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{{Short description|Political ideology}}
'''Croatian nationalism''' has for a long time been the aspiration of the ]n people for national independence: the creation of a ]. The country did eventually achieve independence in the late 20th century (the first time since 1102).
] as the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia in 1495]]
] of King ], the first Croatian king ({{reign | {{circa | 925}} | 928}})]]
'''Croatian nationalism''' is ] that asserts the ] of ] and promotes the cultural unity of Croats.


Modern Croatian nationalism first arose in the 19th century after Budapest exerted increasing pressure for ] of Croats; the movement started to grow especially after the ] of 1848 which ignored ] within the ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=104}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lect07.htm |title = Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867}}</ref> Croatian nationalism was based on two main ideas: a historical right to ] based on a continuity with the ] and an ] associated with other ] - especially ].<ref>
Croatian nationalism is largely based on the concept of the "Croatian historical right". This concept implies that all territories that belonged to Croatia at any point in its history are "rightfully" Croatian and should again be part of the Croatian state.
{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Motyl
| editor-first = Alexander J.
| editor-link = Alexander J. Motyl
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Nationalism
| title = Croatian nationalism
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC
| access-date = 3 October 2022
| date = 2000-10-27
| publisher = Elsevier
| isbn = 9780080545240
| pages = 104
| quote = Two factors have been of immense importance in shaping modern Croatian national identity and nationalism. The first is the concept of historical state right, the belief that the medieval Croatian state never completely lost its independence. The second is various forms of identity associated with other Slavs, especially the Southern Slavs.
}}
</ref>
A Croatian revival started with the ] ({{circa | 1835}} onward), which founded the ] organisation {{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=104}} in 1842 and promoted ]. Illyrianism spawned two political movements: the ] (founded in 1861 and named after the concept of the ] (''pravaštvo''); led by ]), and ] (the term means "South-Slav-ism") under ] (1815-1905). Both Starčević and Strossmayer were largely limited in their influence to the Croatian ].<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Motyl
| editor-first = Alexander J.
| editor-link = Alexander J. Motyl
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Nationalism
| title = Croatian nationalism
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC
| access-date = 3 October 2022
| date = 2000-10-27
| publisher = Elsevier
| isbn = 9780080545240
| pages = 105
| quote = Both Starčević and Strossmayer had an important role in shaping Croatian identity, but their influence was limited largely to Croatia's intelligentsia.
}}
</ref>


Advocacy in favour of Yugoslavism as a means to achieve the unification of Croatian lands in opposition to their division under ] began with Strossmayer advocating this as being achievable within a federalized Yugoslav monarchy.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}{{failed verification|date=October 2022}}
In the 16th century, the ] conquered most of the lands that formerly belonged to ], and during Ottoman rule, most of these lands were populated by ethnic ]. At the end of the 17th century, these lands became part of the ] and were included within the Habsburg ]. The larger part of the population of the Frontier remained ethnic Serbs.


After the foundation of ] in 1918, a highly centralized state was established under the ] of 1921 in accordance with ] desires to ensure the unity of the Serbs; this caused resentment amongst Croats and other peoples in Yugoslavia. Dalmatian Croat and the principal ]-era Yugoslavist leader ] denounced the St. Vitus Day Constitution for establishing a Serb hegemony in Yugoslavia - contrary to the interests of Croats and other peoples in Yugoslavia.<ref>Spencer Tucker. ''Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History''. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.</ref> Croatian nationalists opposed the centralized state, with moderate nationalists demanding an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Croatian nationalism became a mass movement in the ] through ]'s ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} The demand by moderate Croatian nationalists for an autonomous Croatia - the ] - within Yugoslavia was accepted by the Yugoslav government in the ] of August 1939.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} This agreement angered Serbian nationalists, who opposed it on the grounds that it weakened the unity of ] in Yugoslavia; they asserted the importance of Serbian unity to Yugoslavia with the slogan "Strong Serbdom, Strong Yugoslavia".{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=471}} The agreement also angered ] (then known as "Yugoslav Muslims"), including the ] (JMO), that denounced the agreement's ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=57}}
The "Croatian historical right" concept claimed that the territory of the Military Frontier was "rightfully" Croatian, and that it should be "returned" to the Croatian crownland, no matter that a large part of its current residents were ethnic Serbs, and no matter that these Serbs settled there during Ottoman, and not Croatian administration.


