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{{Short description|Iranian writer and social critic (1939–1968)}}
{{infobox person {{infobox person
|name = Samad Behrangi | name = Samad Behrangi
|image = Samad Behrangi.JPG | image = Samad Behrangi.JPG
| native_name = صمد بهرنگی
|imagesize = 140
| native_name_lang = Fa
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|6|24|mf=y}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|6|24|mf=y}}
|birth_place = ], ] | birth_place = ], Iran
|death_date = {{death date and age|1967|8|31|1939|6|24|mf=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1968|8|31|1939|6|22|mf=y}}
|death_place = ] | death_place = ], Iran
|death_cause= Drowning | death_cause = Drowning
|nationality = ]i
| alma_mater = ]
|occupation = Short story writer, social critic, poet and translator
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Short story writer
* teacher
* social critic
* social activist
* poet
* translator
}} }}
}}
'''Samad Behrangi''' ({{langx|fa|صمد بهرنگی}}; June 24, 1939 – August 31, 1968)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Panah|first=Hamid Yazdan|date=2016-08-31|title=Remembering Samad Behrangi, the Writer Who Inspired Countless Iranian Revolutionaries|url=https://globalvoices.org/2016/08/31/remembering-samad-behrangi-the-writer-who-inspired-countless-iranian-revolutionaries/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Global Voices|language=en}}</ref> was an Iranian teacher, social activist and critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer of ] descent.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Hillman|first=Michael C.|date=December 15, 1989|title=Behrangī, Ṣamad|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/behrangi-samad-teacher|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica IV|pages=110–111|issn=2330-4804}}</ref> He is famous for his children's books, particularly '']''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karimi-Hakkak|first=Ahmad|date=1977|title=Review of The Little Black Fish and Other Modern Persian Stories|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310272|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=10|issue=3|pages=216–222|jstor=4310272 |issn=0021-0862}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hillman|first=Michael C.|date=1977|title=Review of The Little Black Fish and Other Modern Persian Stories|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40131854|journal=World Literature Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=673|doi=10.2307/40131854|jstor=40131854 |issn=0196-3570}}</ref> Influenced by predominantly ] ideologies that were common among the intelligentsia of his era‌, which made him popular among the ], his books typically portrayed the lives of the children of the urban poor and encouraged the individual to change his/her circumstances by her own initiatives.


==Early life==
'''Samad Behrangi''' ({{lang-az|Səməd Behrəngi}}) ({{lang-fa|صمد بهرنگی}}) June 24, 1939 - August 31, 1967) was an Iranian Azerbaijani teacher, social critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hillmann |first=Michael. |title=Samad Behrangi |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v4f1/v4f1a067.html }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is famous for his children's books, particularly '']''. Influenced by predominantly leftist ideologies that were common among the Iranian intelligentsia of his era, his books typically portrayed the lives of the children of the urban poor and encouraged the individual to change his/ her circumstances by her own initiatives.
He was born on June 24, 1939, in the neighborhood of Charandab in the city of ], ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa|publisher=Gale|year=2004|chapter=Samad Behrangi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Fereshteh|first=M. H.|date=1995|title=Samad Behrangi's Experiences and Thoughts on Rural Teaching and Learning|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589432|journal=Journal of Thought|volume=30|issue=4|pages=61–74|jstor=42589432 |issn=0022-5231}}</ref> He was from a working-class family, his parents were Sara and Ezzat, and he had two brothers and three sisters. His father was a seasonal worker and his income was never sufficient. His father eventually left Iran like millions of other workers on the move for better life conditions for the ] and never returned.


He finished elementary school and three years of secondary school in Tabriz, before enrolling in a rural teacher training school.<ref name=":1" /> He spent two years at the Daneshsarayea-Keshavarzi and finished the program in 1957;<ref name=":1" /> thus, only receiving few years of education. At the age of 18, he became a teacher, and continued to be so for the rest of his life, in the ] of Iran.
==Life==
He was born in ] to a lower-class Iranian Azerbaijani family. Son to Ezzat and Sara, he had two other brothers and three sisters. His father was seasonal worker and his income was never sufficient, who eventually left Iran for the Caucasus and never returned. He finished elementary school and three years of secondary school before enrolling in a teacher training school, finishing the program in 1957. Thus, only receiving few years of education, at the age of 18, he became a teacher, and continued to be so for the rest of his life, in East Azerbaijan. In the next eleven years, while teaching ] in rural schools of ], he attained a B.A. degree in English from ].<ref>Hillmann.</ref>
He Started publishing stories in 1960, his first being ''Adat'' "Custom". He carried on writing stories, along translating from English and Turkish to Persian, and Persian to Turkish.
Later, claiming that he was impolite, he was dismissed from his high school teaching post and assigned to an elementary school. Then, as his cultural works increased, he was accused and pursued, and suspended of teaching. After a while his sentence was called off and he returned to schools.
Later, he attended student protests.


