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{{Short description|Global alliance of eye health organisations}}
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The '''International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness''' ('''IAPB''') is a coordinating, ] to lead an international effort in mobilizing resources for blindness prevention activities. It was set up on January 1, 1975, by the late ], the Founder President. The founding members were the ], and the International Federation of Ophthalmological Societies (now the ]).
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| formation = {{Start date and age|1975|01|01}}
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| type = ]<ref name="Devex" />
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| purpose = Global prevention of blindness and vision impairment
| headquarters = 4-108, Devonshire square<br />]
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| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Caroline Casey<ref name="Governance" />
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Babar Qureshi<ref name="Governance" />
| leader_title3 = Treasurer
| leader_name3 = Debra Davis<ref name="Governance" />
| leader_title4 = Chief Executive
| leader_name4 = Peter Holland<ref name="Staff" />
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| affiliations = ]<br />]<br />]<br />International Coalition for Trachoma Control<br />NTD NGDO Network
| website = {{URL|1=https://www.iapb.org}}
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The '''International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness''' ('''IAPB''') is a global alliance of eye health organisations working for the prevention of blindness and vision impairment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Eye Health Journal » International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness|url=https://www.cehjournal.org/resources/international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness/|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.cehjournal.org}}</ref> IAPB was established in 1975 to work as an umbrella body for global blindness prevention activities. This agency is a partner of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN General Assembly adopts 'Vision for Everyone' resolution|url=https://www.nation.sc/articles/10193/un-general-assembly-adopts-vision-for-everyone-resolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=WHO: ILO/IAPB Eye health and the world of work|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/15-09-2023-ilo-iapb-eye-health-and-the-world-of-work}}</ref>
==Mission==
IAPB aspires to link professional bodies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), educational institutions, and interested individuals, with national programmes for the prevention of blindness. Its mission is "to achieve universal access to eye health, by:


In 1999, IAPB and the World Health Organization launched Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness,<ref name="Devex" /><ref name="Watkins 2001" /> which has achieved some success, though it did not meet all its goals.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
* adding value to and maximising the impact of the individual and collective work of our Members, including those who strive for the inclusion and rehabilitation of those with vision loss,
* promoting knowledge and awareness of comprehensive eye health system development, particularly at country level."<ref> About IAPB</ref>


Also known as: ''Agenzia internazionale per la prevenzione della cecità'', ''Organisation mondiale contre la cécité'',
According to the latest blindness data (2015), 253 million people are ], of whom 217 million people have moderate to severe vision impairment and 36 million are ] all over the world.<ref></ref><ref></ref> It has been estimated that the number of the visually impaired could increase in the future.<ref></ref> More than 75% of blindness is avoidable (it can be prevented or cured).<ref></ref> The treatment of ]s, which accounts for about half of all blindness, is one of the most cost-effective health interventions known.<ref></ref>
''Organismo Internacional de Prevención de la Ceguera'', and உலக கண்ணொளி தினம்.<ref name="Worldcat" />


== History ==
The first major achievement of IAPB was the establishment of the WHO Programme for Prevention of Blindness<ref></ref> (WHO/PBL), with which, it then entered into an official relationship.
IAPB was established on 1 January 1975 by the ] and the ] with input from the WHO, to coordinate global efforts to tackle and eliminate avoidable blindness.<ref name="Pizzarello et al 2004" /> ] was its founder president. The founder members of IAPB included the International Council of Ophthalmology, the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (later renamed the ]), the American Foundation for the Blind (later renamed ]) and the Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind (later renamed ]).<ref name="Resnikoff and Pararajasegaram 2001" />


IAPB has an official relationship with the WHO Program for Prevention of Blindness and Deafness, which is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1978, IAPB helped to set up a blindness prevention unit at the WHO.<ref name="Corry 2020" /> In 1999, with the WHO, they launched Vision 2020: The Right to Sight.<ref name="Watkins 2001" /> In 2016, the IAPB published the Vision Atlas,<ref name="Spiegel" /> bringing together causes and prevalence data on blindness and vision impairment. It showed that over a billion people in the developing world cannot see well because they have no access to spectacles.<ref name="NY Times" /><ref name="CVPH" />
==World Sight Day==
], initiated by the ] of ] Foundation, was integrated into IAPB, and is being held on the second Thursday of October, every year, since 2000. World Sight Day has proved to be an effective advocacy and awareness tool--in 2017, IAPB recorded 608 events from 115 countries.<ref></ref>


==History== ==Purposes==
The IAPB is an implementing and advocacy NGO.<ref name="Devex" /> It advocates globally for eye health to encourage the attention and resources needed to achieve universal access to eye care. It builds partnerships to generate change at local and international level, and provides information on eye health to enable the development of good policy and practice, including publishing resources in journal, books and a website.<ref name="COS PRC" />


