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{{Short description|Act of insulting and offending people on the internet}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{redirect|Flaming}}
{{update|date=November 2021}}
'''Flaming''', also known as '''roasting''', is the act of posting insults, often including ] or other offensive language, on the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techterms.com/definition/flaming|title=Flaming Definition|website=techterms.com|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> Flaming is distinct from ], which is the act of someone causing discord online or in person. Flaming emerges from the anonymity that Internet forums provide for users which allows them to act more aggressively.<ref name="Cho 363–372">{{Cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Daegon|last2=Kwon|first2=K. Hazel|date=October 2015|title=The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|language=en|volume=51|pages=363–372|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.046}}</ref> Anonymity can lead to disinhibition, which results in the swearing, offensive, and hostile language characteristic of flaming. Lack of social cues, less accountability of face-to-face communications, textual mediation, and deindividualization are also likely factors.<ref name="Ashlee. 20162">{{Cite book|title=Social media: enduring principles|last=Humphreys|first=Ashlee|year=2016|isbn=9780199328437|location=Oxford| oclc=908698924}}</ref> Deliberate flaming is carried out by individuals known as flamers, which are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation.


While these behaviors may be typical or expected in certain types of forums, they can have dramatic, adverse effects in others. '''Flame wars''' can have a lasting impact on some internet communities where even once a flame war has concluded a division or even dissolution may occur.<ref name="Ashlee. 20162" />
'''Flaming''' is the act of sending or posting messages that are deliberately hostile and insulting, usually in the social context of a ] on the ]. Such messages are called flames, and are sometimes posted in response to ]. Flaming is said by some to be one of a class of economic problems known as ], when a group holds a resource (in this case, communal attention), but each of the individual members has an incentive to overuse it. Flamers usually call their flames justified attacks.


The individuals that create an environment of flaming and hostility, lead the readers to disengage with the offender and may potentially leave the message board and chat room. The continual use of flaming within the online community can create a disruptive and negative experience for those involved and can lead to limited involvement and engagement within the original chat room and program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/commentisfree/2019/dec/31/childlessness-pot-shots-may-have-worked-with-julia-gillard-but-there-is-rage-over-princess-palaszczuk|title=Childlessness pot shots may have worked with Julia Gillard, but there is rage over 'Princess Palaszczuk' &#124; van Badham|website=]|date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
Although the trading of insults is as old as human speech, flaming on the ], like many other online 'actions', started in the ] hierarchies (although it was known to occur in the ] and ] computer networks as well). A flame may have elements of a normal message, but is distinguished by its intent. A flame is typically not intended to be constructive, to further clarify a discussion, or to persuade other people. The motive for flaming is often not ], but rather ] or ]. Sometimes, flamers are attempting to assert their authority, or establish a position of superiority. Other times, the flamer is simply closed-minded or biased, and is simply shocked and appaled that anybody would ''dare'' to have an opinion that isn't the same as that of the flamer, so he/she ] the "dissenter." Occasionally, flamers wish to upset and offend other members of the forum, in which case they are ]s. Most often however, flames are angry or insulting messages transmitted by people who have strong feelings about a subject. Finally, some consider flaming to be a great way to let off steam, though the receiving party may be less than pleased.


==Purpose==
Similarly, a normal, non-flame message may have elements of a flame -- it may be hostile, for example -- but it is not a flame if it is seriously intended to advance the discussion.
] have investigated flaming, coming up with several different theories about the phenomenon.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Peter J. Moor |author2=A. Heuvelman|author3=R. Verleur|year=2010|title=Flaming on YouTube|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=26|issue=6|pages=1536–1546|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023|url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6834743/1-s2.0-S0747563210001627-main.pdf }}</ref> These include ] and reduced awareness of other people's feelings (]),<ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Kiesler|author2=J. Siegel|author3=T.W. McGuire|year=1984|title=Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication|journal=]|volume=39|issue=10|pages=1123–1134|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123|s2cid=3896692 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Kiesler|author2=D. Zubrow|author3=A.M. Moses|author4=V. Geller|year=1985|title=Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion|journal=Human-Computer Interaction|volume=1|pages=77–104|doi=10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. Kiesler|author2=L. Sproull|year=1992|title=Group decision making and communication technology|journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes|volume=52|pages=96–123|doi=10.1016/0749-5978(92)90047-b}}</ref> conformance to perceived norms,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Martin Lea|author2=Tim O'Shea|author3=Pat Fung|author4=Russell Spears|title='Flaming' in Computer-Mediated Communication: Observation, explanations, implications|journal=Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Moor |first=Peter J. |year=2007 |title=Conforming to the Flaming Norm in the Online Commenting Situation |url=http://scholar.petermoor.nl/flaming.pdf |access-date=2022-01-18 |institution=]}}</ref> miscommunication caused by the lack of social cues available in face-to-face communication,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thompsen|first=P.A.|year=1994|title=An Episode of Flaming: a Creative Narrative|journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics|volume=51|pages=51–72}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Heidi McKee|year=2002|title="YOUR VIEWS SHOWED TRUE IGNORANCE!!!": (Mis)Communication in an Online Interracial Discussion Forum|journal=Computers and Composition|volume=19|issue=4|pages=411–434|doi=10.1016/s8755-4615(02)00143-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Kruger|author2=J. Parker|author3=Z. Ng|author4=N. Epley|year=2005|title=Egocentrism over e-mail: can we communicate as well as we think?|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=89|issue=6|pages=925–936|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925|pmid=16393025|s2cid=1998520 }}</ref> and ].<ref name="Cho 363–372"/>


