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{{About|the region of the southern United States|the college athletic conference|Sun Belt Conference|the region in Europe|Golden Banana}} | |||
{{notenglish}} | |||
{{short description|Region of the southern United States}} | |||
{{update|COVID-19|date=November 2023}} | |||
] | |||
The '''Sun Belt''' is a region of the ] generally considered stretching across the ] and ]. Another rough definition of the region is the area south of the ]. Several climates can be found in the region—]/] (], ], ], ], ], and ]), ] (]), ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]), and ] (]). | |||
The Sun Belt has seen substantial population growth post-] from an influx of people seeking a warm and sunny climate, a surge in retiring ], and growing economic opportunities. The advent of ] created more comfortable summer conditions and allowed more manufacturing and industry to locate in the Sun Belt. Since much of the construction in the Sun Belt is new or recent, housing styles and design are often modern and open. Recreational opportunities in the Sun Belt are often not tied strictly to one season, and many tourist and resort cities in the region support a tourist industry all year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/02/where-pittsburgh-has-sun-belt-beat/1158/|title=Where Pittsburgh Has the Sun Belt Beat|author=Kaid Benfield|work=CityLab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Desert-Like Conditions Hurt Sun Belt|last=Woods|first=Michael|date=January 18, 1981|newspaper=] (Toledo, OH)}}, </ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wichner |first=David |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Tucson region led Arizona tourism spending rebound in 2021 |newspaper=]}}, </ref> | |||
==Migration== | |||
] der ' ' ' Sonneriemen ' ' ' ist eine Region in ], mit.einschließt das südliche und das südwestlich ]. Es hat eine bedeutende demographische und ökonomische Verschiebung zum Sonneriemen in den letzten Jahrzehnten gegeben. ], ], ], ], ], ] und ] ist die Hauptsonneriemenzustände, die Hauptindustriezweige in diesen Gegende sind Elektrochnik und Manufaktur. | |||
Out of the 15 fastest-growing cities in the U.S., 12 are located in the Sun Belt as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=2023-08-15 |title=Why People Won’t Stop Moving to the Sun Belt |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/08/moving-south-sun-belt-housing-economy/675010/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, 86 percent of the top 50 zip codes that saw the largest increases in new residents since the start of the ] were in Texas, Florida, and Arizona. The traditional explanations for the growth are increasing productivity in the South and West and increasing demand for Sun Belt amenities, especially its pleasant weather. Job decline in the ] is another major reason for migration. | |||
Elektrotechnik und Erdölrohrleitungen | |||
==Definition== | |||
Der Sunbelt ist die größte Wirtschaftszone in den USA. | |||
The Sun Belt comprises the southern tier of the U.S., including the states of Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina, Texas, roughly two-thirds of California (up to ]), and the southern parts of ], North Carolina, Nevada, ], ], and Utah. Five of the states—Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, and Texas—are sometimes collectively called the '''Sand States''' because of their abundance of beaches or deserts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/quarterly/2009-vol3-1/vol3-1-sand-states.pdf| author=Shayna M. Olesiuk and Kathy R. Kalser |title=The Sand States: Anatomy of a Perfect Housing-Market Storm|publisher=FDIC.gov|date=April 27, 2009|access-date=May 10, 2018}}</ref> Other definitions may also include parts of ], ], ], and ] and most or all of Arkansas, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee. For example, the Kinder Institute for Urban Research defines the Sun Belt as being south of 36°30′N latitude, which includes all of Arkansas, most of Oklahoma and virtually all of Tennessee (small parts of ] and ] extend north of 36°30′ due to surveying errors) but leaves out most of Nevada and California, with only ] and parts of ] and the ] being included. This definition also includes most of the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/large-young-and-fast-growing-sun-belt-metros-need-urban-policy-innovation#:~:text=The%20Kinder%20Institute%20defines%20the,degrees%2030%20minutes%20north%20latitude | title=Large, young and fast-growing Sun Belt metros need urban policy innovation | Kinder Institute for Urban Research }}</ref> | |||
Viele Staaten wie Kalifornien und Texas sind sehr vielfältig in der Industrie, von Fischproduktion bis zur Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik. | |||
In Texas befindet sich außerdem eine der wichtigsten Industriezweige: die Rohrleitungsherstellung. Die Rohrleitungen könnten voraussichtlich weit mehr als die Hälfte der Vereinigten Staaten mit Gas versorgen. | |||
Ein anderer wichtiger Industriezweig ist die Elektrotechnik. Auch die Elektrotechnik ist wichtig für die Industrie, deshalb konzentriert sich die Wirtschaft auch auf diese Industrie, besonders in Staaten wie Arizona, New Mexiko, Florida und Texas. | |||
Rohrleitungen - Rohrleitungsherstellung | |||
In Texas ist der intensivste Gebrauch von Rohrleitungen eines der interessantesten Aspekte. | |||
Die Rohrleitungen werden gebraucht, um Öl und Erdgas zu transportieren. Man vermutet, dass das Gas von Texas drei Viertel der USA durch Rohrleitungen erreicht. In den Rohrleitungen wird auch Rohöl von den Feldern in Texas auf Raffinerien entlang der Golfküste und auf äußere Punkte Texas verschoben. Ölquellen bewegen sich ebenso durch Rohrleitungen ins Innere der USA. | |||
