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{{Short description|Fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia}}
]]]
{{Expand Russian|topic=struct|Соловецкий монастырь|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Solovetsky Monastery
| image = Соловецкий монастырь.jpg
|native_name = {{lang|ru|Солове́цкий монасты́рь}}
| full =
| other_names =
| order = ]
| established = 1436
| disestablished = {{circa}} 1917
| reestablished = 1990s
| mother =
| diocese =
| churches =
| founder = ]
| dedication =
| people = ], ]
| location = ], ], ], ]
| coord = {{Coord|65|01|28|N|35|42|38|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:RU}}
| oscoor =
| other_info =
| public_access = Yes
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|ID = 632
|Year = 1992
|Criteria = Cultural: iv
|Danger =
}}
| imagelink =
| assocpastor =
| asstpastor =
| deaconness =
| elder =
}}
The '''Solovetsky Monastery''' ({{langx|ru|Солове́цкий монасты́рь}}, {{IPA|ru|səlɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪj mənɐˈstɨrʲ|IPA}}) is a fortified ] located on the ] in the ] in northern Russia. It was one of the largest Christian ]s in northern Russia before it was converted into a ] prison and ] in 1926 to 1939, and served as a prototype for the camps of the ] system. The ] has experienced several major changes and military sieges. Its most important structures date from the 16th century, when ] was its ] (comparable to an ]).


== History ==
'''Solovetsky Monastery''' (''Соловецкий монастырь'' in ]), a ] on the ] in the ].
]The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 by the monk ]; however, ]s ] and ] from the ] lived on the island from 1429 to 1436, and are considered to be co-founders of the monastery. Zosima later became the first ] of the monastery. After ], wife of the ] of ], donated her lands at ] and Summa to the monastery in 1450, the monastery quickly enlarged its holdings, which was situated strategically on the shores of the White Sea.


Solovetsky Monastery was founded in the late ] by ]s ] and ] of ]. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery quickly enlarged its ], which was situated on the shores of the White Sea and the rivers falling into it. Solovetsky Monastery extended its producing and commercial activity, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. ]s of the monastery were appointed by the ] himself and the ]. In ], Solovetsky Monastery became ] (from ]: ''stauros'' - ], ''pegio'' - to affirm), i.e. it subordinated directly to the ]. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery extended its commercial activities, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. This included ] (in the 1660s, it owned 54 of them), ], fishing, ] works, ], ] works, among others. ]s of the monastery were appointed by the ] himself and the ].
] (unknown – January 13/23, 1656) has a vision of the future ]'s omophorion becoming a snake. After Nikon started criticizing the brotherhood, Eleazar subsequently banished Nikon from the monastery (which would soon become an ] stronghold).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.staropomor.ru/Ist(6)/stradalcy.html|title=Старопоморы-федосеевцы / История / Симеон Денисов князь Мышецкий. "История об отцах и страдальцах Соловецких иже за благочестие и святые церковные законы и предания в настоящее времена великодушно пострадаша"|website=www.staropomor.ru|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref>]]
By the 17th century, the Solovetsky Monastery had about 350 monks, 600–700 ]s, ]s and ]s. In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the ]s of the ] of the ] (schism) in the Russian Orthodox Church. The ] of 1668–1676 was aimed at ]'s ] reform and took on an anti-] nature. In 1765, the monastery became ] (from the Greek ''stauros'' meaning "]" and ''pegio'' meaning "to affirm"), i.e. it was subordinated directly to the ].


Together with the Sumskoy and ] ]s, the Solovetsky Monastery served as an important ] fortress with dozens of ]s and a strong ]. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling the attacks of the ] and the ] (in 1571, 1582 and 1611).{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
Solovetsky Monastery's "business" activity included ] (in the ], it owned 54 of them), ] production, ], ], ] works, ], ] works etc., which had engaged many people dependent on the monastery.


]". A ] (popular print) from 1868]]
By the ], Solovetsky Monastery had already had some 350 monks, 600-700 ]s, ]s and ]s. In the ] and 1660s, the monastery was one of the ]s of the ]. The ] of ]-] was aimed at ]'s ] reform and took on an ] nature.
During the ], the Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three ] ships. After nine hours of shelling on the 6 and 7 July 1854 the vessels left with nothing.


Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky ]s, Solovetsky Monastery represented an important ] ] with dozens of ]s and a strong ]. In the 16th - 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling the attacks of the ] and the ] (in ], ] and ]). In ], Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three ] ships. After 9 hours of ] on the 6th and the 7th of ], the ]s left with nothing. Between the 16th and the early 20th centuries, the monastery was also a place of ] for the ]s of ] and official ] and a center of ] in the north of ]. The monastery also had a huge ] of ]s and old books. Between the 16th and the early 20th centuries, the monastery was also a place of exile for the opponents of ] and official ] and a center of ] in the north of Russia. The monastery also had a large library of ]s and books.
The ] of the Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay (''&#1073;&#1091;&#1093;&#1090;&#1072; &#1041;&#1083;&#1072;&#1075;&#1086;&#1087;&#1086;&#1083;&#1091;&#1095;&#1080;&#1103;'') on the ]. The territory of the Solovetsky Monastery is surrounded by massive walls (height - 8 to 11 ], thickness - 4 to 6 m) with 7 gates and 8 towers (built in ]-] by an ] named Trifon), made mainly of huge ]s up to 5 m in length. There are also ] edifices on the monastery's grounds (the principal ones are interconnected with roofed and arched passages), surrounded by multiple household buildings and living quarters, including a ] (a 500 ] ]) with the Uspensky ] (built in ]-]), Preobrazhensky Cathedral (]-]), Church of ] (]&#8212;]), stone chambers (]), ] (early ]), ] (]), and Church of Nicholas (]).


]
Today, the Solovetsky Monastery is a historical and architecural ]. It is one of the first Russian sites to have been inscribed in the ] ] list.
The monastery garden also had some exotic flora, such as the Tibetan wild roses presented to the monks by ], a Lama.


After the ] and ], the Soviet authorities closed down the monastery and incorporated many of the buildings into ], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the ] during the 1920s and 1930s. "In the earliest years of the Soviet prison system, the Solovetsky Special Prison Camp (SLON) was home to a large group of . . . imprisoned writers."<ref>Lydia Roberts, review of ''Intellectual Life and Literature at Solovki 1923–1930; The Paris of the Northern Concentration Camps'' by Andrea Gullotta (Legenda, 2018) in ''Los Angeles Review of Books'', 3 May 2018.</ref> The camp main activity was logging, and when most of the surrounding area had been deforested, the camp was closed. Before the Second World War, a naval cadet school was opened on the island.
]

A small brotherhood of monks has re-established activities in the monastery after the ], and it currently houses about ten monks. The monastery has also recently been extensively repaired, but remains under reconstruction. The Solovetsky Monastery is also an historical and architectural ]. It was one of the first Russian sites to have been inscribed in the ] ].<ref name=unesco>{{cite web|title=Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/632|website=World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

== Layout ==
The Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay (''бухта Благополучия'') on ]. The monastery is surrounded by massive wall 8 to 11 meters high and 4 to 6 meters thick. The wall incorporates 7 gates and 8 towers (built in 1584–1594 by an architect named Trifon), made mainly of huge ]s up to several ] of weight. There are also religious buildings on the monastery's grounds with the principal structures interconnected with roofed and arched passages. They are in turn surrounded by multiple household buildings and living quarters, including a ] (a 500&nbsp;m² ]) with the Uspensky ] (built in 1552–1557), Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1556–1564), Church of ] (1596–1601), stone chambers (1615), ] (early 17th century), ] (1777), and Church of Nicholas (1834).

==Appearances in media==
In '']'', the monastery appears as a location for a possible final mission.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
] (1997 (Modification of 2010) issue.]]
{{Commons category|Solovetsky Monastery}}
*{{in lang|ru}}
*{{in lang|ru}}
* Photo album at NYPL Digital Gallery
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711103405/http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/06/24/miracle_of_light_solovki_transfiguration_monastery.html |date=2012-07-11 }}
*, Azerbaijani Alakbar Rezaguliyev, "Black and White Realities of Stalin's Era, ''Azerbaijan International'', Vol. 13:4 (Winter 2005), pp. 40-45.


==Bibliography==
*Brumfield, William. ''Solovki: Architectural Heritage in Photographs'' (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2008) {{ASIN|B002P5OP1I}} {{OCLC|255613915}} (in English and in Russian)

{{Russian North}}
{{Major fortresses of Western Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 07:22, 29 November 2024

Fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia
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Solovetsky Monastery
Солове́цкий монасты́рь
Monastery information
OrderRussian Orthodox Church
Established1436
Disestablishedc. 1917
Reestablished1990s
People
Founder(s)Zosimas of Solovki
Important associated figuresHerman of Solovki, Savvatiy
Site
LocationOnega Bay, Solovetsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
Coordinates65°01′28″N 35°42′38″E / 65.02444°N 35.71056°E / 65.02444; 35.71056
Public accessYes
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaCultural: iv
Reference632
Inscription1992 (16th Session)

The Solovetsky Monastery (Russian: Солове́цкий монасты́рь, IPA: [səlɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪj mənɐˈstɨrʲ]) is a fortified monastery located on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea in northern Russia. It was one of the largest Christian citadels in northern Russia before it was converted into a Soviet prison and labor camp in 1926 to 1939, and served as a prototype for the camps of the Gulag system. The monastery has experienced several major changes and military sieges. Its most important structures date from the 16th century, when Filip Kolychev was its hegumen (comparable to an abbot).