Jacob Borders, in discussing participants' internal modeling of a discussion, says:<blockquote>Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated. Furthermore, within a single individual, mental models change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit the context of a discussion. As debate shifts, so do the mental models. Even when only a single topic is being discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental assumptions differ but are never brought into the open. Goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that compromise takes so long. And even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences implied by a mental model. A mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-988-system-dynamics-self-study-fall-1998-spring-1999/readings/behavior.pdf |title=Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems |author=Jay W. Forrester |author-link=Jay Wright Forrester |year=1971 |publisher=] System Dynamics in Education Project |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823210010/http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM1/D-4468-2.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-01-18}}<!-- former url: http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM1/D-4468-2.pdf --></ref>{{cbignore}}</blockquote>Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to each user. Without social context, users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts. In addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often present in online discussions, the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. Professor Norman Johnson, commenting on the propensity of Internet posters to flame one another, states:<blockquote>The literature suggests that, compared to face-to-face, the increased incidence of flaming when using ] is due to reductions in the transfer of social cues, which decrease individuals' concern for social evaluation and fear of social sanctions or reprisals. When social identity and ingroup status are salient, computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the social context (and associated norms) rather than themselves.<ref name="Johnson2">{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Norman A.|year=2009|title=Anger and flaming in computer-mediated negotiations among strangers|journal=Decision Support Systems|volume=46|issue=3|pages=660–672|doi=10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.008}}</ref></blockquote>A lack of ] creates an element of anonymity, which allows users to feel insulated from the forms of punishment they might receive in a more conventional setting. Johnson identifies several precursors to flaming between users, whom he refers to as "negotiation partners," since Internet communication typically involves back-and-forth interactions similar to a negotiation. Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Perceived unfairness can include a lack of consideration for an individual's vested interests, unfavorable treatment (especially when the flamer has been considerate of other users), and misunderstandings aggravated by the inability to convey subtle indicators like ] cues and ]s.<ref name="Johnson2" />
The word '''flaming''' is also sometimes used for long, intensive and heated discussions, even though insults do not occur.


==Factors==
==Flame Wars are when Mark Galvin and Dominic Munafo have cum whipping battles on on eachothers backs. Mark Galvin and Dominic Munafo can be located at BGSU and always love to try new sex positions.
There are multiple factors that play into why people would get involved with flaming. For instance, there is the anonymity factor and that people can use different means to have their identity hidden.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchens|first1=Myiah J|last2=Cicchirillo|first2=Vincent J|last3=Hmielowski|first3=Jay D|date=2014-02-12|title=How could you think that?!?!: Understanding intentions to engage in political flaming|journal=New Media & Society|language=en|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1201–1219|doi=10.1177/1461444814522947|s2cid=31784760|issn=1461-4448}}</ref> Through the hiding of one's identity people can build a new persona and act in a way that they normally would not when they have their identity known. Another factor in flaming is proactive aggression "which is initiated without perceived threat or provocation" and those who are recipients of flaming may counter with flaming of their own and utilize reactive aggression.<ref name=":02"/> Another factor that goes into flaming is the different communication variables. For instance, offline communications networks can impact the way people act online and can lead them to engage in flaming.<ref name=":02"/> Finally, there is the factor of verbal aggression and how people who engage in verbal aggression will use those tactics when they engage in flaming online.<ref name=":02"/>
{{wikinews|Study says people don't understand the emotional tone of emails, but think they do}}
A '''flame war''' is a series of flaming messages in electronic discussion groups such as ], ]s or ]s. There are a number of characteristics of electronic communication which have been cited as being conducive to flame wars. Electronic communications do not easily transmit facial expressions or voice intonations which may serve to moderate the tone of a message. (However, some users may add on 'smileys' (e.g. ;) ) to lessen the sting of a negative post, or to clarify the meaning behind a post.) Also, there is typically a ] time between the time a message is transmitted and the time a reply is read. These two characteristics can cause a "] loop" in which the emotional intensity of an electronic exchange increases to extremely high levels. Many times, the intent of a message is misunderstood, causing an unintentional flame war. These tend to escalate and worsen very quickly, sometimes causing the topic in which the reply is submitted to be closed, or "locked".