== Career ==
However, he was not allowed to publish his works in ], so he had to translate them into Persian in order to make them available in ].<ref> by ]</ref>
In the next eleven years, while teaching ] in rural schools of ], he attained a B.A. degree in ] from ].<ref name=":0" /> He started publishing stories in 1960, his first being ''Adat'' (English: ''Habit''). He carried on writing stories, along translating from English and Azerbaijani to Farsi, and vice versa. Later, he was dismissed from his high school teaching position, due to a claim that he was impolite, and assigned to an elementary school. Then, as his cultural works increased, he was accused and persecuted, and suspended from teaching. After a while his sentence was called off and he returned to schools. Later, he attended student protests.<ref> by ]</ref>


==Publications==
Apart from children's stories, he wrote many ] essays and collected and published several samples of oral ]. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague ], who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few Azeri translations from ] poems by ], ], and ]. Apart from children's stories, he wrote many ] essays and collected and published several samples of oral ] literature.<ref name=":1" /> His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague Behrooz Dehghani, who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few ] translations of ] poems by ], ], and ].


=== List of publications ===
==Literary works==
*{{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=کندوکاو در مسائل تربیتی ایران|year=1969|language=Fa|trans-title=Investigations into the Educational Problems of Iran}}
Apart from Children's Stories, he wrote many ] essays and collected and published several samples of oral ] literature. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague ], who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few ] translations of ] poems by ], ], and ].
*{{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=ماهی سیاه کوچولو|others=Farshid Mesghali (illustrations)|date=August 1968|publisher=Nashr-i Nakhustīn |isbn=9648037396|language=fa|trans-title=]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=اولدوز و کلاغ‌ها|year=1968|language=Fa|trans-title=Olduz and the Crows}}
* {{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=اولدوز و عروسک سخنگو|year=1967|publisher=جامه‌دران، |isbn=9645858720|language=Fa|trans-title=Olduz and the Talking Doll}}
*{{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=One Peach Thousand Peaches|year=1969}}
* {{Cite book|last=Behrangi|first=Samad|title=تلخون: مجموعه قصه|date=April 1, 2014|publisher=(Amirkabir Publications)انتشارات امیرکبیر|language=Fa|trans-title=Talkhoon: A collection of stories}}
⚫ * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada


==Death== ==Death==
Behrangi drowned in the ] and his death was blamed on the ] regime.<ref></ref> It is believed that an army officer, Hamzeh Farahati, was seen with him when he drowned. Yet the army officer was Samad Behrangi's close friend and shared his Leftist views. Farahati in his and in an has unequivocally confirmed that Samad drowned and was not killed by SAVAK. Cultural society, people like Al-e Ahmad and Saedi, found it hard to accept his death. But some, in particular Behrouz Dowlat-abadi, also said that Samad did not know how to swim (which was confirmed by a native, Hosein Hosein-zadeh) and that was the cause of his death. This, in turn, brought up the point that everyone was just quoting Behrouz Dowlat-abadi and that no investigation was done. Behrangi drowned on August 31, 1968, in the ] and his death was blamed on the ] government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Persian Language & Literature: Samad Behrangi, the best known Iranian writer of children's stories|url=https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/sbehrangi/samad_behrangi.php|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Iranchamber.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It is believed that an army officer, Hamzeh Farahati, was seen with him when he drowned. Farahati in his book<ref>{{cite web|last=Behnoud|first=Massoud|date=November 20, 2006|title=خاطرات حمزه فراهتی: از مرگ صمد بهرنگی و سعيد سلطانپور|trans-title=Memoirs of Hamzeh Farahati: From the deaths of Samad Behrangi and Saeed Sultanpour|url=http://www.bbc.com/persian/arts/story/2006/11/061120_mv-mb-samad-hamze.shtml|website=BBCPersian.com|language=Fa}}</ref> and in an interview with VOA<ref>Archived at {{cbignore}} and the {{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=گشودن راز مرگ صمد بهرنگی|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KggJoJ0-Tsw|website=]| date=17 February 2014 }}{{cbignore}}(video)</ref> has unequivocally denied the claims he and SAVAK murdered him. Ironically in his seminal work ''the Little Black Fish'', the fishes drown a snail for not knowing his place.