==Organisational members==
In order to formalise a collaboration between the International NGDO community and ]/PBL, the Consultative Group was formed, an elected body of 10 NGDOs from the Partnership Committee. The Consultative Group met every two years with WHO/PBL, from 1986 to 1994. This body made important contributions to strategies for preventing blindness, but it was limited in what it could achieve due to a lack of designated funding.
It has over 150 members, mainly ] and civil society, corporate organisations, professional bodies and ] who are working in the ] of ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 June 2010|title= Guardian, The shadows in her eyes. IAPB)|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/journalismcompetition/the-shadows-in-her-eyes|access-date=|website=|last1=Brunt|first1=Lara}}</ref>


*]<ref name="Watkins 2001" />
In 1994, at the Fifth IAPB General Assembly in ], the Consultative Group was replaced by a "Task Force for Prevention of Blindness". The founder members were CBM International, and Sight Savers International, who were soon joined by Helen Keller International, and Orbis International]. During the period 1996 to 1998, through a series of consultations between the Programme Advisory Group (PAG) of WHO, the Partnership Committee, and the Task Force, the document, "Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness",<ref></ref> was developed and adopted. The document sets out priorities and strategies to eliminate avoidable blindness.
*Members of the Partnership Committee:
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==Activities==
All these developments have necessitated revisions in the structure and governance of the IAPB, as laid down in the current constitution. A Constitutional Review Committee was set up in 2002 with Dr. Pararajasegaram, as Chair, to amend the Constitution, incorporating the opinions of stakeholders. As well as modifications in ] and structure, the new Constitution was aligned with the Charity Law in ], where IAPB is now incorporated. The new Constitution was ratified by the Seventh General Assembly of IAPB in ], in September 2004.
IAPB coordinates activities of more than 150 organizations in over 100 countries which cooperate to improve and ensure quality of eye care. These include professional bodies, non-governmental organizations, associations, foundations, and educational institutions.<ref name="Loccitane" /> The most influential program as of 2023 was the global initiative Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, which has been followed by 2030 In Sight.<ref name="Corry 2020" />


=== Vision 2020: The Right to Sight ===
The WHO released new data on the prevalence of global blindness in 2010. According to the updated figures, 285 million people are visually impaired, of whom 246 million people are affected by low vision, and 39 million are blind. Cataract is the major cause for global blindness (51%), especially in the developing countries. ] (8%), age-related ] (5%) and ] (1%), along with cataract, account for 65% of all blindness in the world. These figures seem to indicate the success for VISION 2020, but also continue to highlight the challenge of achieving its goal - eliminating avoidable blindness by the year 2020.


The ] global campaign was launched on 18 February 1999 by IAPB and the ] (WHO).<ref name="Resnikoff et al 2008" /><ref name="IAPB" /><ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" /> The initiative was intended to use improvements in disease control, human resource development and infrastructure development to promote "A world in which nobody is needlessly visually impaired, where those with unavoidable vision loss can achieve their full potential" by eliminating or reducing the main causes of avoidable blindness throughout the world by the year 2020. Programs instituted under Vision 2020 facilitated the planning, development, and implementation of sustainable national eye care programs, including technical support and advocacy.<ref name="Vision 2020" /> Vision 2020 was based on a plan published by the WHO in 1999,<ref name="1999 plan" /> and subsequently superseded by other global action plans from the WHO.<ref name="WHO 2000" />
==VISION 2020: The Right to Sight==
The Task Force was integrated within IAPB, becoming the "Task Force of IAPB", and a ] to implement the "Global Initiative to Eliminate Avoidable Blindness" was signed between IAPB and WHO. Under their joint auspices, "VISION 2020: The Right to Sight",<ref></ref> was officially launched by Dr. ], Director-General of WHO in ] on February 18, 1999, and further promoted by IAPB at the Sixth Assembly in ], in September 1999. Following the launch of VISION 2020, the Task Force increased in membership, and in 2000, it was decided to hold joint-meetings of the IAPB Executive Committee and the Task Force, chaired by the President of IAPB.


The goal of Vision 2020 was to reduce the projected number of blind people in 2020 from 75 million to 25 million, by disease prevention and control, personnel training, eye care infrastructure improvement, use of appropriate and affordable technology and mobilisation of resources. The conditions which were identified as priorities were ], ], ], ], and uncorrected refractive errors.<ref name="Watkins 2001" />
Since the launch of VISION 2020, a major concerted international effort is being made in areas such as ], resource mobilisation, joint-planning, strengthening national capacities through ], and the transfer of appropriate technologies to developing countries. Global technical plans were developed, highlighting the priority areas that need to be addressed in each region, and the proposed strategies to reach the goals of VISION 2020 in these regions.


The 1998 World Health Report published an estimate of 19.34 million people who are bilaterally blind due to age-related cataracts, which was 43% of all causes of blindness. This number and proportion were expected to increase due to population growth and increased life expectancy approximately doubling the population in the over 60 years age group. The global increase in blindness from cataract is estimated at at least 5 million per year, and a figure of 1000 new cases per million population per year is used for planning purposes. The average outcomes of cataract surgery are improving over time, and consequently the stage at which surgery is indicated is becoming earlier, which also increases the number of operable cases. It is necessary to operate on more eyes per year than the new cases alone to reduce the backlog.<ref name="Foster 2022" />
Complementing the technical plans, a business plan was developed to raise funds and implement the programme. Regional and national workshops, and launch events in WHO/IAPB regions, have been and are being organised to raise awareness of blindness prevention. Plans for prevention of blindness have also been developed at both national and district level. A conservative estimate of the productivity gain from VISION 2020 is $102 billion over the 20-year period. The costs of many of the interventions that form the VISION 2020 initiative are relatively modest, particularly for public health interventions, such as the distribution of ] capsules, and ] for ].