A violent sectarian Croatian nationalism also developed prior to ] within ]'s ] movement (founded in 1929), which ] with ] and ] in its government of the "]" (1941-1945) during ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Under post-war ] rule in ], dominated by the part-Croat ] (in power 1944-1980), Croatian nationalism became largely dormant, except for the ] of 1967 to 1971, until the ] in 1991-1992 and the ]{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} of 1991 to 1995.
Some Croatian nationalists even claimed that Serbs are not a nation at all, but "Orthodox Croats", because according to them "only one political Croatian nation can exist in Croatia".


In its more extreme form, Croatian nationalism is marked by the desire for the establishment of a ]n state, by the idealization of peasant and of ] values, as well as by ].{{sfn|Blamires|2006|p=155}}
The "Croatian historical right" concept also claims that ] is "historically Croatian", since it belonged to the ] at one point in time.


==History==
Croatian nationalism reached a critical point in its development during ], when the Croatian ] fascist movement took to governing the ] with Hitler's sanction after the ] was occupied by the Axis troops in 1941. In accordance with the "Croatian historical rights" concept, the ] took contol over all of ] and the Serbian part of ], which was followed by persecutions against the ethnic Serb inhabitants who lived in these regions, as well against the ethnic Serb inhabitants in other parts of the fascist state. The Ustasha regime proclaimed that a part of the Serbs should be killed, another part expelled, and those who remained should be converted to ] and forced to become ].


===Austria-Hungary===
At the time this looked to be the final culmination of the nationalist dream: the creation of an independent nation state. However, because the country was actually a Nazi/Fascist ], and because of the atrocities committed by its authorities, the Croatian people eventually rejected that form of "independence" and joined the second incarnation of ].
], nicknamed ], considered to be father of Croatian nationalism]]
In the 19th century, opposition by Croats to Magyarization and desire for independence from ] led to the rise of Croatian nationalism.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=104}} The ] sought to awaken Croatian national consciousness and a standardize regional literary traditions which existed in a various dialects on a single standard language.<ref name="HE"/> Once the Croatian lands were culturally unified, the movement aimed at unifying the rest of the ] under the resurrected ''Illyrian'' name.<ref name="HE">{{citation |contribution-url=http://enciklopedija.hr//natuknica.aspx?ID=26455 |contribution=hrvatski narodni preporod |title=] |year=1999–2009 |publisher=] |language=hr}}</ref> Illyrianists during the ] sought to achieve political autonomy of Croatia within a federalized Habsburg monarchy.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} ] founded the ] in Croatia in 1861 that argued that legally, Croatia's right of statehood had never been abrogated by the Habsburg monarchy and thus Croatia was legally entitled to be an independent state.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Starčević regarded Croatia to include not only present-day Croatia but also what is now ], ] (], ], ]) and parts of what is today ] (], ])—all people in this ] whether ], ], or ] were defined as Croats.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}


During the 19th to mid-20th century Croatian nationalists competed with the increasingly Pan-Slavic ] and ] over the identity of Croats.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} The founder of Yugoslavism, Croatian ] ] advocated the unification of Croat lands into a Yugoslav monarchical federal state alongside other ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} However, in spite of both Starčević's and Strossmayer's competing visions of identity, neither of their views had much influence beyond Croatia's intelligentsia.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}
At this point, further display of Croatian nationalism became a reminder of the horrors of war, and was officially deprecated and suppressed. After a while the patriotic and nationalistic sentiment came to life again in the form of the ], and still later it made possible the actual declaration of independence of Croatia.


===Kingdom of Yugoslavia===
The ], while definitely a conflict fuelled by Croatian nationalism, was an outright clash with ], most notably the ]n one.
]]]
Croatian nationalism became a mass movement under the leadership of ], leader of the ] after 1918 upon the creation of ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Radić opposed Yugoslav unification, as he feared the loss of Croats' national rights in a highly centralized stated dominated by the numerically larger ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} The ] provoked and angered Croatian nationalists with the centralized Yugoslav state, and from 1928 to 1939, Croatian nationalism was defined as pursuing either some form of autonomy or independence from ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} In 1939, a compromise between the Yugoslav government and the autonomist Croatian Peasant Party led by ] was made with the creation of an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia known called the ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}


===Independent State of Croatia===
==References==
Croatian nationalism reached a critical point in its development during ], when the Croatian extreme nationalist and ] ] movement took to governing the ] (NDH) after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the ] and the creation of the NDH at the behest of ] and ] as an Italo-German ].{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} The Ustaše committed mass genocide against Serbs, Jews and Roma, and persecuted political opponents, including the communist ] and ] who fought against them.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}
*Vasilije Đ. Krestić, Genocidom do velike Hrvatske, Novi Sad - Beograd, 1998.


