Choices (2014) Stronger Together (2016) What Happened (2017) The Book of Gutsy Women (2019) State of Terror (2021)
Electoral history	Senatorial elections 2000 US Senate election in New York 2006 US Senate election in New York 2008 Democratic presidential primaries Campaign Endorsements Debates Convention 2016 US presidential election Campaign Endorsements political non-political screen and stage performers other celebrities Democratic primaries debates running mate selection convention Democratic opposition General election debates Hillary Victory Fund
Legacy	Awards and honors Books about Public image Clinton National Airport
Popular culture	Hillary 1984 Saturday Night Live parodies Hillary Clinton: The Power of Women (2015 documentary) Hillary and Clinton (2016 play) Hillary (2020 documentary)
Family	Bill Clinton (husband presidency) Chelsea Clinton (daughter) Hugh E. Rodham (father) Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother) Hugh Rodham (brother) Tony Rodham (brother) Socks (cat) Buddy (dog) Whitehaven (residence)
Other	Situation Room (2011 photograph) Activities after 2016

• Acts of the 105th United States Congress
• Adoption law in the United States
• Foster care in the United States
• United States federal child welfare legislation