The rate of surgeries in the economically developed countries as of 1998 was about 4000 to 6000 per million population per year, which was sufficient to meet the demand. India raised the CSR to over 3000, but this does not seem to be sufficient to reduce the backlog. The middle income countries of Latin America and Asia have CSRs of between 500 and 2000 per million per year, and China, most of Africa and the poorer countries of Asia had rates of less than 500. In India and South East Asia the rate required to keep up with the increase is at least 3000 per million population per year, and in Africa and other parts of the word with smaller percentages of older people, a rate of 2000 may be sufficient for the short term.<ref name="Foster 2022" />
In May 2003, the 56th World Health Assembly of Ministers adopted a "Resolution on Elimination of Avoidable Blindness", which calls on all member states to prepare VISION 2020 plans by 2005. Further, member states are to establish national coordinating committees, which are to start implementing the national plans by 2007, and to report back in 2010. The Ministers proposed a Monitoring Committee to oversee the programme. The resolution also supports the mobilization of resources to ensure a successful program. In response to the Resolution, a VISION 2020 Tool Kit was developed to provide guidance and support for Governments and health professionals.


The Vision 2020 initiative succeeded in bringing the issue of avoidable blindness to the global health agenda. The causes have not been eliminated, but there have been significant changes to the distribution of the causes, which can be attributed to global demographic shifts. Remaining challenges to management of avoidable blindness include population size, gender disparities in access to eyecare, and the available professional workforce.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
Over the years, the original VISION 2020 agenda has been updated and improved upon by additional WHO action plans (the WHO Action Plan for avoidable blindness 2006-11, for example).<ref>[https://www.iapb.org/resources/vision-2020-action-plan-2006-2011/ VISION 2020 Action Plan 2006-11</ref> The latest WHO Action Plan for the current period is the Global Action Plan 2014-19.


It has been estimated that there were 43.3 million blind people in 2020, and 295 million with moderate and severe visual impairment (MSVI), 55% female. The age-standardised global prevalence in blindness decreased by 28.5% between 1990 and 2020, but the age-standardised prevalence of MSVI increased by 2.5%. The global leading cause of blindness in 2020 remained cataract.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
==Global Action Plan 2014-2019==


By March 2022, 14 countries had reported achieving elimination goals for ], but it remains ] in parts of rural Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. Africa is still the continent most affected, and in which efforts to control the disease remain most intensive. Some mathematical models suggest that it may be possible to achieve this goal over the next decade.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
"Universal Eye Health: A global action plan 2014–2019" – the WHO Global Action Plan was unanimously adopted by Member States at the World Health Assembly held in Geneva in 2013. The Vision of the Plan is "a world in which nobody is needlessly visually impaired, where those with unavoidable vision loss can achieve their full potential and where there is universal access to comprehensive eye care services".


] has been eradicated in Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico, and significantly reduced in parts of Africa. Eradication appears to be possible and a new target for elimination has been set for 2025.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
The Goals of the Plan are to: reduce Visual Impairment as a global public health problem; secure access to rehabilitation for visually impaired services. Its objectives are to: generate evidence on magnitude and causes of visual impairment and use it in advocacy; develop and implement integrated national eye health policies and plans; ensure multi-sectoral engagement and effective partnerships.


] was found to be poorly represented in epidemiological data, which may underestimate the extent, and there is a need for improvement. Nevertheless recent estimates show a gradual decline in the rates. A need to increase the focus on primary healthcare and prevention to ensure early recognition and treatment of childhood blindness has been identified.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
The Global Action Plan sets itself a Global Target of a "Reduction in prevalence of avoidable visual impairment by 25% by 2019" (from the baseline prevalence in 2010). To monitor progress a small number of key indicators are to be monitored: Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment; Numbers of Ophthalmologists, Optometrists and Allied Ophthalmic Personnel; Cataract Surgical Rate and Cataract Surgical Coverage.<ref></ref>
One of the causes of visual impairment that is most straightforward to treat is uncorrected ]. There appears to have been a global reduction the prevalence of uncorrected refraction error causing poor vision during the project. The smallest reductions were in parts of Africa, and the greatest reductions in Latin America and parts of Asia. The number of people with vision loss due to uncorrected refractive error is expected to rise by 55% by 2050 as a result of population growth and increased average life expectancy.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />


An important achievement of Vision 2020 was improving awareness of the burden of blindness. Getting prevention of blindness onto the healthcare agenda of the WHO and its member states ensured that those countries included allocations for eye care in their budgets. World Sight Day also helps to raise awareness of blindness and visual impairment.<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" />
==Board==
As of March 2016, the IAPB board consists of ] (]), ] (]), and ] (]) as well as founding members ] and ].<ref></ref>


Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardised global prevalence of blindness fell by 28.5%. In 2017 The Lancet Global Health Commission reported that avoidable blindness figures were set to triple to 115 million by 2050, but the latest data from the same journal has reduced that forecast to about 60 million This has been attributed in part to the function of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness in bringing together a community of active organisations, and providing a platform and voice for collective action.<ref name="Orbis 2021" /><ref name="Burton et al 2021" /> This report was based on data collected before the Covid-19 epidemic, and the effect of the epidemic was not yet known in detail, but was expected to have been a major setback.<ref name="Orbis 2021" />
==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ===2030 In Sight===
2030 IN SIGHT is a project following on from Vision 2020 associated with the ], the ] and the UN Resolution, Vision for Everyone.<ref name="2030 in sight" />
{{reflist}}


The objectives of the program are to eliminate unnecessary and preventable sight loss, to ensure that adequate eye care services are affordably available to everyone, and that everyone understands the necessity of taking care of their eyes. The complexity, scale, and ambition of the challenge are recognised.<ref name="2030 In Sight summary 2021" />
==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.iapb.org}}


A conference to develop strategies for 2030 In Sight was held in Singapore in 2022 and another is scheduled for 2023.<ref name="VM 2023" />
]

===Vision Atlas===

The IAPB Vision Atlas is a website resource providing information on factors affecting vision loss relevant to policy makers, health planners, eye health professionals, NGOs, patient groups and advocates. First published in 2016,<ref name="Spiegel" /> and launched at the 10th general assembly in Durban, South Africa in October of that year.<ref name="Global Vision Database" /> The 2020 version provides data, narrative and interactive presentation tools suitable for a broad audience.<ref name="CVPH" /> The atlas is based on national indicators based on the 2014-2019 WHO Global Action Plan, and data and prevalence estimates from the ].<ref name="Global Vision Database" />

===World Sight Day===

] is marked on the second Thursday of every October. Started by the Lions Clubs International Foundation in 1999, it was handed over to IAPB who has been coordinating and supporting the day's marking ever since.<ref name="India Today" />

==Publications==
The IAPB is known for research contributions in topics relating to population and visual impairment. Between 1975 and 2021, 57 authors have produced 85 publications, which have received at least 3286 citations. Papers usually relate to the topics: population, visual impairment, cataract surgery, public health and ].<ref name="Scispace" />

The IAPB compiles lists of good practices and essential equipment for managing specific conditions in consultation with panels of experts. The first of these was the IAPB Essential Equipment List for screening and surgery for ], which recommends the basic items required for high quality surgery under the conditions expected in endemic regions.<ref name="Balantrapu and Hoare 2015" />

The most widely held publications by the IAPB are:<ref name="Worldcat" />
*{{cite book |title=World's major blinding conditions |author=Arthur Siew Ming Lim }} 3 editions published in 1982 in English and other languages.
*{{cite book |title=World blindness and its prevention |author=International Association for the Prevention of Blindness }} 9 editions published between 1980 and 1988 in English.
*{{cite report |title=Vision }} an official publication of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, in English
*{{cite book |title=World blindness and its prevention |volume=1 to 3 }} in English, several editions published between 1980 and 1986.
*{{cite book |title=Assemblée générale de l'Association internationale de prophylaxie de la cécité et de l'organisation internationale contre le trachome |location=Paris |date=14 May 1934 |language=French}}
*{{cite report |title=Vision 2020 : report on world sight |language=English }}
*{{cite book |title=State of the world's sight : Vision 2020 : the right to sight, 1999-2005 |date=2005 |language=English }}
*{{cite report |title=Strengthening diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in South-East Asia Region }}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="1999 plan" >{{cite report |url=https://www.iapb.org/learn/resources/vision-2020-global-initiative-1999/ |title=Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness |work=WHO/PBL/97.61 Rev.2 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2000 }}</ref>

<ref name="2030 in sight" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iapb.org/about/2030-in-sight/ |title=2030 On Sight |website=www.iapb.org |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="2030 In Sight summary 2021" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iapb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2030InSight_Summary_Sep_2021_accessible.pdf |title=2030 in Sight Summary Document (English) |website=www.iapb.org |date=September 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Abdulhussein 2022" >{{cite journal |first1=Dalia |last1=Abdulhussein |first2=Mina Abdul |last2=Hussein |date=30 September 2022 |title=WHO Vision 2020: Have We Done It? |journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=331–339 |doi=10.1080/09286586.2022.2127784 |pmid=36178293 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Balantrapu and Hoare 2015" >{{cite journal |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25098263/ |last1=Balantrapu |first1=T.V. |last2=Hoare |first2=P.J. |title=The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) Launches Essential Equipment List for Screening and Surgery for Trachomatous Trichiasis. |journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiol. |date=2015 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=151–2 |doi=10.3109/09286586.2014.947038|pmid=25098263 |s2cid=36539550 }}</ref>

