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⚫ {{wiktionary|collectivism}}
:''For the descriptive terminology as used in anthropology and psychology, see ]. For the ] political philosophy known as "collectivism", see ]. For the magazine, see ].''
''']''' is the type of social organization.


'''Collectivism''' may also refer to:
'''Collectivism''' is a term used to describe any moral, political, or social outlook, that stresses human ] and the importance of a ], rather than the importance of separate ]s. Collectivists focus on ] and ], and seek to give priority to group goals over individual goals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ratner, Carl|coauthors=Lumei Hui|title=Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross–Cultural Psychology|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=33|issue=1||year=2003|pages=72|url=http://www.humboldt1.com/~cr2/crosscult.htm}}</ref> The ] underpinnings of collectivism are often related to ] or ] - the view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Specifically, a ] as a whole can be seen as having more meaning or value than the separate individuals that make up that society. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Agassi, Joseph|title=Methodological Individualism |journal=British Journal of Sociology|volume=11|issue=3|year=1960|pages=244-270}}</ref>
* ], a theory of class society which is used to describe the ] under ]

* ], a socialist doctrine in which the workers own and manage the production
==Politics==
* ], art which is created by a group of people rather than an individual

* ], a political position that emphasizes the importance of the community over the individual or attempts to integrate the two
Some consider an early example of collectivist political philosophy to be ]’s ], which maintains that human society is organized along the lines of an implicit ''contract'' between members of society, and that the terms of this contract (e.g. the powers of government, the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens, etc.) are rightfully decided by the "general will" - that is, the will of the people. This idea is part of the philosophical foundation of ].
* ], a political ideology in which groups, rather than individuals, are the building blocks of society

However, this interpretation of political collectivism as democracy is not universally agreed upon. For instance, ] defined ''collectivism'' as a philosophy that empowered a minority of individuals:
<blockquote>
''"It cannot be said too often - at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough - that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of."''<ref>George Orwell, Collected Essays</ref>
</blockquote>

== Economics ==

Generally speaking, collectivism in the field of economics holds that some things should be owned by the group and used for the benefit of all rather than being owned by individuals. Central to this view is the concept of the ], as opposed to private ]. Some collectivists apply this principle only to the ], while others argue that all valued commodities should be regarded as ] and placed under ].

Collectivism in economics may or may not involve a ] as a manager and steward of collective property. For instance, ], who argue for the immediate abolition of government, wish to place all goods under collective ownership. In ], at the Florence Conference of the Italian Federation of the International, where the principles of anarcho-communism were first laid out, it was stated:

<blockquote>
''"The Italian Federation considers the collective property of the products of labour as the necessary complement to the collectivist programme, the aid of all for the satisfaction of the needs of each being the only rule of production and consumption which corresponds to the principle of solidarity."''
</blockquote>

==Typology==

Collectivism can be divided into "horizontal collectivism", wherein equality is stressed and individuals are largely interwoven with their ], and "vertical collectivism", wherein people submit to authorities and are willing to sacrifice themselves for what they see as the greater good of the collective. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Triandis, Harry C.|title=Individualism-Collectivism and Personality|journal=Journal of Personality|volume=69|issue=6||year=2001|pages=909}}</ref> Examples of horizontal collectivism are Israeli ], while examples of vertical collectivism are ] societies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Triandis, Harry C.|coauthors=Gelfand, Michele J.|title=Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical
- Individualism and Collectivism|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=74|issue=1||year=1998|pages=119}}</ref> + Individualism and Collectivism|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=74|issue=1||year=1998|pages=119}}</ref> It has been argued that ] societies are also a form of veritical collectivism, but this is questionable because most fascist societies practicied vertical individualism in the form of ].

== Collectivist societies ==
There are many examples of societies around the world which have characterized themselves or have been characterized by outsiders as "collectivist".

On the one hand, there are the ]s, which have often collectivized most economic sectors (and agriculture in particular). On the other hand, there are Israeli ]im (voluntary communes where people live and ] together without private ownership), and communities such as the ] in ] (a small anarchist ] centered around an abandoned ] in ]; Christiania has laws abolishing ]).

], with its emphasis on notions of ] and the collective will of the people, has been characterized by some as a form of (political) collectivism.

⚫ == Anti-collectivism ==
The term ''collectivism'' tends to be used more by people who oppose collectivist ideas than by those who support them. As such, "collectivism" often carries ] connotations.

Opposition to collectivism comes from those political and philosophical circles that are most closely associated with individualism. This includes most schools of ] (particularly ]), together with ] and ]. Supporters of ] — ] and many people influenced by her — claim that collectivism is fallacious in theory and immoral in practice. They further argue that many or most political ideologies (other than Objectivism itself) are forms of collectivism or at least contain significant collectivist elements.

Anti-collectivists often argue that all ] and ] societies are collectivist in nature.

==Notes==
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== See also == == See also ==
* ]
{{Ideology-small}}
* ], aka ''collectivization''

* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]

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Latest revision as of 05:41, 11 October 2023

Collectivism is the type of social organization.

Collectivism may also refer to:

See also

Topics referred to by the same term Disambiguation iconThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Collectivism.
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