===Communist Yugoslavia===
==See also==
After the defeat of the Axis Powers in 1945 and the rise of communist ] as leader of a new communist-led Yugoslavia, Croatian nationalism along with other nationalisms were suppressed by state authorities.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} During the communist era, some Croatian communists were labeled as Croatian nationalists, respectively ] and ]. Hebrang was accused by Serbian newspapers that he had influenced Tito to act against Serbian interests, in reality Tito and Hebrang were political rivals, since Hebrang advocated Croatian interests at the federal level and was one of the major ] leaders. Hebrang also advocated change of Croatian borders, since, according to him, Croatian boundaries were clipped by ]' commission. He also argued against unfair exchange rates imposed on Croatia after 1945 and condemning show trials against people labeled as collaborationists. Hebrang wasn't a serious threat to Serbian interests, since he was demoted several times and in 1948 he was put under house arrest,{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=191}} and later killed.

Croatian nationalism did not disappear but remained dormant until the late 1960s to early 1970s with the outbreak of the ] movement calling for a decentralized Yugoslavia and greater autonomy for Croatia and the other republics from federal government control.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} These demands were effectively implemented by Tito's regime.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Croatian communists started to indicate on Serbian dominance in commanding party posts, posts in the army, police and secret police.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} However, main subject was the perceived subordinate status of standard ], at that time regarded as a Western variety of Serbo-Croatian.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} In 1967 ] called for designation of Croatian as a distinct language both for educational and publishing purposes.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}}
Because of such demands Tito gave an order to purge reformers in 1971 and 1972.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} Some 1,600 Croatian communists were ejected from the Communist Party or arrested.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}}

Such measures stopped the rise of nationalism in Yugoslavia, but Croatian nationalism continued to grow among Croat diaspora in South America, Australia, North America and Europe.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} Croatian political emigration was well-financed and often closely co-ordinated.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} Those groups were anti-communist since they originate from political emigrants who left Yugoslavia back in 1945.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}}

Croatian nationalism revived in both radical, independentist, and extremist forms in the late 1980s in response to the perceived threat of the ] agenda of ] who sought a strongly centralized Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}} Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 leading to the ] from 1991 to 1995.{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=105}}

The Croatian ruling elite helped the Bosnian ] to rise to power. The first leaders of the Bosnian HDZ opposed Tuđman's idea of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia; in response, ] was installed as leader of the HDZ. He founded the ] with the goal to merge it with Croatia at the end of the war.{{sfn|Nizich|1992|p=29}} Boban's project crashed in 1994 with the creation of the ].

===Modern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina===
]]]
Beginning in the 1980s, the Croatian nationalist movement was led by former communist general and historian ].{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=99}} Tuđman was, at first, a prominent communist, but in the 1960s he began to embrace nationalism.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=100}} He soon earned the favour of the Croat diaspora, helping him to raise millions of dollars toward the goal of establishing an independent Croatia.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=100}} Tuđman gathered ] intellectuals and sympathisers from among diaspora Croats and founded the ] (HDZ) in 1989.{{sfn|MacDonald|2002|p=100}} In 1990, Tuđman's HDZ won the first democratic elections in the ]. In 1991, ] and the following year, the ] broke out.

The Croatian ruling elite helped the Bosnian ] to rise to power. The first leaders of the Bosnian HDZ opposed Tuđman's idea of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia; in response, ] was installed as leader of the HDZ. He founded the ] with the goal to merge it with Croatia at the end of the war.{{sfn|Nizich|1992|p=29}} Boban's project crashed in 1994 with the creation of the ].

