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{{Short description|Governmental body in Massachusetts, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Massachusetts Governor's Council<br/>''Executive Council''
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The '''Massachusetts Governor's Council''' (also known as the '''Executive Council''') is a governmental body that provides ] in certain matters{{spaced ndash}}such as judicial nominations, pardons, and commutations{{spaced ndash}}to the ]. Councillors are elected by the general public and their duties are set forth in the ].


The Governor's Council has gone through many different formations throughout its history, at times being simply a legal counsel, also serving as provincial ] and judges, sometimes acting as an executive in the absence of a Governor, to serving as an ] of the ] (the state legislature). Whether going by the name of "'''Council of Assistants'''" or Governor's Council, the power of the council has ebbed and flowed; however, it has remained a mainstay in ] politics from the earliest colonial days of ].


==Qualifications==
== Current Councillors==
Any person seeking to become a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council must meet the following requirements:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/Candidates-Guide-generic.pdf |title=How to Run for Office in Massachusetts |date=March 2017 |website=Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth |access-date=December 26, 2022}}</ref>
* ] - District 1
* Be at least eighteen years of age
* ] - District 2
* Be a registered voter in Massachusetts
* ] - District 3
* Be a Massachusetts resident for at least five years when elected
* ] - District 4
* Receive 1,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers
* ] - District 5

* ] - District 6
==History==
* ] - District 7
The ] received its first royal charter in 1629, with the founding of ], following the arrival in 1630 of Governor ] and a fleet of principally ] settlers. The colony's governance was based on this charter, which included the establishment of a "council of assistants." The assistants were a body of ]s who not only decided judicial cases, but also played a role in the colony's lawmaking. The assistants were elected by the colony's ].
* ] - District 8

After the colony's original charter was revoked in 1684, there was the short-lived ] (1686-1689), which was succeeded in the territories of modern Massachusetts and ] by the ]. The charter for the province called for "eight and twenty assistants, or counsellors, to be advising and assisting to the governor" who were to be chosen annually by the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBswAAAAYAAJ&q=charter+%22province+of+massachusetts+bay%22&pg=PA29 |title=''The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts'' |access-date=July 26, 2012|author1=Massachusetts |year=1814 }}</ref> It further specified that the council was to assume the duties of the governor in the absence of both the royal governor and lieutenant governor (who were appointed by the crown), and enumerated some of the specific issues on which the council was to advise the governor. During the provincial period, the relationship between the governor and council was sometimes difficult, since the council represented colonial interests which diverged from the crown interests of the governor. The Council also had authority over approving and accepting officer's commissions in the ].

Unlike with the previous charter for the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, the 1691 ] stripped the power of judicial ruling from the Council. The council would continue to "advise and consent"; however, they would no longer hear appeals. The appeals were to be administered by the local courts and any suit which was of significant sum, namely 300 Pounds sterling, would be moved to the ]. Other appointments were taken from the Council as well and given to the authority of the General Court. <ref>Frothingham 1916, p.12-14.</ref>

During the ], the state government operated under the ] of 1691 but did so without a governor. The council acted as the ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Wood | first = Gordon S. | author-link = Gordon S. Wood | title = The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | orig-year = 1969 | date = 1998 | page = 133 | isbn = 0807847232 }}</ref>

==Composition==
The Council is composed of eight councillors and the governor or lieutenant governor, who presides over the Council. The Massachusetts Constitution specifies that "the governor, and in his absence the lieutenant governor, shall be president of the council, but shall have no vote in council: and the lieutenant governor shall always be a member of the council except when the chair of the governor shall be vacant."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s22.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 2, art. 2 |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

The eight councillors are elected every two years, one for each of eight councillor districts; residency in the district is not a requirement. The council membership was originally nominated by the house of representatives and elected by the state senate. The state constitution upon the prompting of the ] in 1854 was changed<ref>The Know-Nothing party in Massachusetts: the rise and fall of a people's movement / John R. Mulkern</ref> to make the council an elected position open to all state residents.<ref>, as amended by </ref> The Governor's Council districts changed over time and are now specially composed. Each district consists of the entirety of five contiguous ] districts.