He was buried in the Imamieh cemetery (or Emamiyyeh cemetery; Farsi:قبرستان امامیه) in the ] neighborhood of Tabriz.
==Some of his works==
*'']''
* ''Investigations into the Educational Problems of Iran'' (کندوکاو در مسائل تربیتی ایران )
* ''Ulduz and the talking doll''
* ''Ulduz and the crows''
* ''Talkhoon''
* ''One peach and 1000 peaches''
⚫ * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada

==Quotations==

"so easily can death call on me but I have to keep up living as long as I can. However, if I face the death some day_ that I will_ doesn't matter. What matters is the effect of my life and death on others'."{{cn|date=September 2016}}

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]


==Sources== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

⚫ * Milani, Abbas. "Samad Behrangi," in ''Eminent Persians'' Vol. 2. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2008, pp.&nbsp;838–842
==Further reading==
⚫ * ]. "Samad Behrangi," in ''Eminent Persians'', Vol. 2. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2008, pp.&nbsp;838–842
* Preface and backcover text from Samad Behrangi, ''Talkhoon va Chand Ghesse-ye Digar'' (Talkhoon and other stories), Behrangi Publishings, Tabriz, 1998, {{ISBN|964-90517-2-4}}. * Preface and backcover text from Samad Behrangi, ''Talkhoon va Chand Ghesse-ye Digar'' (Talkhoon and other stories), Behrangi Publishings, Tabriz, 1998, {{ISBN|964-90517-2-4}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Khanlarzadeh |first1=Mina |title=The stories of rebellious children at the time of the 1979 revolution |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2021 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=450–464 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2021.1978280|s2cid=239076656 }}
* Sirous Tahbaz, ''Samad Behrangi va Mahi-e Koochooloo-ye Daanaa'' (Samad Behrangi and the Wise Little Fish). * Tahbaz, Sirous, ''Samad Behrangi va Mahi-e Koochooloo-ye Daanaa'' (Samad Behrangi and the Wise Little Fish).
* {{EI2|last=de Vries|first=G. J. J.|title=Bihrangī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/bihrangi-SIM_8418?s.num=39&s.rows=50&s.start=10|volume=1}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category}} {{commons category}}
{{Wikisourcelang|fa|پدیدآورنده:صمد بهرنگی|Author:Samad Behrangi}}
* *
* *
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* *
* *
⚫ *{{in lang|de|fa}}
*. A biography by Professor ], ].
*{{Az icon}} / {{fa icon}}
⚫ *{{de icon}} / {{fa icon}}
*{{fa icon}}
*


{{Azerbaijani Turkic literature}} {{Azerbaijani Turkic literature}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 03:54, 8 November 2024

Iranian writer and social critic (1939–1968)
Samad Behrangi
صمد بهرنگی
Born(1939-06-24)June 24, 1939
Tabriz, Iran
DiedAugust 31, 1968(1968-08-31) (aged 29)
Aras River, Iran
Cause of deathDrowning
Alma materTabriz University
Occupations
  • Short story writer
  • teacher
  • social critic
  • social activist
  • poet
  • translator

Samad Behrangi (Persian: صمد بهرنگی; June 24, 1939 – August 31, 1968) was an Iranian teacher, social activist and critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer of Iranian Azerbaijani descent. He is famous for his children's books, particularly The Little Black Fish. Influenced by predominantly leftist ideologies that were common among the intelligentsia of his era‌, which made him popular among the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, his books typically portrayed the lives of the children of the urban poor and encouraged the individual to change his/her circumstances by her own initiatives.

Early life

He was born on June 24, 1939, in the neighborhood of Charandab in the city of Tabriz, Imperial State of Iran. He was from a working-class family, his parents were Sara and Ezzat, and he had two brothers and three sisters. His father was a seasonal worker and his income was never sufficient. His father eventually left Iran like millions of other workers on the move for better life conditions for the Caucasus and never returned.