Flaming can range from subtle to extremely aggressive in online behaviors, such as derogatory images, certain emojis used in combination, and even the use of capital letters. These things can show a pattern of behavior used to convey certain emotions online. Victims should do their best to avoid fighting back in an attempt to prevent a war of words. Flaming extends past social media interactions. Flaming can also take place through emails, and whether someone calls an email a "flame", is based on whether she or he considers an email to be hostile, aggressive, insulting, or offensive. What matters is how the person receives the interaction. So much is lost in translation when communicating online versus in person, that it is hard to distinguish someone's intent.<ref name=":26">{{cite journal | last=Turnage | first=Anna K. | title=Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict | journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=2007 | issn=1083-6101 | doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x | pages=43–59| s2cid=8093848 }}</ref>
Alternatively, flame wars may be instigated deliberately by ]s.


==History==
] described a phenomenon that often happens in flamewars whereby participants talk past each other. Each participant employs a different ] (i.e. due to fundamental differences in their assumptions about what a particular word or concept means, they are actually discussing two different things).
Evidence of debates that resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back and forth between two parties can be found throughout history. Arguments over the ratification of the ] were often socially and emotionally heated and intense, with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism. For example, ]'s contempt for ]'s works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing her as "without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world". In turn, ] called Emerson a "hoary-headed toothless baboon"<ref name="reid">{{cite journal |last1=Goldsborough |first1=Reid |title=How to Respond to Flames (without Getting Singled) |journal=Information Today |date=February 2005 |volume=22 |issue=2}}</ref>


In the ], "flaming" was used at East Coast ] schools in the United States as a present participle in a crude expression to describe an irascible individual and by extension to such individuals on the earliest ] chat rooms and ]s. Internet flaming was mostly observed in ] newsgroups although it was known to occur in the ] and ] computer networks as well. It was subsequently used in other parts of speech with much the same meaning.
===Pie fights===


The term "flaming" was seen on ] newsgroups in the Eighties, where the start of a flame was sometimes indicated by typing "FLAME ON", then "FLAME OFF" when the flame section of the post was complete. This is a reference to both The Human Torch of the ], who used those words when activating his flame abilities, and to the way ] programs of the time worked, by placing commands before and after text to indicate how it should appear when printed.
A '''pie fight''' is a type of ] specific to ], ] and other types of ] forums. Pie fights are characterized by heated, emotional argumentation about a marginal issue that has little or nothing to do with the regular subject matter of the forum in question, but comes to be so vehement that it overshadows any other topic of dialogue. Pie fights are typically of short duration, but can have a devastating effect on an online community. Pie fights can be started by Internet trolls who use ] techniques to enrage Internet forum users so much that they post inappropriate and/or offensive messages. Unfortunately, this often results in disruption of the forum more than anything else.


The term "flaming" is documented in '']'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Steele |first1=Guy L |last2=Woods |first2=Donald R |last3=Finkel |first3=Raphael A |last4=Crispin |first4=Mark R |last5=Stallman |first5=Richard M |last6=Goodfellow |first6=Geoffrey S |title=The Hacker's dictionary: a guide to the world of computer wizards |url=https://archive.org/details/hackersdictionar00stee |url-access=registration |date=1983 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York|isbn=9780060910822 }}</ref> which in 1983 defined it as "to speak rabidly or incessantly on an uninteresting topic or with a patently ridiculous attitude". The meaning of the word has diverged from this definition since then.
The term "pie fight" is derived from a June, ] event on ], a liberal and progressive issues web site, in which site administrators accepted an ] that showed two scantily-clad women throwing pies and smearing each other with whipped cream and pie filling. This advertisement was for the ] ] ''The Real Gilligan's Island''.