There are provisions in the Massachusetts Constitution for filling unexpected vacancies. If a seat on the Council becomes vacant, the ] may, by concurrent vote, select some person from the relevant councillor district to fill the opening.<ref>, as amended by .</ref> If the General Court is not in session, the Governor may select the new councillor, with the advice and consent of the existing Council.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!Councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/service-details/councillors|title=Councillors|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts|access-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
!Residence
!Assumed Office
|-
|1st
|Joseph C. Ferreira
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 2015
|-
|2nd
|Vacant
||
|
|
|-
|3rd
|]
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 1999
|-
|4th
|]
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 1993
|-
|5th
|]
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 2013
|-
|6th
|Terrence W. Kennedy
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 2012
|-
|7th
|]
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 2021
|-
|8th
|Tara J. Jacobs
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ]
| 2023
|}

==Duties==
The Council generally meets at noon on Wednesdays in its ] Chamber, next to the Governor's Office. Pursuant to the Massachusetts Constitution, the Governor may, in general and at his discretion, ''from time to time'' assemble the Council ''for the ordering and directing the affairs of the commonwealth.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s14.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 4 |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> In addition, the Governor must seek the advice and consent of the Council with respect to nominations of ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s19.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 9, as amended |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> appointment and removal of ] and ],<ref> & </ref> issuance of ]s and ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s14.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 8, as amended by art. LXXIII |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> and payment of monies from the treasury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s111.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 11, as amended |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

Annual compensation in 2016 was $36,025.<ref name=StoutM>{{cite news|last=Stout|first=Matt|title=Pay hike for Governor's Council approved by Gov. Baker|work=Boston Herald|date=July 17, 2015|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/herald_bulldog/2015/07/pay_hike_for_governors_council_approved_by_gov}}</ref>

The outside conduct of some councillors has drawn public scrutiny in recent years. Felony assault charges were dismissed in July 2008 against one councillor, Marilyn Devaney.<ref name=Pazzanese>{{cite news|last=Pazzanese|first=Christina|title=Governor's councillor apologizes; felony assault charges dismissed; No admission to hitting clerk|page=B2|publisher=Boston Globe|date=August 1, 2008}}</ref> In the 2008 election, councillor ] falsified the endorsement of the governor and later was fined.<ref name="Viser">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/11/25/falsified_endorsement_costs_politician_8000|title=Falsified endorsement costs politician $8,000|last=Viser|first=Matt|date=November 25, 2008|publisher=Boston Globe|page=B1}}</ref> The 2008 election generated higher than usual interest in Council seats,<ref name=PreerR>{{cite news|last=Preer|first=Robert|title=Few free rides for Governor's Council seats|page=1|publisher=Boston Globe|date=September 7, 2008}}</ref> but all of the incumbents were reelected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/2008%20Return%20of%20Votes%20Complete.pdf |title=Massachusetts Secretary of State, 2008 Return of Votes, at 3-4. (last visited January 3, 2009) |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

==Role in gubernatorial succession==
Originally, the Massachusetts Constitution placed the Governor's Council in the line of executive succession. If the offices of ] and ] were both vacant, the Council would act as chief executive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cp22s36.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 3, art. VI |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> During the colonial period this occurred three times. Following statehood, it occurred only once. After the death of Governor ] in 1799, Lieutenant Governor ] became Acting Governor, and following his death in 1800 the council chaired by ] succeeded to the governorship.

The constitutional line of succession was amended in 1918 to remove the Council and insert the "secretary, attorney-general, treasurer and receiver-general, and auditor," in that order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm#cart055.htm |title=Massachusetts Constitution, Articles of Amendment art. LV |publisher=Mass.gov |access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

== Elections ==

* ]
* ]
* ]

==See also==
*]
*]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* Frothingham, L.A. (1916). ''A Brief History of the Constitution and Government of Massachusetts''. The Lawbook Exchange.


==External links== ==External links==
*
* via Mass.gov


{{start box}} {{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box {{succession box
|before=]<br><small>(Acting Governor, died)</small>
| title=]
|title=Acting ]
| before=]
|years=July 10, 1701 – June 11, 1702
| after=]
|after=]
| years=], ] – ], ]}}
}}
{{end box}}
{{succession box
{{MAGovernors}}
|before=]<br><small>(Commission expired)</small>
|title=Acting ]
|years=February 4, 1715 – March 21, 1715
|after=]
}}
{{succession box
|before=]<br><small>(Acting Governor, died)</small>
|title=Acting ]
|years=April 5, 1757 – August 3, 1757
|after=]
}}
{{succession box
|title=Acting ]
|before=]<br><small>(Acting Governor, died)</small>
|after=]<br><small>(elected governor)</small>
|years=May 20, 1800 – May 30, 1800}}
{{S-end}}