He finished elementary school and three years of secondary school in Tabriz, before enrolling in a rural teacher training school. He spent two years at the Daneshsarayea-Keshavarzi and finished the program in 1957; thus, only receiving few years of education. At the age of 18, he became a teacher, and continued to be so for the rest of his life, in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran.

Career

In the next eleven years, while teaching Persian in rural schools of Iranian Azerbaijan, he attained a B.A. degree in English from Tabriz University. He started publishing stories in 1960, his first being Adat (English: Habit). He carried on writing stories, along translating from English and Azerbaijani to Farsi, and vice versa. Later, he was dismissed from his high school teaching position, due to a claim that he was impolite, and assigned to an elementary school. Then, as his cultural works increased, he was accused and persecuted, and suspended from teaching. After a while his sentence was called off and he returned to schools. Later, he attended student protests.

Publications

Apart from children's stories, he wrote many pedagogical essays and collected and published several samples of oral Azerbaijani literature. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague Behrooz Dehghani, who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few Azerbaijani language translations of Persian poems by Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, and Mehdi Akhavan-Sales.

List of publications

  • Behrangi, Samad (1969). کندوکاو در مسائل تربیتی ایران [Investigations into the Educational Problems of Iran] (in Persian).
  • Behrangi, Samad (August 1968). ماهی سیاه کوچولو [The Little Black Fish] (in Persian). Farshid Mesghali (illustrations). Nashr-i Nakhustīn. ISBN 9648037396.
  • Behrangi, Samad (1968). اولدوز و کلاغ‌ها [Olduz and the Crows] (in Persian).
  • Behrangi, Samad (1967). اولدوز و عروسک سخنگو [Olduz and the Talking Doll] (in Persian). جامه‌دران،. ISBN 9645858720.
  • Behrangi, Samad (1969). One Peach Thousand Peaches.
  • Behrangi, Samad (April 1, 2014). تلخون: مجموعه قصه [Talkhoon: A collection of stories] (in Persian). (Amirkabir Publications)انتشارات امیرکبیر.
  • The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada

Death

Behrangi drowned on August 31, 1968, in the Aras river and his death was blamed on the Pahlavi government. It is believed that an army officer, Hamzeh Farahati, was seen with him when he drowned. Farahati in his book and in an interview with VOA has unequivocally denied the claims he and SAVAK murdered him. Ironically in his seminal work the Little Black Fish, the fishes drown a snail for not knowing his place.

He was buried in the Imamieh cemetery (or Emamiyyeh cemetery; Farsi:قبرستان امامیه) in the Imamieh neighborhood of Tabriz.

See also

References

  1. ^ Panah, Hamid Yazdan (2016-08-31). "Remembering Samad Behrangi, the Writer Who Inspired Countless Iranian Revolutionaries". Global Voices. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  2. ^ Hillman, Michael C. (December 15, 1989). "Behrangī, Ṣamad". Encyclopaedia Iranica IV. pp. 110–111. ISSN 2330-4804.
  3. Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad (1977). "Review of The Little Black Fish and Other Modern Persian Stories". Iranian Studies. 10 (3): 216–222. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 4310272.
  4. Hillman, Michael C. (1977). "Review of The Little Black Fish and Other Modern Persian Stories". World Literature Today. 51 (4): 673. doi:10.2307/40131854. ISSN 0196-3570. JSTOR 40131854.
  5. "Samad Behrangi". Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Gale. 2004.
  6. ^ Fereshteh, M. H. (1995). "Samad Behrangi's Experiences and Thoughts on Rural Teaching and Learning". Journal of Thought. 30 (4): 61–74. ISSN 0022-5231. JSTOR 42589432.
  7. A Brief Note on Samad Behrangi's Life by Iraj Bashiri
  8. "Persian Language & Literature: Samad Behrangi, the best known Iranian writer of children's stories". Iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  9. Behnoud, Massoud (November 20, 2006). "خاطرات حمزه فراهتی: از مرگ صمد بهرنگی و سعيد سلطانپور" [Memoirs of Hamzeh Farahati: From the deaths of Samad Behrangi and Saeed Sultanpour]. BBCPersian.com (in Persian).
  10. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "گشودن راز مرگ صمد بهرنگی". YouTube. 17 February 2014.(video)

Further reading

External links

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