<ref name="Burton et al 2021" >{{cite journal |publisher=The Lancet Global Health Commission |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e489–e551 |title=The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020 |first1=Matthew J |last1=Burton |first2=Jacqueline |last2=Ramke |first3=Ana Patricia |last3=Marques |first4=Rupert R.A. |last4=Bourne |first5=Nathan |last5=Congdon |first6=Iain |last6=Jones |journal=The Lancet Global Health |collaboration=several others
|date=16 February 2021 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5 |pmid=33607016 |pmc=7966694 }}</ref>

<ref name="Corry 2020" >{{cite web |url=https://crstoday.com/articles/2020-jan/organizations-working-toward-the-prevention-of-global-blindness |work=Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today |title=Organizations Working Toward the Prevention of Global Blindness |first1=Michele |last1=Corry |date=January 2020 |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="COS PRC" >{{cite web |url=https://www.cosprc.ca/the-international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness/ |publisher=Canadian Ophthalmological Society |title=The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="CVPH" >{{cite web |url=https://cvph.preventblindness.org/resource-center/iapb-vision-atlas/ |title=News:IAPB Vision Atlas |publisher=Center for Vision and Population Health |website=cvph.preventblindness.org |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Devex" >{{cite web |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness-iapb-101032 |title=International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=www.devex.com }}</ref>

<ref name="Foster 2022" >{{cite journal |title=Vision 2020: the cataract challenge. |journal=Community Eye Health |editor1-first=Allen |editor1-last=Foster |date=2000 |volume=13 |issue=34 |pages=17–19 |pmid=17491949 |pmc=1705965 }}</ref>

<ref name="Global Vision Database" >{{cite web |url= https://www.globalvisiondata.org/news/vision-atlas-the-international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness-iapb |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200930194048/https://www.globalvisiondata.org/news/vision-atlas-the-international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness-iapb |url-status= usurped |archive-date= September 30, 2020 |publisher=Global Vision Database |title=Vision Atlas & The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) |date=5 July 2017 |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Governance" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iapb.org/about/governance/ |title=Governance |website=www.iapb.org |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="IAPB" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iapb.org/about/history/vision-2020/ |title=VISION 2020 |website=www.iapb.org |access-date=5 March 2023 |publisher=International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness }}</ref>

<ref name="India Today" >{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/world-sight-day-2022-date-history-and-significance-2284779-2022-10-13 |date=13 October 2022 |title=World Sight Day 2022: Date, history, and significance |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=India Today }}</ref>

<ref name="Loccitane" >{{cite web |url=https://fondation.loccitane.com/discover-the-international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness |title=Discover the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness |website=fondation.loccitane.com |access-date= 10 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NY Times" >{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/health/glasses-developing-world-global-health.html |title=A simple way to improve a billion lives: Eyeglasses |work=The New York Times |date=5 May 2018|access-date=5 March 2023 |last1=Jacobs |first1=Andrew }}</ref>

<ref name="Orbis 2021" >{{cite news|url=https://www.orbis.org/en/news/2021/new-global-blindness-data |title=Global blindness was slowing prior to pandemic study reveals |work=Orbis International: English |date=2021 |accessdate=8 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Pizzarello et al 2004" >{{cite journal |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/416262 |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Louis |last2=Abiose |first2=Adenike |last3=Ffytche |first3=Timothy |first4=Rainaldo |last4=Duerksen |first5=R. |last5=Thulasiraj |first6=Hugh |last6=Taylor |first7=Hannah |last7=Faal |first8=Gullapali |last8=Rao |first9=Ivo |last9=Kocur |first10=Serge |last10=Resnikoff |title=VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: A Global Initiative to Eliminate Avoidable Blindness. |journal=Arch Ophthalmol |date=April 2004 |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=615–620 |doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.615 |pmid=15078680 }}</ref>

<ref name="Resnikoff and Pararajasegaram 2001" >{{cite report|url=https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/2001.v79n3/222-226 |title=Blindness prevention programmes: past, present, and future |first1=Serge |last1=Resnikoff |first2=Ramachandra |last2=Pararajasegaram |work=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=2001 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=222–226 }}</ref>

<ref name="Resnikoff et al 2008" >{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/136485908X337409 |first1=S. |last1=Resnikoff |first2=I. |last2=Kocur |first3=D.E. |last3=Etya'ale |first4=T.O. |last4=Ukety |date=2008 |title=Vision 2020 — the Right to Sight |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |volume=102 |issue=sup1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1179/136485908X337409 |pmid=18718146 |s2cid=25176827 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Scispace" >{{cite web |url=https://typeset.io/institutions/international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness-1gyb4uz4 |publisher=Scispace |title=Institution: International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness: Nonprofit: London, United Kingdom: Papers |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Spiegel" >{{cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/sehbehinderungen-koennten-stark-zunehmen-a-1172551.html |work=Spiegel Gesundheit |date=12 October 2017 |language=de |title=Sehbehinderungen könnten stark zunehmen |access-date=5 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Staff" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iapb.org/about/staff/ |title=IAPB Staff |website=www.iapb.org |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Vision 2020" >{{cite web |url=https://www.aao.org/education/vision-2020 |title=Vision 2020 |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=www.aao.org |publisher=American Academy of Ophthalmology }}</ref>