{{Governors of Massachusetts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Massachusetts Governor's Council}}
] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 13:37, 31 May 2024

Governmental body in Massachusetts, US

Massachusetts Governor's Council
Executive Council
Seal of MassachusettsGreat Seal of Massachusetts
Government of Massachusetts
TypeNon-executive advisory body
Advice and Consent
Reports toGovernor of Massachusetts
ResidenceNone official
SeatState House, Boston, Massachusetts
NominatorNominating petition
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthTwo years, no term limits
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Massachusetts
FormationOriginal Charter
March 18, 1629
Modern Form
October 25, 1780
Websitehttps://www.mass.gov/orgs/governors-council

The Massachusetts Governor's Council (also known as the Executive Council) is a governmental body that provides advice and consent in certain matters – such as judicial nominations, pardons, and commutations – to the Governor of Massachusetts. Councillors are elected by the general public and their duties are set forth in the Massachusetts Constitution.

The Governor's Council has gone through many different formations throughout its history, at times being simply a legal counsel, also serving as provincial magistrates and judges, sometimes acting as an executive in the absence of a Governor, to serving as an upper house of the Massachusetts General Court (the state legislature). Whether going by the name of "Council of Assistants" or Governor's Council, the power of the council has ebbed and flowed; however, it has remained a mainstay in New England politics from the earliest colonial days of Massachusetts Bay.

Qualifications

Any person seeking to become a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council must meet the following requirements:

  • Be at least eighteen years of age
  • Be a registered voter in Massachusetts
  • Be a Massachusetts resident for at least five years when elected
  • Receive 1,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers

History

The Massachusetts Bay Colony received its first royal charter in 1629, with the founding of Boston, following the arrival in 1630 of Governor John Winthrop and a fleet of principally Puritan settlers. The colony's governance was based on this charter, which included the establishment of a "council of assistants." The assistants were a body of magistrates who not only decided judicial cases, but also played a role in the colony's lawmaking. The assistants were elected by the colony's freemen.

After the colony's original charter was revoked in 1684, there was the short-lived Dominion of New England (1686-1689), which was succeeded in the territories of modern Massachusetts and Maine by the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The charter for the province called for "eight and twenty assistants, or counsellors, to be advising and assisting to the governor" who were to be chosen annually by the Great and General Court. It further specified that the council was to assume the duties of the governor in the absence of both the royal governor and lieutenant governor (who were appointed by the crown), and enumerated some of the specific issues on which the council was to advise the governor. During the provincial period, the relationship between the governor and council was sometimes difficult, since the council represented colonial interests which diverged from the crown interests of the governor. The Council also had authority over approving and accepting officer's commissions in the militia.

Unlike with the previous charter for the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, the 1691 Massachusetts Charter stripped the power of judicial ruling from the Council. The council would continue to "advise and consent"; however, they would no longer hear appeals. The appeals were to be administered by the local courts and any suit which was of significant sum, namely 300 Pounds sterling, would be moved to the King's Privy Council. Other appointments were taken from the Council as well and given to the authority of the General Court.

During the American Revolution, the state government operated under the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 but did so without a governor. The council acted as the executive.

Composition

The Council is composed of eight councillors and the governor or lieutenant governor, who presides over the Council. The Massachusetts Constitution specifies that "the governor, and in his absence the lieutenant governor, shall be president of the council, but shall have no vote in council: and the lieutenant governor shall always be a member of the council except when the chair of the governor shall be vacant."

The eight councillors are elected every two years, one for each of eight councillor districts; residency in the district is not a requirement. The council membership was originally nominated by the house of representatives and elected by the state senate. The state constitution upon the prompting of the American Party (Know Nothings) in 1854 was changed to make the council an elected position open to all state residents. The Governor's Council districts changed over time and are now specially composed. Each district consists of the entirety of five contiguous Massachusetts Senate districts.

There are provisions in the Massachusetts Constitution for filling unexpected vacancies. If a seat on the Council becomes vacant, the General Court may, by concurrent vote, select some person from the relevant councillor district to fill the opening. If the General Court is not in session, the Governor may select the new councillor, with the advice and consent of the existing Council.