Einer der größten Rohölprojekte bislang, war das in den 60er Jahren; es wurden 2480 km (ca. 1540 Meilen) Rohre verlegt. | |||
Es holt Raffinerieprodukte von Houston zu den Punkten in den Osten der Vereinigten Staaten, einschließlich Philadelphia, Pennsylvania und New York City. Dies sind die Gründe warum die Rohrleitungsherstellung/Rohrleitungen sehr wichtig ist/sind; sie werden benötigt um das Erdöl zu transportieren. | |||
First employed by political analyst ] in his 1969 book ''The Emerging Republican Majority'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Kevin|title=How the GOP Became God's Own Party|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/01/AR2006040100004.html|access-date=September 5, 2012|newspaper=Washington Post|date=April 2, 2006}}</ref> the term "Sun Belt" became synonymous with the southern third of the nation in the early 1970s. In this period, economic and political prominence shifted from the ] and ] to the ] and ]. Factors such as the warmer climate, the migration of workers from ], and a boom in the agriculture industry allowed the southern third of the United States to grow economically. The climate spurred not only agricultural growth, but also the migration of many retirees to retirement communities in the region, especially in Florida and Arizona. | |||
Industries such as ], ], and ] boomed in the Sun Belt as companies took advantage of the low involvement of ] in the region (due to more recent industrialization, 1930s–1950s) and the proximity of ] that were major consumers of their products. The oil industry helped propel states such as Texas and Louisiana forward, and tourism grew in Florida, and Southern California. More recently, ] and ] industries have been major drivers of growth in California, Florida, Texas, and other parts of the Sun Belt. Texas and California rank among the top five states in the nation with the most ] companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/15/states-most-fortune-500-companies/|title=States with the most Fortune 500 companies|date=June 15, 2015|website=Fortune|access-date=June 26, 2016}}</ref> | |||
Elektrotechnik | |||
==Projections== | |||
Eine der wichtigsten Industriezweige, nicht nur in Texas und Kalifornien, sondern auch in Arizona, New Mexiko und Florida, ist die Elektrotechnik. | |||
In 2005, the ] projected that approximately 88% of the nation's population growth between 2000 and 2030 would occur in the Sun Belt.<ref>, Professional Builder, May 1, 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624084300/http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/6324745-1.html |date=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> California, Texas, and Florida were each expected to add more than 12 million people during that time, which would make them by far the most populous states in America. Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, and Texas were expected to be the fastest-growing states. | |||
Durch den großen Erdgasanteil und große Braunkohle-Reserven in Texas, kann man schnell bei Nachfragen der Bevölkerung und der Industrie für Elektrizität aufkommen. | |||
Jedoch gibt es Differenzen in der Erzeugung von Elektrizität in verschiedenen Staaten. | |||
5 | |||
Im Jahr 2002 wurden in Texas 89 Prozent der erzeugten Elektrizität von herkömmlichen Dampfkraftwerken erzeugt, die mit Erdgas und Kohle angetrieben wurden. Die vier Atomkraftwerke erzeugen 9 Prozent der insgesamt erzeugten Elektrizität. Nur 0.3 Prozent der Elektrizität kommen aus hydroelektrischen Kraftwerken. | |||
Georgia erzeugte 2002, 69 Prozent seiner Elektrizität durch Dampfwerke, 25 Prozent durch Kraftwerke und die restliche Elektrizität durch hydroelektrische Kraftwerke erzeugt. Georgia hat 4 Atomkraftwerke, die zum Grossteil von Privatgesellschaften besessen sind. | |||
In Florida erzeugen Thermalwerke 80 Prozent der Elektrizität. Diese Atomkraftwerke werden durch Kohle, Erdöl oder Erdgas Brennstoff geliefert. | |||
In Arizona erzeugen Dampfwerke, hauptsächlich durch Kohlen angetrieben, 59 Prozent der Elektrizität. Weitere 33 Prozent wurden von Atomkraftwerken im Westen von Phoenix, der Rest kam aus hydroelektrischen Kraftwerken. | |||
New Mexiko erzeugt einen Hauptteil von Elektrizität mithilfe von Dampfgetriebenen Kraftwerken. Diese Kraftwerke verbrennen fossile Brennstoffe, größtenteils Kohle. Weniger als ein Prozent der Elektrizität kommt aus hydroelektrischen Kraftwerken, also Energiegewinnung durch Wasser. | |||
Insgesamt: Wasserkraftwerke erzeugen nur 17 Prozent der erzeugten Elektrizität, im Gegensatz zu den Dampfwerken, die 52 Prozent der Elektrizität erzeugen. Der Rest der Elektrizität kommt aus Atomkraftwerken. | |||
Events leading up to and including the ] led some to question whether growth projections for the Sun Belt had been overstated.<ref>Lewan, Todd: '''', NBC News, May 31, 2009</ref> The ] that led to the recession appeared, to some observers, to have been more acute in the Sun Belt than other parts of the country. Additionally, the traditional lure of cheaper labor markets in the region compared with America's older industrial centers has been eroded by overseas ] trends. | |||
Abhängigkeit von Industrie im Sunbelt | |||
One of the greatest threats facing the belt in the coming decades is water shortages.<ref>Cetron, Marvin J.; O'Toole, Thomas: '''', Mcgraw-Hill, April 1982, pg. 34</ref> Communities in California are making plans to build multiple ] plants to supply fresh water and avert near-term crises.<ref>Shankman, Sabrina: '''', Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2009</ref> Texas, Georgia, and Florida also face increasingly serious shortages because of their rapidly expanding populations and high per-capita water consumption.<ref>McGovern, Bernie: '''', Pelican Publishing Company, March 2007, pg. 53</ref> | |||