==Parties==
===Current===
*] (1990–present)
*] (1990–present)
*] (1990–present)
*] (1992–present)
*] (1993–present)
*] (1995–present)
*] (2004–present)
*] (2004–present)
*] (2005–present)
*] (2006–present)
*] (2007–present)
*] (2017–present)
*] (2020–present)

===Historical===
*] (1910–2010)
*] (2002–2011)
*] (2002–2009)
*] (2010–2011)

== Personalities ==

*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

== Related ideologies ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]

* ]
==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|last=Arbanas|first=Martin|title=Hrvatski nacionalizam i revolucija godine 1848|publisher=University of Pula. Faculty of Philosophy|year=2016}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bayram|first=Mürsel|title=Hırvat Milliyetçiliğinde Dil Unsurunun Rolü |trans-title=The Role of Language in Croatian Nationalism|journal=Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika |year=2015|issn=1305-5208|url=http://www.usak.org.tr/images_upload/files/UHP43FULL-2.pdf|access-date=2016-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409113223/http://www.usak.org.tr/images_upload/files/UHP43FULL-2.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-09|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Blamires|first=Cyprian P.|title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=1-57607-940-6}}
* {{cite journal|last=Krestić|first=Vasilije Đ.|title=Croatian pretensions to Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1848|journal=Balcanica|issue=45|year=2014|pages=267–294|doi=10.2298/BALC1445267K|url=http://dais.sanu.ac.rs/bitstream/id/18975/bitstream_18975.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=David Bruce|author-link=David Bruce MacDonald|title=Balkan holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0-7190-6466-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-227230-7| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC | access-date = 2013-02-03}}
* {{cite book|last=Nizich|first=Ivana|title=War Crimes in Bosnia-Herzegovina|year=1992|publisher=]|location=Manchester|isbn=1-56432-083-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989|year=1999|publisher=The Pennsylvania University Press|isbn=0-271-01810-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Uzelac|first=Gordana|year=2006|title=The Development of the Croatian Nation: An Historical and Sociological Analysis|location=Lewiston, NY|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press}}

{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Irredentism}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Croatian Nationalism}}
]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 11:30, 25 October 2024

Political ideology
An early version of the Croatian šahovnica as the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia in 1495
Statue in Zagreb of King Tomislav, the first Croatian king (r. c. 925 – 928)

Croatian nationalism is nationalism that asserts the nationality of Croats and promotes the cultural unity of Croats.

Modern Croatian nationalism first arose in the 19th century after Budapest exerted increasing pressure for Magyarization of Croats; the movement started to grow especially after the April Laws of 1848 which ignored Croatian autonomy within the Hungarian Kingdom. Croatian nationalism was based on two main ideas: a historical right to statehood based on a continuity with the medieval Croatian state and an identity associated with other Slavs - especially Southern Slavs. A Croatian revival started with the Illyrian movement (c. 1835 onward), which founded the Matica hrvatska organisation in 1842 and promoted "Illyrian" language. Illyrianism spawned two political movements: the Party of Rights (founded in 1861 and named after the concept of the Croatian state right (pravaštvo); led by Ante Starčević), and Yugoslavism (the term means "South-Slav-ism") under Josip Juraj Strossmayer (1815-1905). Both Starčević and Strossmayer were largely limited in their influence to the Croatian intelligentsia.

Advocacy in favour of Yugoslavism as a means to achieve the unification of Croatian lands in opposition to their division under Austria-Hungary began with Strossmayer advocating this as being achievable within a federalized Yugoslav monarchy.

After the foundation of Yugoslavia in 1918, a highly centralized state was established under the St. Vitus Day Constitution of 1921 in accordance with Serbian nationalist desires to ensure the unity of the Serbs; this caused resentment amongst Croats and other peoples in Yugoslavia. Dalmatian Croat and the principal World War I-era Yugoslavist leader Ante Trumbić denounced the St. Vitus Day Constitution for establishing a Serb hegemony in Yugoslavia - contrary to the interests of Croats and other peoples in Yugoslavia. Croatian nationalists opposed the centralized state, with moderate nationalists demanding an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia. Croatian nationalism became a mass movement in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia through Stjepan Radić's Croatian Peasant Party. The demand by moderate Croatian nationalists for an autonomous Croatia - the Banovina of Croatia - within Yugoslavia was accepted by the Yugoslav government in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939. This agreement angered Serbian nationalists, who opposed it on the grounds that it weakened the unity of Serbdom in Yugoslavia; they asserted the importance of Serbian unity to Yugoslavia with the slogan "Strong Serbdom, Strong Yugoslavia". The agreement also angered Bosniaks (then known as "Yugoslav Muslims"), including the Yugoslav Muslim Organization (JMO), that denounced the agreement's partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A violent sectarian Croatian nationalism also developed prior to World War II within Ante Pavelić's Ustaše movement (founded in 1929), which collaborated with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in its government of the "Independent State of Croatia" (1941-1945) during World War II. Under post-war communist rule in Yugoslavia, dominated by the part-Croat Tito (in power 1944-1980), Croatian nationalism became largely dormant, except for the Croatian Spring of 1967 to 1971, until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991-1992 and the Croatian War of Independence of 1991 to 1995.