<ref name="VM 2023" >{{cite web |url=https://www.visionmonday.com/eyecare/a-greater-vision/article/international-agency-for-the-prevention-of-blindness-will-host-2030-in-sight-live-in-singapore-june-25-26-2023/ |work=Vision Monday |title=International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness Will Host '2030 IN SIGHT LIVE' in Singapore, June 25-26, 2023 |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Watkins 2001" >{{cite journal |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2001.tb04953.x |via=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |journal=Clinical and Experimental Optometry |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=104–112 |first1=Rod B. |last1=Watkins |date=25 June 2001 |title=The management of global blindness |doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2001.tb04953.x |pmid=12366321 |s2cid=22499681 |access-date=5 March 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="WHO 2000" >{{cite report |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206524/B1464.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |work=SEA-Opthal-118 |title=Vision 2020: The Right to Sight |date=14–17 February 2000 |location=Jakarta }}</ref>

<ref name="Worldcat" >{{cite web |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80011916/ |title=International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness |website=worldcat.org |access-date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>

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Latest revision as of 01:34, 22 December 2024

Global alliance of eye health organisations
The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness
FormationJanuary 1, 1975; 49 years ago (1975-01-01)
TypeInternational nongovernmental organization
PurposeGlobal prevention of blindness and vision impairment
Headquarters4-108, Devonshire square
London
PresidentCaroline Casey
Vice PresidentBabar Qureshi
TreasurerDebra Davis
Chief ExecutivePeter Holland
AffiliationsWHO
International Council of Ophthalmology
World Council of Optometry
International Coalition for Trachoma Control
NTD NGDO Network
Websitewww.iapb.org

The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) is a global alliance of eye health organisations working for the prevention of blindness and vision impairment. IAPB was established in 1975 to work as an umbrella body for global blindness prevention activities. This agency is a partner of World Health Organization.

In 1999, IAPB and the World Health Organization launched Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness, which has achieved some success, though it did not meet all its goals.

Also known as: Agenzia internazionale per la prevenzione della cecità, Organisation mondiale contre la cécité, Organismo Internacional de Prevención de la Ceguera, and உலக கண்ணொளி தினம்.

History

IAPB was established on 1 January 1975 by the International Council of Ophthalmology and the World Blind Union with input from the WHO, to coordinate global efforts to tackle and eliminate avoidable blindness. Sir John Wilson was its founder president. The founder members of IAPB included the International Council of Ophthalmology, the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (later renamed the World Blind Union), the American Foundation for the Blind (later renamed Helen Keller International) and the Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind (later renamed Sight Savers International).

IAPB has an official relationship with the WHO Program for Prevention of Blindness and Deafness, which is based in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1978, IAPB helped to set up a blindness prevention unit at the WHO. In 1999, with the WHO, they launched Vision 2020: The Right to Sight. In 2016, the IAPB published the Vision Atlas, bringing together causes and prevalence data on blindness and vision impairment. It showed that over a billion people in the developing world cannot see well because they have no access to spectacles.

Purposes

The IAPB is an implementing and advocacy NGO. It advocates globally for eye health to encourage the attention and resources needed to achieve universal access to eye care. It builds partnerships to generate change at local and international level, and provides information on eye health to enable the development of good policy and practice, including publishing resources in journal, books and a website.

Organisational members

It has over 150 members, mainly NGOs and civil society, corporate organisations, professional bodies and research institutions who are working in the prevention of blindness.

Activities

IAPB coordinates activities of more than 150 organizations in over 100 countries which cooperate to improve and ensure quality of eye care. These include professional bodies, non-governmental organizations, associations, foundations, and educational institutions. The most influential program as of 2023 was the global initiative Vision 2020: The Right to Sight, which has been followed by 2030 In Sight.

Vision 2020: The Right to Sight

The Vision 2020: The Right to Sight global campaign was launched on 18 February 1999 by IAPB and the World Health Organization (WHO). The initiative was intended to use improvements in disease control, human resource development and infrastructure development to promote "A world in which nobody is needlessly visually impaired, where those with unavoidable vision loss can achieve their full potential" by eliminating or reducing the main causes of avoidable blindness throughout the world by the year 2020. Programs instituted under Vision 2020 facilitated the planning, development, and implementation of sustainable national eye care programs, including technical support and advocacy. Vision 2020 was based on a plan published by the WHO in 1999, and subsequently superseded by other global action plans from the WHO.

The goal of Vision 2020 was to reduce the projected number of blind people in 2020 from 75 million to 25 million, by disease prevention and control, personnel training, eye care infrastructure improvement, use of appropriate and affordable technology and mobilisation of resources. The conditions which were identified as priorities were cataract, childhood blindness, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and uncorrected refractive errors.