Im Sunbelt liegt eine der wichtigsten Industrien dieser Wirtschaftszone: die Elektrotechnik oder Elektronik. Dies macht sich dadurch bemerkbar, dass viele | |||
Jobs von diesem Industriezweig abhängig und, dass wir ohne die Elektrizität | |||
nicht mehr leben könnten und wir uns deshalb auf diese Art von Industrie konzentrieren. Nicht nur die Bevölkerung ist abhängig von der Elektrizität, sondern auch die restliche Wirtschaft, wie zum Beispiel die Computerindustrie und die Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik. | |||
Texas belegt auch eine sehr wichtige Rolle in der Industrie des Sunbelt; dieser Staat versorgt viele Teile der Vereinigten Staaten mit Erdöl und in diesem Gebiet ist der intensivste Gebrauch von Rohrleitungen und dadurch wird das Erdöl auf verschiedene Punkte verschoben. Deshalb ist die Herstellung von Rohrleitungen ein wichtiger Industriezweig. | |||
Die Elektrotechnik und die Rohrleitungsherstellung sind nur zwei von vielen interessanten und wichtigen Industrien im Sunbelt.--] 23:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC) | |||
Lingering effects from the ] slowed, and in some places even stopped, the migration from the ] to the Sun Belt, according to data tracking people's movements over the year from July 2012 – 2013. Americans remained cautious about moving to a different state over this period.<ref>, Los Angeles Times, 2014</ref> However, migration to the Sun Belt from the Frost Belt resumed again, according to 2015 Census data estimates, with growing migration to the Sun Belt and out of the Frost Belt.<ref>{{cite magazine | last1=Jotkin | first1=Joel | title=The Sun Belt Is Rising Again, New Census Numbers Show | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2016/03/28/the-sun-belt-is-rising-again-new-census-data-shows/#25217e194750 | date=March 28, 2016 | magazine=] | access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Frey | first1=William H. | title=Sun Belt Migration Reviving, New Census Data Show | url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2016/01/04/sun-belt-migration-reviving-new-census-data-show/ | date=January 4, 2016 | publisher=] | access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref> | |||
Tourismus, Manufaktur und Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik | |||
==Politics== | |||
Elektrotechnik und Rohrleitungsherstellung sind zwei wichtigen Industriezweigen in Nordamerika. Zwei weitere wichtige Industriezweige im Sunbelt sind Tourismus und Manufaktur. | |||
The Sun Belt has historically been more conservative than the nation at large, especially in comparison to regions such as ], the ], and to a somewhat lesser extent, the ] states and the Rust Belt.<ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction: What Is the Sunbelt – and Why Is It Important? |date=2014 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-politics-in-the-postwar-sunbelt/introduction/B8DB4BCBA3FA714A9A77FE7C02B2BB0A |work=American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region |pages=1–16 |editor-last=Cunningham |editor-first=Sean P. |access-date=2023-09-05 |series=Cambridge Essential Histories |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139170017.001 |isbn=978-1-107-02452-6}}</ref> This has been attributed in part to the high percentage of ] living in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nickerson |first=Michelle |title=Sunbelt Rising: The Politics of Space, Place, and Region |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011}}</ref> | |||
Tourismus ist ein wichtiger Teil der Wirtschaft, denn einige Staaten profitieren von den Touristen, die regelmäßig das Land erkunden. In Florida, zum Beispiel, ist Tourismus ein Lebensbestandteil. Der Tourismus verhilft der wirtschaftlichen Lage im Sunbelt. | |||
Die Manufaktur, wenn man Halbfabrikate aus Rohstoffen produziert, ist wichtig für die Wirtschaft, denn durch diverse Industrie kann verhindert werden, dass Nordamerika auf Auslandsprodukte angewiesen ist und daher die Industriegebiete in den USA an Bedeutung verlieren. | |||
Beide Industriezweige sind wichtig für die Wirtschaft in den USA. | |||
Increasing racial diversity and political realignment on urban/rural lines have made some Sun Belt states more competitive, though all states in the region excluding New Mexico and California continue to vote to the right of the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2022-partisan-voting-index/state-map-and-list |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Cook Political Report |date=12 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The Sun Belt was a key target region for the ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/01/rust-belt-trump-democrats-sun-belt/604678/|title=Democrats' Future Is Moving Beyond the Rust Belt|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|date=January 9, 2020|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://politi.co/2If4vUq|title=Democrats' path to the Senate runs straight through the Sun Belt|last=Arkin|first=James|website=POLITICO|date=19 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sen|first=Conor|date=November 7, 2018|title=The Democrats Should Try the Sun Belt Strategy in 2020|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-11-07/2020-election-democrats-should-try-sun-belt-strategy|access-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref> Democratic presidential candidate ] narrowly won the states of Arizona and Georgia in the ], and the party gained seats in both states in the ] In ], Arizona and Georgia again elected Democrats