District Councillor Party Residence Assumed Office
1st Joseph C. Ferreira Democratic Swansea 2015
2nd Vacant
3rd Marilyn Petitto Devaney Democratic Watertown 1999
4th Christopher A. Iannella Democratic Boston 1993
5th Eileen Duff Democratic Gloucester 2013
6th Terrence W. Kennedy Democratic Lynnfield 2012
7th Paul DePalo Democratic Worcester 2021
8th Tara J. Jacobs Democratic North Adams 2023

Duties

The Council generally meets at noon on Wednesdays in its State House Chamber, next to the Governor's Office. Pursuant to the Massachusetts Constitution, the Governor may, in general and at his discretion, from time to time assemble the Council for the ordering and directing the affairs of the commonwealth. In addition, the Governor must seek the advice and consent of the Council with respect to nominations of judicial officers, appointment and removal of notaries public and justices of the peace, issuance of pardons and commutations, and payment of monies from the treasury.

Annual compensation in 2016 was $36,025.

The outside conduct of some councillors has drawn public scrutiny in recent years. Felony assault charges were dismissed in July 2008 against one councillor, Marilyn Devaney. In the 2008 election, councillor Kelly A. Timilty falsified the endorsement of the governor and later was fined. The 2008 election generated higher than usual interest in Council seats, but all of the incumbents were reelected.

Role in gubernatorial succession

Originally, the Massachusetts Constitution placed the Governor's Council in the line of executive succession. If the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor were both vacant, the Council would act as chief executive. During the colonial period this occurred three times. Following statehood, it occurred only once. After the death of Governor Increase Sumner in 1799, Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill became Acting Governor, and following his death in 1800 the council chaired by Thomas Dawes succeeded to the governorship.

The constitutional line of succession was amended in 1918 to remove the Council and insert the "secretary, attorney-general, treasurer and receiver-general, and auditor," in that order.

Elections

See also

References

  1. "How to Run for Office in Massachusetts" (PDF). Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. March 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  2. Massachusetts (1814). The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  3. Frothingham 1916, p.12-14.
  4. Wood, Gordon S. (1998) . The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787. University of North Carolina Press. p. 133. ISBN 0807847232.
  5. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 2, art. 2". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  6. The Know-Nothing party in Massachusetts: the rise and fall of a people's movement / John R. Mulkern
  7. Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 3, arts. 1 & 2, as amended by art. XIV.
  8. Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 3, art. 7, as amended by art. XXV.
  9. "Councillors". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  10. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 4". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  11. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 9, as amended". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  12. Massachusetts Constitution, Articles of Amendment, Arts. IV & XXXVII.
  13. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 8, as amended by art. LXXIII". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  14. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 1, art. 11, as amended". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  15. Stout, Matt (July 17, 2015). "Pay hike for Governor's Council approved by Gov. Baker". Boston Herald.
  16. Pazzanese, Christina (August 1, 2008). "Governor's councillor apologizes; felony assault charges dismissed; No admission to hitting clerk". Boston Globe. p. B2.
  17. Viser, Matt (November 25, 2008). "Falsified endorsement costs politician $8,000". Boston Globe. p. B1.
  18. Preer, Robert (September 7, 2008). "Few free rides for Governor's Council seats". Boston Globe. p. 1.
  19. "Massachusetts Secretary of State, 2008 Return of Votes, at 3-4. (last visited January 3, 2009)" (PDF). Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  20. "Massachusetts Constitution, pt. II, c. 2, § 3, art. VI". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  21. "Massachusetts Constitution, Articles of Amendment art. LV". Mass.gov. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  • Frothingham, L.A. (1916). A Brief History of the Constitution and Government of Massachusetts. The Lawbook Exchange.

External links

Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Stoughton
(Acting Governor, died) 		Acting Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
July 10, 1701 – June 11, 1702 		Succeeded byJoseph Dudley
Preceded byJoseph Dudley
(Commission expired) 		Acting Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
February 4, 1715 – March 21, 1715 		Succeeded byJoseph Dudley
Preceded bySpencer Phips
(Acting Governor, died) 		Acting Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
April 5, 1757 – August 3, 1757 		Succeeded byThomas Pownall
Preceded byMoses Gill
(Acting Governor, died) 		Acting Governor of Massachusetts
May 20, 1800 – May 30, 1800 		Succeeded byCaleb Strong
(elected governor)
Governors of Massachusetts
Colony
(1629–1686)
Dominion
(1686–1689)
Province
(1692–1776)
Commonwealth
(since 1776)
  • Italics indicate acting officeholders
Categories: