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{{Short description|Family of insects}}
{{Automatic taxobox {{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Aptian|Recent}}
| name = Vespidae
| image = Vespula germanica Horizontalview Richard Bartz.jpg | image = Vespula germanica Horizontalview Richard Bartz.jpg
| image_caption = '']'' | image_caption = '']''
| taxon = Vespidae | taxon = Vespidae
| authority = Latreille, 1802
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = | subdivision = *] (potter wasps)
⚫ *]
]: ]s<br/>
⚫ *]
⚫ ]<br/>
*] (pollen wasps)
⚫ ]<br/>
]: ]s<br/> *] (paper wasp)
]: ]s<br/> *] (hover wasp)
⚫ *] (]s, ]s)
]: ]s<br/>
⚫ *]
⚫ ]: ]s, ]s<br/>
*{{extinct}}]
⚫ ]
*{{extinct}}]
}} }}
] florissantia'', late ]]]


The '''Vespidae''' are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, ] family of ]s, including nearly all the known ] wasps (such as '']'', '']'', and '']'') and many ] wasps.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kurt M. |last=Pickett |first2=John W. |last2=Wenzel |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World ''Polistes'' (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=742–760 |year=2004 |doi=10.2317/E-18.1 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2317/E-18.1}}</ref> Each social wasp ] includes a ] and a number of female ]s with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of ] (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the ] of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators,<ref>{{cite journal |first=R.B. |last=Sühs |first2=A. |last2=Somavilla |first3=J. |last3=Putzke |first4=A. |last4=Köhler |title=Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of ''Schinus terebinthifolius'' Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biosciences |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=138–143 |year=2009 |doi= |url=http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1123}}</ref> while others are notable predators of pest insect species. The '''Vespidae''' are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, ] family of ]s, including nearly all the known ] wasps (such as '']'', '']'', and '']'') and many ].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Kurt M. |last1=Pickett |first2=John W. |last2=Wenzel |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World ''Polistes'' (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=742–760 |year=2004 |doi=10.2317/E-18.1 |s2cid=85737989 }}</ref> Each social wasp ] includes a ] and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually last only one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the ] of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=R.B. |last1=Sühs |first2=A. |last2=Somavilla |first3=J. |last3=Putzke |first4=A. |last4=Köhler |title=Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of ''Schinus terebinthifolius'' Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biosciences |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=138–143 |year=2009 |url=http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1123}}</ref> while others are notable predators of pest insect species, and a few species are ].<ref>Beggs, Jacqueline R., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Juan C. Corley, Marc Kenis, Maité Masciocchi, Franck Muller, Quentin Rome, and Claire Villemant. "Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae." BioControl 56 (2011): 505-526.</ref><ref>Beggs, J. "The ecological consequences of social wasps (Vespula spp.) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource." Biological Conservation 99, no. 1 (2001): 17-28.</ref>


The subfamilies ] and ] are composed solely of ] species, while the ], ], ], ] and ] are all ]; the ] subfamily contains a variety of forms from solitary to social.<ref>PK Piekarski, JM Carpenter, AR Lemmon, E Moriarty-Lemmon, BJ Sharanowski (2018) Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy124</ref> The subfamilies ] and ] are composed solely of ] species, while the ], ], ], ] and ] are all ] with the exception of a few communal and several subsocial species. The ] are facultatively eusocial, considering nests may have one or several adult females; in cases where the nest is shared by multiple females (typically, a mother and her daughters) there is reproductive division of labor and cooperative brood care.<ref>PK Piekarski, JM Carpenter, AR Lemmon, E Moriarty-Lemmon, BJ Sharanowski. (2018) Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. '''35''':2097-2109. </ref>


In the ] and ], rather than consuming prey directly, prey are ] and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high ] content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J.H. |last=Hunt |first2=I. |last2=Baker |first3=H.G. |last3=Baker |title=Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps |journal=Evolution |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1318–22 |year=1982 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x/full}}</ref> In the ] and ], rather than consuming prey directly, prey are ] and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high ] content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J.H. |last1=Hunt |first2=I. |last2=Baker |first3=H.G. |last3=Baker |title=Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps |journal=Evolution |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1318–22 |year=1982 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x |pmid=28563573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Fossils are known since ] of the ], with several described species from Cretaceous amber.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perrard|first1=Adrien|last2=Grimaldi|first2=David|last3=Carpenter|first3=James M.|date=April 2017|title=Early lineages of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Cretaceous amber: Vespidae in Cretaceous amber|journal=Systematic Entomology|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=379–386|doi=10.1111/syen.12222|s2cid=90328491|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587206/file/article.pdf}}</ref>


==Gallery== ==Gallery==
Line 28: Line 34:
File:Cocoon 2 750px.jpg|] nest File:Cocoon 2 750px.jpg|] nest
File:Yellowjacket nest 2 sjh.JPG|'']'' nest File:Yellowjacket nest 2 sjh.JPG|'']'' nest
File:Polistes carrying bit of wood.jpg|''Polistes'' wasp carrying a bit of wood from an old rake handle
File:Vespa tropica sec.jpg|'']'' from India File:Vespa tropica sec.jpg|'']'' from India
File:Wasp stripping wood.jpg|'']'' (a European tree wasp) stripping wood from a fence for use in nest construction File:Wasp stripping wood.jpg|'']'' (a European tree wasp) stripping wood from a fence for use in nest construction
</gallery> </gallery>

⚫ ==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons|Vespidae}} {{Commons}}
* *
* *
* *
*

⚫ ==References==
<references/>


{{Hymenoptera|2}} {{Hymenoptera|2}}
{{Eusociality}} {{Eusociality}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7037230}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q7037230}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 10:43, 5 October 2024

Family of insects

Vespidae
Temporal range: Aptian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Vespula germanica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Superfamily: Vespoidea
Family: Vespidae
Latreille, 1802
Subfamilies
Palaeovespa florissantia, late Eocene

The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as Polistes fuscatus, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica) and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually last only one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators, while others are notable predators of pest insect species, and a few species are invasive pests.

The subfamilies Polistinae and Vespinae are composed solely of eusocial species, while the Eumeninae, Euparagiinae, Gayellinae, Masarinae and Zethinae are all solitary with the exception of a few communal and several subsocial species. The Stenogastrinae are facultatively eusocial, considering nests may have one or several adult females; in cases where the nest is shared by multiple females (typically, a mother and her daughters) there is reproductive division of labor and cooperative brood care.

In the Polistinae and Vespinae, rather than consuming prey directly, prey are premasticated and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high amino acid content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.

Fossils are known since Aptian of the Early Cretaceous, with several described species from Cretaceous amber.

Gallery

References

  1. Pickett, Kurt M.; Wenzel, John W. (2004). "Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 742–760. doi:10.2317/E-18.1. S2CID 85737989.
  2. Sühs, R.B.; Somavilla, A.; Putzke, J.; Köhler, A. (2009). "Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biosciences. 7 (2): 138–143.
  3. Beggs, Jacqueline R., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Juan C. Corley, Marc Kenis, Maité Masciocchi, Franck Muller, Quentin Rome, and Claire Villemant. "Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae." BioControl 56 (2011): 505-526.
  4. Beggs, J. "The ecological consequences of social wasps (Vespula spp.) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource." Biological Conservation 99, no. 1 (2001): 17-28.
  5. PK Piekarski, JM Carpenter, AR Lemmon, E Moriarty-Lemmon, BJ Sharanowski. (2018) Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35:2097-2109. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy124
  6. Hunt, J.H.; Baker, I.; Baker, H.G. (1982). "Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps". Evolution. 36 (6): 1318–22. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x. PMID 28563573.
  7. Perrard, Adrien; Grimaldi, David; Carpenter, James M. (April 2017). "Early lineages of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Cretaceous amber: Vespidae in Cretaceous amber" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 42 (2): 379–386. doi:10.1111/syen.12222. S2CID 90328491.

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