to serve full 6-year terms in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Greg |title=Swing state, no more. Moderate Democrats have already turned Arizona blue |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/greg-moore/2022/11/17/arizona-election-blue-state-despite-its-red-reputation/10719234002/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} Georgia is no longer a red state |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/08/georgia-elections-republicans-democrats-walker/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the ], the region was also a target by Democrats, with nominee ] polling either ahead or closely behind ] in ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/17/us/elections/kamala-harris-trump-az-nc-ga-nv.html|title=Harris Puts Four Sun Belt States Back in Play, Times/Siena Polls Find|last1=Goldmacher|first1=Shane|last2=Igielnik|first2=Ruth|date=August 17, 2024|access-date=August 19, 2024|publisher=]|website=nytimes.com}}</ref> | |||
Tourismus | |||
==Environment== | |||
Kalifornien und das südliche Florida sind zwei der beliebtesten Urlaubsziele in den USA, außerdem sind Georgia, New Mexiko und Arizona auch sehr populär. In Florida zählt Tourismus als eine Gewohnheit und ein Lebensbestandteil von Floridas Wirtschaft. Die warmen Temperaturen, die vielen Strände und die vielen Anziehungskräfte, wie Disney World in Orlando, ziehen jedes Jahr Millionen von Leute an. Florida ist einer der Staaten, die von dem ausgegeben Geld der Touristen, ihre wichtigste Einkommensquelle schaffen. Im Jahr 2000, gaben Touristen in Florida fast 60 Milliarden $ aus. | |||
The environment in the belt is extremely valuable, not only to local and state governments, but to the federal government. Eight of the ten states have extremely high ] (ranging from 3,800 to 6,700 species, not including marine life).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecopolitology.org/2010/06/30/biodiversity-in-the-united-states-map/|title=Biodiversity in the United States (Map)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126004017/http://ecopolitology.org/2010/06/30/biodiversity-in-the-united-states-map/|archive-date=January 26, 2011}}</ref> The Sun Belt also has the highest number of distinct ecosystems: ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
Wie schon gesagt, ist das südliche Florida eine der beliebtesten Urlaubsorte für Touristen, besonders Miami, der Strand von Miami, Fort Lauderdale (eine schöne Stadt im Norden vom Strand von Miami, Jachtsport und Ferienort) und West Palm Beach. Um Touristen anzuziehen, werden Hotels verbessert und Teile des Staates werden angepasst. | |||
Auch in Kalifornien zählt Tourismus als eine Gewohnheit, denn jährlich besuchen Millionen von Touristen dieses beliebte Ferienziel. Beliebte Attraktionen in Kalifornien sind Los Angeles, Sand Diego und San Francisco und natürlich Hollywood. Auch Kalifornien profitiert von den Ausgaben der Touristen, dieses steigen jedoch in Höhe von fast 80 Milliarden $. | |||
In Georgia ist Tourismus eine Hauptwirtschaftstätigkeit, auch dieser Staat hat nur durch Tourismus ein jährliches Einkommen von 15,5 Milliarden $. Ein populärer Ferienort sind die sandigen Küstengebiete wie Blue Ridge-Gebiete. | |||
Tourismusist eine Hauptindustrie in Arizona, denn seit langer ziehen Arizonas Landschaft und sein Klima Touristen an. Die Haupttouristenattraktion ist der Grand Canyon. Auch Arizona macht Gewinn durch Tourismus; jährlich 11 Milliarden $. | |||
In New Mexiko werden Touristen durch die vielen Nationalparks, die wunderschöne Landschaft, den Spanischen Ursprung und die vielen Kunstmuseen angezogen. Veranstaltungen wie das internationale Heißluftballon Festival und der New Mexiko State Fair ziehen Touristen aus der ganzen Welt an. | |||
Der Tourismus ist eine der wichtigsten Industrien im Sunbelt, da diese Industrie weit verbreitet ist und sehr hohes Einkommen einbringt. | |||
], a vulnerable species found in Florida]] | |||
Manufaktur | |||
Some endangered species live within the belt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthsendangered.com/unitedstates-M.asp |title=Earth's Endangered Creatures - United States Endangered Species List |access-date=January 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829233616/http://www.earthsendangered.com/unitedstates-M.asp |archive-date=August 29, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthsendangered.com/unitedstates-B.asp |title=Earth's Endangered Creatures - United States Endangered Species List |access-date=January 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202190154/http://www.earthsendangered.com/unitedstates-B.asp |archive-date=February 2, 2011 }}</ref> including: | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
==Major cities== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ {{nowrap|Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas<ref name="US Census">''[https://censusreporter.org/ | |||
{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722050622/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2012/tables/CBSA-EST2012-01.xls |date=July 22, 2014 }}'', United States Census Bureau, July 2012</ref><ref name="US Mayors">'' {{webarchive|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/categories/27281 |date=August 13, 2022 }}'', The United States Conference of Mayors, July 2022</ref>}} | |||
! Principal city !! Metro Population <br/>(millions) !! ]<br/>(US$ billion) | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 13.9|| $1,227 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 7.9|| $688.9 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 7.6|| $6.856 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 7.3|| $633.2 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 6.2|| $525.9 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 6.1|| $483.8 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 5.0|| $362.1 | |||
|- | |||
|] || 4.6|| $237.9 | |||
|- | |||
|]|| 4.6||| $729.1 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 3.2|| $295.6 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 3.3|| $219.4 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.7|| $228.9 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.7|| $194.5 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.6|| $163.1 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.4|| $176.3 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.4|| $222.1 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 2.3 || $160.7 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 2.1 || $187.8 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 1.9 || $403.0 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 1.7|| $117.2 | |||
|- | |||
| ]|| 1.2 || $94.0 | |||
|- | |||
| ] || 1.0 || $68.9 | |||
|} | |||
The five largest metropolitan statistical areas are ], ], ], ], and ]. The Los Angeles area is by far the largest, with over 13 million inhabitants {{asof|lc=y|2012}}. The ten largest metropolitan statistical areas are found in California, Texas, Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona.<ref name="US Mayors" /> Additionally, the cross-border metropolitan areas of ] and ] lie partially within the Sun Belt. Seven of the ten largest cities in the U.S. are located in the Sun Belt: ] (2), ] (4), ] (6), ] (7), ] (8), ] (9), and ] (10). Los Angeles County has a veteran population of 270,462.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescountycalifornia,CA/PST045218|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Angeles County, California; California|website=www.census.gov|language=en|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
Manufaktur bezieht sich auf die Produktion von Halbfabrikaten aus Rohstoffen mit dem Gebrauch von Industriemaschinen. | |||
|+ Major cities in the Sun Belt | |||
In allen Staaten des Sunbelts werden mehrere Produktionsanlagen betrieben. In Oregon werden nur vier verschiedene Arten von Industrie betrieben, da sich die Wirtschaft dieses Staates eher auf die Landwirtschaft verlässt. Einige der Staaten, die ihre Wirtschaft eher auf die Industrie beziehen, sind Kalifornien, Texas, Arizona, New Mexiko. | |||
! State !! City | |||
Kalifornien führt vor allen Staaten in Einkommen aus industrieller Tätigkeit. Die führende Industrie ist elektronische und elektrische Geräteherstellung; die größten Arbeitgeber waren die Firmen, die Radios und Fernsehen, gedruckte Schallplatten und Telefone produzieren. | |||
|- | |||
Die Herstellung Maschinerie, zum größten Teil Computer und Computerzubehör, aber es schließt auch die Herstellung von Pumpen, Maschinen, Turbinen und Maschinen für Dienstleistungsbetrieb mit ein. In Silicon Valley befinden sich viele Computerfirmen. | |||
| ] || ], ], ], ], ] | |||
Speisenverarbeitung, dies schließt das Trocknen, Frieren und Verpacken der Produkte mit ein, ist ein weiterer wichtiger Bestandteil der Industrie in Kalifornien, sowie die Wein-Industrie, die vier Fünftel der jährlichen Weinproduktion des Landes herstellt. | |||
|- | |||
In der gewerblichen Wirtschaft Kaliforniens führt außerdem die Herstellung chirurgischer und medizinischer Instrumente, Geräte und Zubehör. Die Herstellung von Transportationsausrüstungen ist seit langem ein wichtiger Teil der kalifornischen Wirtschaft. | |||
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In diesem Gebiet der Manufaktur sind die größten Arbeitgeber in den Sektoren Flugzeugherstellung auch für militärische Zwecke, Lenkraketengeschosse, die Produktion von Fahrzeugen zur Nutzung in Weltraumforschungen, die Herstellung und Reparatur von Schiffen und die Produktion von Automobilen in der Nähe von Los Angeles. | |||
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Wie schon erwähnt wurde spielen die Transportationsmittel, Lastwagen, Busse und Autos, und die Herstellung dieser Passagierbeförderung eine sehr große Rolle in Kalifornien. | |||
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Kalifornien ist jedoch nicht der einzigste Staat im Sunbelt mit einer sehr diversen und wichtigen Manufaktur. In Texas hängt ein Grossteil der Industrie von Erdölraffinerien ab, die restlichen Produktionsanlagen sind sehr diverse, obwohl sich die Mehrzahl an der Golfküste befinden. Einige davon sind Maschinenbau, die Chemie-Industrie und die Herstellung von Kunststoffen, Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, die Erzeugung von Eisen und Stahl und die Verarbeitung von Fisch. | |||
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In Arizona ist die Herstellung/Manufaktur noch recht neu, jedoch ist es seit 1950 eine Haupteinkommensquelle der Vereinigten Staaten. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurden viele neue Produktionsanlagen gegründet, großteils Aluminiumwerke, da die Verteidigung von den Küsten- bis Binnengebiete verschoben wurde und die Bedürfnisse des Militärs zu erfüllen waren. Jedoch wurden diese Anlagen nach dem Krieg für andere Produktionen genutzt und viele andere Fabriken wurden geöffnet. Dies sind die älteren Industrien, wie die Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung und die Produktion von primären Metallen. | |||
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Das größte Industriewachstum war jedoch in den Elektronik- und Luftfahrt-Gebieten. | |||
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In New Mexiko war die Manufaktur bis zum Ende der 40er Jahre von geringer Bedeutung. In diesem Staat beschränkte man sich auf Konstruktionsmaterialien, Verhüttung (zu schmelzen oder (Erze) durchzubrennen, um die metallischen Bestandteile zu trennen) und Handwerken. | |||