History

The monastery in the 1780s.

The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 by the monk Zosima; however, monks Herman and Savvatiy from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery lived on the island from 1429 to 1436, and are considered to be co-founders of the monastery. Zosima later became the first hegumen of the monastery. After Marfa Boretskaya, wife of the posadnik of Novgorod, donated her lands at Kem and Summa to the monastery in 1450, the monastery quickly enlarged its holdings, which was situated strategically on the shores of the White Sea.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the monastery extended its commercial activities, becoming an economic and political center of the White Sea region. This included saltworks (in the 1660s, it owned 54 of them), trapping, fishing, mica works, ironworks, pearl works, among others. Archmandrites of the monastery were appointed by the tsar himself and the patriarch.

Saint Eleazar of Anzersky (unknown – January 13/23, 1656) has a vision of the future Patriarch Nikon's omophorion becoming a snake. After Nikon started criticizing the brotherhood, Eleazar subsequently banished Nikon from the monastery (which would soon become an Old Believer stronghold).

By the 17th century, the Solovetsky Monastery had about 350 monks, 600–700 servants, artisans and peasants. In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the strongholds of the Old Believers of the Raskol (schism) in the Russian Orthodox Church. The Solovetsky Monastery Uprising of 1668–1676 was aimed at Patriarch Nikon's ecclesiastic reform and took on an anti-feudal nature. In 1765, the monastery became stauropegic (from the Greek stauros meaning "cross" and pegio meaning "to affirm"), i.e. it was subordinated directly to the Synod.

Together with the Sumskoy and Kemsky stockades, the Solovetsky Monastery served as an important frontier fortress with dozens of cannons and a strong garrison. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the monastery succeeded a number of times in repelling the attacks of the Livonian Order and the Swedes (in 1571, 1582 and 1611).

"Bombardment of the Solovetsky Monastery by the English Navy". A lubok (popular print) from 1868

During the Crimean War, the Solovetsky Monastery was attacked by three British ships. After nine hours of shelling on the 6 and 7 July 1854 the vessels left with nothing.

Between the 16th and the early 20th centuries, the monastery was also a place of exile for the opponents of autocracy and official Orthodoxy and a center of Christianization in the north of Russia. The monastery also had a large library of manuscripts and books.

The monastery in August 2009.

The monastery garden also had some exotic flora, such as the Tibetan wild roses presented to the monks by Agvan Dorzhiev, a Lama.

After the Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War, the Soviet authorities closed down the monastery and incorporated many of the buildings into Solovki prison camp, one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the gulag during the 1920s and 1930s. "In the earliest years of the Soviet prison system, the Solovetsky Special Prison Camp (SLON) was home to a large group of . . . imprisoned writers." The camp main activity was logging, and when most of the surrounding area had been deforested, the camp was closed. Before the Second World War, a naval cadet school was opened on the island.

A small brotherhood of monks has re-established activities in the monastery after the collapse of communism, and it currently houses about ten monks. The monastery has also recently been extensively repaired, but remains under reconstruction. The Solovetsky Monastery is also an historical and architectural museum. It was one of the first Russian sites to have been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Layout

The Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay (бухта Благополучия) on Solovetsky Island. The monastery is surrounded by massive wall 8 to 11 meters high and 4 to 6 meters thick. The wall incorporates 7 gates and 8 towers (built in 1584–1594 by an architect named Trifon), made mainly of huge boulders up to several tonnes of weight. There are also religious buildings on the monastery's grounds with the principal structures interconnected with roofed and arched passages. They are in turn surrounded by multiple household buildings and living quarters, including a refectory (a 500 m² chamber) with the Uspensky Cathedral (built in 1552–1557), Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1556–1564), Church of Annunciation (1596–1601), stone chambers (1615), watermill (early 17th century), bell tower (1777), and Church of Nicholas (1834).

Appearances in media

In Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, the monastery appears as a location for a possible final mission.

References

  1. "Старопоморы-федосеевцы / История / Симеон Денисов князь Мышецкий. "История об отцах и страдальцах Соловецких иже за благочестие и святые церковные законы и предания в настоящее времена великодушно пострадаша"". www.staropomor.ru. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  2. Lydia Roberts, review of Intellectual Life and Literature at Solovki 1923–1930; The Paris of the Northern Concentration Camps by Andrea Gullotta (Legenda, 2018) in Los Angeles Review of Books, 3 May 2018.
  3. "Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

External links

Solovetsky Monastery, as depicted on the 500-ruble banknote (1997 (Modification of 2010) issue.


Bibliography

  • Brumfield, William. Solovki: Architectural Heritage in Photographs (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2008) ASIN B002P5OP1I OCLC 255613915 (in English and in Russian)
Russian North
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Monasteries
Major fortresses of Western Russia
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