The 1998 World Health Report published an estimate of 19.34 million people who are bilaterally blind due to age-related cataracts, which was 43% of all causes of blindness. This number and proportion were expected to increase due to population growth and increased life expectancy approximately doubling the population in the over 60 years age group. The global increase in blindness from cataract is estimated at at least 5 million per year, and a figure of 1000 new cases per million population per year is used for planning purposes. The average outcomes of cataract surgery are improving over time, and consequently the stage at which surgery is indicated is becoming earlier, which also increases the number of operable cases. It is necessary to operate on more eyes per year than the new cases alone to reduce the backlog.

The rate of surgeries in the economically developed countries as of 1998 was about 4000 to 6000 per million population per year, which was sufficient to meet the demand. India raised the CSR to over 3000, but this does not seem to be sufficient to reduce the backlog. The middle income countries of Latin America and Asia have CSRs of between 500 and 2000 per million per year, and China, most of Africa and the poorer countries of Asia had rates of less than 500. In India and South East Asia the rate required to keep up with the increase is at least 3000 per million population per year, and in Africa and other parts of the word with smaller percentages of older people, a rate of 2000 may be sufficient for the short term.

The Vision 2020 initiative succeeded in bringing the issue of avoidable blindness to the global health agenda. The causes have not been eliminated, but there have been significant changes to the distribution of the causes, which can be attributed to global demographic shifts. Remaining challenges to management of avoidable blindness include population size, gender disparities in access to eyecare, and the available professional workforce.

It has been estimated that there were 43.3 million blind people in 2020, and 295 million with moderate and severe visual impairment (MSVI), 55% female. The age-standardised global prevalence in blindness decreased by 28.5% between 1990 and 2020, but the age-standardised prevalence of MSVI increased by 2.5%. The global leading cause of blindness in 2020 remained cataract.

By March 2022, 14 countries had reported achieving elimination goals for trachoma, but it remains hyperendemic in parts of rural Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. Africa is still the continent most affected, and in which efforts to control the disease remain most intensive. Some mathematical models suggest that it may be possible to achieve this goal over the next decade.

Onchocerciasis has been eradicated in Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico, and significantly reduced in parts of Africa. Eradication appears to be possible and a new target for elimination has been set for 2025.

Childhood blindness was found to be poorly represented in epidemiological data, which may underestimate the extent, and there is a need for improvement. Nevertheless recent estimates show a gradual decline in the rates. A need to increase the focus on primary healthcare and prevention to ensure early recognition and treatment of childhood blindness has been identified.

One of the causes of visual impairment that is most straightforward to treat is uncorrected refractive error. There appears to have been a global reduction the prevalence of uncorrected refraction error causing poor vision during the project. The smallest reductions were in parts of Africa, and the greatest reductions in Latin America and parts of Asia. The number of people with vision loss due to uncorrected refractive error is expected to rise by 55% by 2050 as a result of population growth and increased average life expectancy.

An important achievement of Vision 2020 was improving awareness of the burden of blindness. Getting prevention of blindness onto the healthcare agenda of the WHO and its member states ensured that those countries included allocations for eye care in their budgets. World Sight Day also helps to raise awareness of blindness and visual impairment.

Between 1990 and 2020, the age-standardised global prevalence of blindness fell by 28.5%. In 2017 The Lancet Global Health Commission reported that avoidable blindness figures were set to triple to 115 million by 2050, but the latest data from the same journal has reduced that forecast to about 60 million This has been attributed in part to the function of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness in bringing together a community of active organisations, and providing a platform and voice for collective action. This report was based on data collected before the Covid-19 epidemic, and the effect of the epidemic was not yet known in detail, but was expected to have been a major setback.

2030 In Sight

2030 IN SIGHT is a project following on from Vision 2020 associated with the WHO World Report on Vision, the Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health and the UN Resolution, Vision for Everyone.

The objectives of the program are to eliminate unnecessary and preventable sight loss, to ensure that adequate eye care services are affordably available to everyone, and that everyone understands the necessity of taking care of their eyes. The complexity, scale, and ambition of the challenge are recognised.

A conference to develop strategies for 2030 In Sight was held in Singapore in 2022 and another is scheduled for 2023.

Vision Atlas

The IAPB Vision Atlas is a website resource providing information on factors affecting vision loss relevant to policy makers, health planners, eye health professionals, NGOs, patient groups and advocates. First published in 2016, and launched at the 10th general assembly in Durban, South Africa in October of that year. The 2020 version provides data, narrative and interactive presentation tools suitable for a broad audience. The atlas is based on national indicators based on the 2014-2019 WHO Global Action Plan, and data and prevalence estimates from the Vision Loss Expert Group.

World Sight Day

World Sight Day is marked on the second Thursday of every October. Started by the Lions Clubs International Foundation in 1999, it was handed over to IAPB who has been coordinating and supporting the day's marking ever since.

Publications

The IAPB is known for research contributions in topics relating to population and visual impairment. Between 1975 and 2021, 57 authors have produced 85 publications, which have received at least 3286 citations. Papers usually relate to the topics: population, visual impairment, cataract surgery, public health and trachoma.

The IAPB compiles lists of good practices and essential equipment for managing specific conditions in consultation with panels of experts. The first of these was the IAPB Essential Equipment List for screening and surgery for trachomatous trichiasis, which recommends the basic items required for high quality surgery under the conditions expected in endemic regions.