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Die Industrie konnte sich nur langsam entwickeln, weil es New Mexiko an Verbraucher-Märkten innerhalb der eigenen Grenzen mangelte. | |||
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Seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (1939-1945) hatte sich die Industrie in New Mexiko +Industrie. Bei diesen Regierungstätigkeiten handelt es sich um die Herstellung für den Transport, Artillerie und elektronische Ausrüstungen. Das Wachstum der Industrie erfolgte in den 70er und 80er Jahren, durch verbesserten Transport und Bevölkerungsverschiebungen. | |||
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Seit 1996 sind die Hauptindustrien in New Mexiko die Herstellung der elektronischen Ausrüstung, hauptsächlich Halbleiter, Drucker und Herausgeber; Zeitungsherausgeber, Küchenmaschinen, Herstellung von Instrumenten, wie Raketenanleitungssysteme und chirurgische Geräte; Herstellung der Transport-Ausrüstung, einschließlich Flugzeug-Motoren und Teile und Kraftfahrzeuge; und Herstellung der Maschinerie, geführt von Computerschöpfern. | |||
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==See also== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ], refers to the political and cultural effects of the growth of the Sun Belt | |||
* ] | |||
==References== | |||
Wichtige Rolle der Industrie im Sunbelt | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
Neben Elektrotechnik und Rohrleitungsherstellung, sind Manufaktur und Tourismus zwei weitere große und wichtige Industriezweige im Sunbelt. | |||
* {{cite book|last=Weinstein|first=Bernard L.|title=Regional growth and decline in the United States: the rise of the Sunbelt and the decline of the Northeast|year=1978|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=9780275239503|author2=Robert E. Firestine }} | |||
Diese zwei Industrien mögen viele Unterschiede haben, sind aber dennoch alle wichtig für die Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Situation in den Vereinigten Staaten. Tourismus ist in einigen Saaten ein Lebensbestandteil, wie zum Beispiel in Florida. | |||
* {{cite book|last=Hollander|first=Justin B.|title=Sunburnt Cities: The Great Recession, Depopulation, and Urban Planning in the American Sunbelt|year=2011|publisher=]|isbn=9780415592116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EO358S7DkP0C&q=Sunburnt+Cities:+The+Great+Recession,+Depopulation+and+Urban+Planning+in+the+American+Sunbelt}} | |||
Die Manufaktur, oder auch Herstellung, steht nicht nur in Beziehung zu der Wirtschaft im Sunbelt, sondern auch zu der im Manufacturing Belt. Die Herstellung von Produktionsgütern kurbelt die Wirtschaft an, denn je diverser und komplexer die Wirtschaft/Industrie gestaltet ist, desto besser entfaltet sich die Wirtschaft. | |||
{{U.S. Belt regions}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
Der Sunbelt ? Wirtschaftszone der USA | |||
] | |||
In Texas ist der intensive Gebrauch von Rohrleitungen ein sehr wichtiger und interessanter Aspekt und Teil der Wirtschaft im Sunbelt. In Texas ist genug Erdöl und Erdgas vorhanden, um über Rohrleitungen drei Viertel der USA zu versorgen. Der Sunbelt hat sich in diesen Teilen der USA ausgebreitet, weil die Rohstoffe wie Erdöl und Erdgas gut erreichbar und in großen Mengen vorhanden sind. Zusätzlich, liegen die Staaten, die ein Teil des Sunbelts sind, in der Nähe der Küste, denn dort ist das Wasser, gut erreichbar und kann auch . Wie erwähnt wurde, kommt Elektrizität teilweise aus hydroelektrischen Kraftwerken und dazu wird Wasser benötigt. Deshalb ist diese Lage ideal fuer den Sunbelt und dies wirkt sich positiv auf die Wirtschaft aus. | |||
] | |||
Das Wasser kann auch als Transportationsweg genutzt werden um die Produkte in verschiedene Gebiete zu transportieren. So hat sich der Sunbelt immer weiter ausgebreitet. | |||
] | |||
Der Sunbelt hat eine sehr diverse Industrie, genauso wie der Manufacturing Belt, deshalb sind diese zwei Wirtschaftszonen auch zwei der größten Industriegebiete in den USA. | |||
] | |||
{ { Stummel } } { { VEREINIGTE STAATEN schnallen Regionen } um, } ] |
Latest revision as of 09:37, 27 December 2024
This article is about the region of the southern United States. For the college athletic conference, see Sun Belt Conference. For the region in Europe, see Golden Banana. Region of the southern United StatesParts of this article (those related to COVID-19) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023) |
The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered stretching across the Southeast and Southwest. Another rough definition of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel. Several climates can be found in the region—desert/semi-desert (Eastern California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and West Texas), Mediterranean (California), humid subtropical (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee and Texas), and tropical (South Florida).
The Sun Belt has seen substantial population growth post-World War II from an influx of people seeking a warm and sunny climate, a surge in retiring baby boomers, and growing economic opportunities. The advent of air conditioning created more comfortable summer conditions and allowed more manufacturing and industry to locate in the Sun Belt. Since much of the construction in the Sun Belt is new or recent, housing styles and design are often modern and open. Recreational opportunities in the Sun Belt are often not tied strictly to one season, and many tourist and resort cities in the region support a tourist industry all year.