In its more extreme form, Croatian nationalism is marked by the desire for the establishment of a Greater Croatian state, by the idealization of peasant and of patriarchal values, as well as by anti-Serb sentiment.

History

Austria-Hungary

Ante Starčević, nicknamed Father of the Nation, considered to be father of Croatian nationalism

In the 19th century, opposition by Croats to Magyarization and desire for independence from Austria-Hungary led to the rise of Croatian nationalism. The Illyrian movement sought to awaken Croatian national consciousness and a standardize regional literary traditions which existed in a various dialects on a single standard language. Once the Croatian lands were culturally unified, the movement aimed at unifying the rest of the South Slavs under the resurrected Illyrian name. Illyrianists during the Revolutions of 1848 sought to achieve political autonomy of Croatia within a federalized Habsburg monarchy. Ante Starčević founded the Party of Rights in Croatia in 1861 that argued that legally, Croatia's right of statehood had never been abrogated by the Habsburg monarchy and thus Croatia was legally entitled to be an independent state. Starčević regarded Croatia to include not only present-day Croatia but also what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia (Duchy of Carinthia, Carniola, Styria) and parts of what is today Serbia (Sanjak of Novi Pazar, Syrmia)—all people in this Greater Croatia whether Catholic, Muslim, or Orthodox were defined as Croats.

During the 19th to mid-20th century Croatian nationalists competed with the increasingly Pan-Slavic Illyrian movement and Yugoslavists over the identity of Croats. The founder of Yugoslavism, Croatian Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer advocated the unification of Croat lands into a Yugoslav monarchical federal state alongside other Yugoslavs. However, in spite of both Starčević's and Strossmayer's competing visions of identity, neither of their views had much influence beyond Croatia's intelligentsia.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Stjepan Radić

Croatian nationalism became a mass movement under the leadership of Stjepan Radić, leader of the Croatian People's Peasant Party after 1918 upon the creation of Yugoslavia. Radić opposed Yugoslav unification, as he feared the loss of Croats' national rights in a highly centralized stated dominated by the numerically larger Serbs. The assassination of Radić in 1928 provoked and angered Croatian nationalists with the centralized Yugoslav state, and from 1928 to 1939, Croatian nationalism was defined as pursuing either some form of autonomy or independence from Belgrade. In 1939, a compromise between the Yugoslav government and the autonomist Croatian Peasant Party led by Vladko Maček was made with the creation of an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia known called the Banovina of Croatia.

Independent State of Croatia

Croatian nationalism reached a critical point in its development during World War II, when the Croatian extreme nationalist and fascist Ustaše movement took to governing the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers and the creation of the NDH at the behest of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany as an Italo-German client state. The Ustaše committed mass genocide against Serbs, Jews and Roma, and persecuted political opponents, including the communist Yugoslav Partisans and Chetniks who fought against them.

Communist Yugoslavia

After the defeat of the Axis Powers in 1945 and the rise of communist Josip Broz Tito as leader of a new communist-led Yugoslavia, Croatian nationalism along with other nationalisms were suppressed by state authorities. During the communist era, some Croatian communists were labeled as Croatian nationalists, respectively Ivan Krajačić and Andrija Hebrang. Hebrang was accused by Serbian newspapers that he had influenced Tito to act against Serbian interests, in reality Tito and Hebrang were political rivals, since Hebrang advocated Croatian interests at the federal level and was one of the major Yugoslav Partisan leaders. Hebrang also advocated change of Croatian borders, since, according to him, Croatian boundaries were clipped by Milovan Đilas' commission. He also argued against unfair exchange rates imposed on Croatia after 1945 and condemning show trials against people labeled as collaborationists. Hebrang wasn't a serious threat to Serbian interests, since he was demoted several times and in 1948 he was put under house arrest, and later killed.

Croatian nationalism did not disappear but remained dormant until the late 1960s to early 1970s with the outbreak of the Croatian Spring movement calling for a decentralized Yugoslavia and greater autonomy for Croatia and the other republics from federal government control. These demands were effectively implemented by Tito's regime. Croatian communists started to indicate on Serbian dominance in commanding party posts, posts in the army, police and secret police. However, main subject was the perceived subordinate status of standard Croatian, at that time regarded as a Western variety of Serbo-Croatian. In 1967 Croatian Writers' Association called for designation of Croatian as a distinct language both for educational and publishing purposes. Because of such demands Tito gave an order to purge reformers in 1971 and 1972. Some 1,600 Croatian communists were ejected from the Communist Party or arrested.

Such measures stopped the rise of nationalism in Yugoslavia, but Croatian nationalism continued to grow among Croat diaspora in South America, Australia, North America and Europe. Croatian political emigration was well-financed and often closely co-ordinated. Those groups were anti-communist since they originate from political emigrants who left Yugoslavia back in 1945.

Croatian nationalism revived in both radical, independentist, and extremist forms in the late 1980s in response to the perceived threat of the Serbian nationalist agenda of Slobodan Milošević who sought a strongly centralized Yugoslavia. Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 leading to the Croatian War from 1991 to 1995.

The Croatian ruling elite helped the Bosnian HDZ to rise to power. The first leaders of the Bosnian HDZ opposed Tuđman's idea of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia; in response, Mate Boban was installed as leader of the HDZ. He founded the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia with the goal to merge it with Croatia at the end of the war. Boban's project crashed in 1994 with the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Modern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Franjo Tuđman

Beginning in the 1980s, the Croatian nationalist movement was led by former communist general and historian Franjo Tuđman. Tuđman was, at first, a prominent communist, but in the 1960s he began to embrace nationalism. He soon earned the favour of the Croat diaspora, helping him to raise millions of dollars toward the goal of establishing an independent Croatia. Tuđman gathered MASPOK intellectuals and sympathisers from among diaspora Croats and founded the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in 1989. In 1990, Tuđman's HDZ won the first democratic elections in the Socialist Republic of Croatia. In 1991, war erupted in Croatia and the following year, the Bosnian War broke out.

The Croatian ruling elite helped the Bosnian HDZ to rise to power. The first leaders of the Bosnian HDZ opposed Tuđman's idea of division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Croatia and Serbia; in response, Mate Boban was installed as leader of the HDZ. He founded the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia with the goal to merge it with Croatia at the end of the war. Boban's project crashed in 1994 with the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Parties

Current

Historical

Personalities

Related ideologies

See also

References

  1. ^ Motyl 2001, p. 104.
  2. "Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867".
  3. Motyl, Alexander J., ed. (2000-10-27). "Croatian nationalism". Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Elsevier. p. 104. ISBN 9780080545240. Retrieved 3 October 2022. Two factors have been of immense importance in shaping modern Croatian national identity and nationalism. The first is the concept of historical state right, the belief that the medieval Croatian state never completely lost its independence. The second is various forms of identity associated with other Slavs, especially the Southern Slavs.
  4. Motyl, Alexander J., ed. (2000-10-27). "Croatian nationalism". Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Elsevier. p. 105. ISBN 9780080545240. Retrieved 3 October 2022. Both Starčević and Strossmayer had an important role in shaping Croatian identity, but their influence was limited largely to Croatia's intelligentsia.
  5. ^ Motyl 2001, p. 105.
  6. Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.
  7. Motyl 2001, p. 471.
  8. Motyl 2001, p. 57.
  9. Blamires 2006, p. 155.
  10. ^ "hrvatski narodni preporod", Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 1999–2009
  11. MacDonald 2002, p. 191.
  12. ^ MacDonald 2002, p. 99.
  13. ^ Nizich 1992, p. 29.
  14. ^ MacDonald 2002, p. 100.

Bibliography

Ethnic nationalism
Nationalisms
in
Africa
North Africa
East Africa
Nigeria
Southern Africa
Americas
North America
Caribbean
South America
Asia
Middle East
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Northern & Middle Asia
South Caucasus
Europe
Southeastern Europe
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
North Caucasus
Volga Region
Western Europe
United Kingdom
Southern Europe
Italy
Spain
Northern Europe
Oceania
Pan-nationalism
Movements
Projects
Other
  • Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism.
Irredentism
Africa
North America
South America
Western Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern and Southeastern Asia
Central and Eastern Europe
Southern Europe
Italy
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state
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