The most widely held publications by the IAPB are:

  • Arthur Siew Ming Lim. World's major blinding conditions. 3 editions published in 1982 in English and other languages.
  • International Association for the Prevention of Blindness. World blindness and its prevention. 9 editions published between 1980 and 1988 in English.
  • Vision (Report). an official publication of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, in English
  • World blindness and its prevention. Vol. 1 to 3. in English, several editions published between 1980 and 1986.
  • Assemblée générale de l'Association internationale de prophylaxie de la cécité et de l'organisation internationale contre le trachome (in French). Paris. 14 May 1934.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Vision 2020 : report on world sight (Report).
  • State of the world's sight : Vision 2020 : the right to sight, 1999-2005. 2005.
  • Strengthening diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in South-East Asia Region (Report).

References

  1. ^ "International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB)". www.devex.com. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Governance". www.iapb.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  3. "IAPB Staff". www.iapb.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  4. "Community Eye Health Journal » International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness". www.cehjournal.org. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  5. "UN General Assembly adopts 'Vision for Everyone' resolution".
  6. "WHO: ILO/IAPB Eye health and the world of work".
  7. ^ Watkins, Rod B. (25 June 2001). "The management of global blindness". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 84 (3): 104–112. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2001.tb04953.x. PMID 12366321. S2CID 22499681. Retrieved 5 March 2023 – via onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
  8. ^ Abdulhussein, Dalia; Hussein, Mina Abdul (30 September 2022). "WHO Vision 2020: Have We Done It?". Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 30 (4): 331–339. doi:10.1080/09286586.2022.2127784. PMID 36178293.
  9. ^ "International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness". worldcat.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  10. Pizzarello, Louis; Abiose, Adenike; Ffytche, Timothy; Duerksen, Rainaldo; Thulasiraj, R.; Taylor, Hugh; Faal, Hannah; Rao, Gullapali; Kocur, Ivo; Resnikoff, Serge (April 2004). "VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: A Global Initiative to Eliminate Avoidable Blindness". Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (4): 615–620. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.615. PMID 15078680.
  11. Resnikoff, Serge; Pararajasegaram, Ramachandra (2001). Blindness prevention programmes: past, present, and future. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (Report). Vol. 79. pp. 222–226.
  12. ^ Corry, Michele (January 2020). "Organizations Working Toward the Prevention of Global Blindness". Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Sehbehinderungen könnten stark zunehmen". Spiegel Gesundheit (in German). 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  14. Jacobs, Andrew (5 May 2018). "A simple way to improve a billion lives: Eyeglasses". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  15. ^ "News:IAPB Vision Atlas". cvph.preventblindness.org. Center for Vision and Population Health. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  16. "The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness". Canadian Ophthalmological Society. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  17. Brunt, Lara (14 June 2010). "Guardian, The shadows in her eyes. IAPB)". The Guardian.
  18. "Discover the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness". fondation.loccitane.com. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  19. Resnikoff, S.; Kocur, I.; Etya'ale, D.E.; Ukety, T.O. (2008). "Vision 2020 — the Right to Sight". Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 102 (sup1): 3–5. doi:10.1179/136485908X337409. PMID 18718146. S2CID 25176827.
  20. "VISION 2020". www.iapb.org. International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  21. "Vision 2020". www.aao.org. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  22. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. WHO/PBL/97.61 Rev.2 (Report). World Health Organization. 2000.
  23. Vision 2020: The Right to Sight (PDF). SEA-Opthal-118 (Report). Jakarta. 14–17 February 2000.
  24. ^ Foster, Allen, ed. (2000). "Vision 2020: the cataract challenge". Community Eye Health. 13 (34): 17–19. PMC 1705965. PMID 17491949.
  25. ^ "Global blindness was slowing prior to pandemic study reveals". Orbis International: English. 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  26. Burton, Matthew J; Ramke, Jacqueline; Marques, Ana Patricia; Bourne, Rupert R.A.; Congdon, Nathan; Jones, Iain; et al. (several others) (16 February 2021). "The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020". The Lancet Global Health. 9 (4). The Lancet Global Health Commission: e489 – e551. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5. PMC 7966694. PMID 33607016.
  27. "2030 On Sight". www.iapb.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  28. "2030 in Sight Summary Document (English)" (PDF). www.iapb.org. September 2021.
  29. "International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness Will Host '2030 IN SIGHT LIVE' in Singapore, June 25-26, 2023". Vision Monday. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  30. ^ "Vision Atlas & The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB)". Global Vision Database. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  31. "World Sight Day 2022: Date, history, and significance". India Today. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  32. "Institution: International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness: Nonprofit: London, United Kingdom: Papers". Scispace. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  33. Balantrapu, T.V.; Hoare, P.J. (2015). "The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) Launches Essential Equipment List for Screening and Surgery for Trachomatous Trichiasis". Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 22 (3): 151–2. doi:10.3109/09286586.2014.947038. PMID 25098263. S2CID 36539550.
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