Migration
Out of the 15 fastest-growing cities in the U.S., 12 are located in the Sun Belt as of 2023. Additionally, 86 percent of the top 50 zip codes that saw the largest increases in new residents since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic were in Texas, Florida, and Arizona. The traditional explanations for the growth are increasing productivity in the South and West and increasing demand for Sun Belt amenities, especially its pleasant weather. Job decline in the Rust Belt is another major reason for migration.
Definition
The Sun Belt comprises the southern tier of the U.S., including the states of Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina, Texas, roughly two-thirds of California (up to Greater Sacramento), and the southern parts of Arkansas, North Carolina, Nevada, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Utah. Five of the states—Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, and Texas—are sometimes collectively called the Sand States because of their abundance of beaches or deserts. Other definitions may also include parts of Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia and most or all of Arkansas, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee. For example, the Kinder Institute for Urban Research defines the Sun Belt as being south of 36°30′N latitude, which includes all of Arkansas, most of Oklahoma and virtually all of Tennessee (small parts of East and Middle Tennessee extend north of 36°30′ due to surveying errors) but leaves out most of Nevada and California, with only Southern California and parts of Nye County and the Las Vegas Valley being included. This definition also includes most of the Missouri Bootheel.
First employed by political analyst Kevin Phillips in his 1969 book The Emerging Republican Majority, the term "Sun Belt" became synonymous with the southern third of the nation in the early 1970s. In this period, economic and political prominence shifted from the Midwest and Northeast to the South and West. Factors such as the warmer climate, the migration of workers from Mexico, and a boom in the agriculture industry allowed the southern third of the United States to grow economically. The climate spurred not only agricultural growth, but also the migration of many retirees to retirement communities in the region, especially in Florida and Arizona.
Industries such as aerospace, defense, and oil boomed in the Sun Belt as companies took advantage of the low involvement of labor unions in the region (due to more recent industrialization, 1930s–1950s) and the proximity of military installations that were major consumers of their products. The oil industry helped propel states such as Texas and Louisiana forward, and tourism grew in Florida, and Southern California. More recently, high tech and new economy industries have been major drivers of growth in California, Florida, Texas, and other parts of the Sun Belt. Texas and California rank among the top five states in the nation with the most Fortune 500 companies.
Projections
In 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau projected that approximately 88% of the nation's population growth between 2000 and 2030 would occur in the Sun Belt. California, Texas, and Florida were each expected to add more than 12 million people during that time, which would make them by far the most populous states in America. Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, and Texas were expected to be the fastest-growing states.
Events leading up to and including the 2008–2009 recession led some to question whether growth projections for the Sun Belt had been overstated. The economic bubble that led to the recession appeared, to some observers, to have been more acute in the Sun Belt than other parts of the country. Additionally, the traditional lure of cheaper labor markets in the region compared with America's older industrial centers has been eroded by overseas outsourcing trends.
One of the greatest threats facing the belt in the coming decades is water shortages. Communities in California are making plans to build multiple desalination plants to supply fresh water and avert near-term crises. Texas, Georgia, and Florida also face increasingly serious shortages because of their rapidly expanding populations and high per-capita water consumption.
Lingering effects from the Great Recession slowed, and in some places even stopped, the migration from the Frost Belt to the Sun Belt, according to data tracking people's movements over the year from July 2012 – 2013. Americans remained cautious about moving to a different state over this period. However, migration to the Sun Belt from the Frost Belt resumed again, according to 2015 Census data estimates, with growing migration to the Sun Belt and out of the Frost Belt.
Politics
The Sun Belt has historically been more conservative than the nation at large, especially in comparison to regions such as New England, the Pacific Northwest, and to a somewhat lesser extent, the Mid-Atlantic states and the Rust Belt. This has been attributed in part to the high percentage of evangelical Christians living in the region.
Increasing racial diversity and political realignment on urban/rural lines have made some Sun Belt states more competitive, though all states in the region excluding New Mexico and California continue to vote to the right of the national average.
The Sun Belt was a key target region for the Democratic Party in the 2020 United States elections. Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden narrowly won the states of Arizona and Georgia in the presidential election, and the party gained seats in both states in the Senate elections. In 2022, Arizona and Georgia again elected Democrats to serve full 6-year terms in the Senate. In the 2024 presidential election, the region was also a target by Democrats, with nominee Kamala Harris polling either ahead or closely behind Donald Trump in Arizona, North Carolina, Nevada, and Georgia.
Environment
The environment in the belt is extremely valuable, not only to local and state governments, but to the federal government. Eight of the ten states have extremely high biodiversity (ranging from 3,800 to 6,700 species, not including marine life). The Sun Belt also has the highest number of distinct ecosystems: chaparral, deciduous, desert, grasslands, temperate rainforest, and tropical rainforest.
Some endangered species live within the belt, including:
- American crocodile
- Black-capped vireo
- California condor
- Florida panther
- Fraser fir
- Longleaf pine
- Mexican wolf
- Red-cockaded woodpecker
- Red Hills salamander
- Sonoran pronghorn
- West Indian manatee
- Whooping crane
Major cities
Principal city | Metro Population (millions) |
GMP (2022) (US$ billion) |
---|---|---|
Los Angeles | 13.9 | $1,227 |
Dallas–Fort Worth | 7.9 | $688.9 |
Denver | 7.6 | $6.856 |
Houston | 7.3 | $633.2 |
Atlanta | 6.2 | $525.9 |
Miami | 6.1 | $483.8 |
Phoenix | 5.0 | $362.1 |
Riverside–San Bernardino | 4.6 | $237.9 |
San Francisco | 4.6 | $729.1 |
San Diego | 3.2 | $295.6 |
Tampa | 3.3 | $219.4 |
Charlotte | 2.7 | $228.9 |
Orlando | 2.7 | $194.5 |
San Antonio | 2.6 | $163.1 |
Sacramento | 2.4 | $176.3 |
Austin | 2.4 | $222.1 |
Las Vegas | 2.3 | $160.7 |
Nashville | 2.1 | $187.8 |
San Jose | 1.9 | $403.0 |
Jacksonville | 1.7 | $117.2 |
New Orleans | 1.2 | $94.0 |
Tucson | 1.0 | $68.9 |
The five largest metropolitan statistical areas are Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Miami. The Los Angeles area is by far the largest, with over 13 million inhabitants as of 2012. The ten largest metropolitan statistical areas are found in California, Texas, Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona. Additionally, the cross-border metropolitan areas of San Diego-Tijuana and El Paso–Juárez lie partially within the Sun Belt. Seven of the ten largest cities in the U.S. are located in the Sun Belt: Los Angeles (2), Houston (4), Phoenix (6), San Antonio (7), San Diego (8), Dallas (9), and San Jose (10). Los Angeles County has a veteran population of 270,462.
See also
- Corn Belt
- Economy of the United States
- Rust Belt
- Snowbelt
- Southernization, refers to the political and cultural effects of the growth of the Sun Belt
- Sun Belt Conference
References
- Kaid Benfield. "Where Pittsburgh Has the Sun Belt Beat". CityLab.
- Woods, Michael (January 18, 1981). "Desert-Like Conditions Hurt Sun Belt". The Blade (Toledo, OH)., reprinted by Google News Archive
- Wichner, David (September 6, 2022). "Tucson region led Arizona tourism spending rebound in 2021". Arizona Daily Star.,
- Khazan, Olga (2023-08-15). "Why People Won't Stop Moving to the Sun Belt". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- Shayna M. Olesiuk and Kathy R. Kalser (April 27, 2009). "The Sand States: Anatomy of a Perfect Housing-Market Storm" (PDF). FDIC.gov. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
- "Large, young and fast-growing Sun Belt metros need urban policy innovation | Kinder Institute for Urban Research".
- Phillips, Kevin (April 2, 2006). "How the GOP Became God's Own Party". Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
- "States with the most Fortune 500 companies". Fortune. June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
- Sun Belt Growth Shapes Housing's Future, Professional Builder, May 1, 2005 Archived June 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- Lewan, Todd: Has economic twilight come to the Sun Belt?, NBC News, May 31, 2009
- Cetron, Marvin J.; O'Toole, Thomas: Encounters with the future: a forecast of life into the 21st century, Mcgraw-Hill, April 1982, pg. 34
- Shankman, Sabrina: California Gives Desalination Plants a Fresh Look , Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2009
- McGovern, Bernie: Florida Almanac 2007-2008, Pelican Publishing Company, March 2007, pg. 53
- New data show 'snowbelt-to-sunbelt' migration sluggish to return, Los Angeles Times, 2014
- Jotkin, Joel (March 28, 2016). "The Sun Belt Is Rising Again, New Census Numbers Show". Forbes. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
- Frey, William H. (January 4, 2016). "Sun Belt Migration Reviving, New Census Data Show". The Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
- Cunningham, Sean P., ed. (2014), "Introduction: What Is the Sunbelt – and Why Is It Important?", American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, Cambridge Essential Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139170017.001, ISBN 978-1-107-02452-6, retrieved 2023-09-05
- Nickerson, Michelle (2011). Sunbelt Rising: The Politics of Space, Place, and Region. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- "2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
- Brownstein, Ronald (January 9, 2020). "Democrats' Future Is Moving Beyond the Rust Belt". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- Arkin, James (19 September 2019). "Democrats' path to the Senate runs straight through the Sun Belt". POLITICO. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
- Sen, Conor (November 7, 2018). "The Democrats Should Try the Sun Belt Strategy in 2020". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
- Moore, Greg. "Swing state, no more. Moderate Democrats have already turned Arizona blue". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
- "Analysis | Georgia is no longer a red state". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
- Goldmacher, Shane; Igielnik, Ruth (August 17, 2024). "Harris Puts Four Sun Belt States Back in Play, Times/Siena Polls Find". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
- "Biodiversity in the United States (Map)". Archived from the original on January 26, 2011.
- "Earth's Endangered Creatures - United States Endangered Species List". Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- "Earth's Endangered Creatures - United States Endangered Species List". Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- [https://censusreporter.org/ Archived July 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, July 2012
- ^ Archived August 13, 2022, at fred.stlouisfed.org (Error: unknown archive URL), The United States Conference of Mayors, July 2022
- "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Angeles County, California; California". www.census.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
Further reading
- Weinstein, Bernard L.; Robert E. Firestine (1978). Regional growth and decline in the United States: the rise of the Sunbelt and the decline of the Northeast. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780275239503.
- Hollander, Justin B. (2011). Sunburnt Cities: The Great Recession, Depopulation, and Urban Planning in the American Sunbelt. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415592116.
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