] in 1986 explained why he wanted a ] for ]:<ref name="pournelle198603">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1986-03/1986_03_BYTE_11-03_Homebound_Computing#page/n281/mode/2up | title=All Sorts of Software | work=BYTE | date=March 1986 | access-date=27 August 2015 | author=Pournelle, Jerry | pages=269}}</ref>
Despite the fact that the advertisement was only marginally related to the regular subject matter discussed on Daily Kos, it dominated the user diary entries and blog comments for several days. The animosity generated by the acceptance of this advertisement caused some established members of the Daily Kos community to cease participation in the forum that it provides.


{{quote|...whereas an open computer conference begins with a small number of well-informed and highly interested participants, it soon attracts others. That's all right; it's supposed to attract others. Where else would you get new ideas? But soon it attracts too many, far too many, and some of them are not only ignorant but aggressively ''mis''informed. Dilution takes place. Arguments replace discussions. Tempers are frayed.
== Extended use of the term "flame war" ==


The result is that while computer conferencing began by saving time, it starts to eat up all the time it saved and more. Communications come from dozens of sources. Much of it is redundant. Some of it is stupid. The user spends more and more time dealing with irrelevancies. One day the user wakes up, decides the initial euphoria was spurious, and logs off, never to return. This is known as burnout, and it's apparently quite common.}}
Sometimes, serious ] or technical disagreements online are described casually as "flame wars" even when the major participants are making useful and informative points and, largely, not flaming. This may have to do with the degree to which observers identify emotionally with the sides of the debate, or see esteemed leaders or role-models representing their own points of view powerfully.


He added, "I noticed something: most of the irritation came from a handful of people, sometimes only one or two. If I could only ignore them, the computer conferences were still valuable. Alas, it's not always easy to do".<ref name="pournelle198603" />
For example, the ] discussion between ] and ] on ] versus ] ] design (]) has been described as a famous "flame war". Despite being designated a "flame war", the debate is quite informative: it has been studied by serious computer scientists and researchers, and continues to remain recommended and even required reading in courses on OS design and implementation. <!-- This paragraph is useless without porn! Err, I mean, "a link", this paragraph is useless without a link. -->


Computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has spent a significant amount of time and effort describing and predicting engagement in uncivil, aggressive online communication. Specifically, the literature has described aggressive, insulting behavior as "flaming", which has been defined as hostile verbal behaviors,<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last1=Hwang|first1=Jiyeon|last2=Lee|first2=Hwansoo|last3=Kim|first3=Keesung|last4=Zo|first4=Hangjung|last5=Ciganek|first5=Andrew P.|date=2016-03-03|title=Cyber neutralisation and flaming|journal=Behaviour & Information Technology|language=en|volume=35|issue=3|pages=210–224|doi=10.1080/0144929X.2015.1135191|s2cid=37685735|issn=0144-929X}}</ref> the uninhibited expression of hostility, insults, and ridicule, and hostile comments directed towards a person or organization within the context of CMC.<ref name=":04" />
Partly, terming such a discussion a "flame war" seems to be due to faulty or distorted memory of the discussion itself: it is easier to remember the (relatively few) insulting asides made -- such as Tanenbaum's comment that he would give Torvalds a poor grade for ]'s design -- than it is to remember the technical points. To continue the above example, Torvalds and Tanenbaum have both made it clear that they consider their famous discussion to have been mischaracterized.


==Types==
Technical "advocacy" discussions, concerning the merits or flaws of a technology -- or especially of rival technologies -- can often seem "flamy" simply from the emotional intensity of hobbyists or professionals involved. Some have called the debates about the relative merits of ] versus ], or ] versus ], or ] versus ], or ] versus ], or ]'s decision to go with ] over ] as "flame wars", even though the discussions are often highly technical and non-inflammatory.
{{anchor|Flamebait}}


===Flame trolling===
Also, the debates on certain topics in theoretical physics, such as ] versus ] between ] and ] and ] has been described by string theorist and Harvard professor of physics Lubos Motl as a "flame war" -- despite the fact that they were a source of fruitful articles on quasinormal modes of black hole physics.
Flame trolling is the posting of a provocative or offensive ], known as ''flamebait'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Flamebait |url=https://searchmicroservices.techtarget.com/definition/flamebait |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> to a public Internet discussion group, such as a ], ], or ], with the intent of provoking an angry response (a "flame") or argument.


Flamebait can provide the poster with a controlled trigger-and-response setting in which to anonymously engage in conflicts and indulge in aggressive behavior without facing the consequences that such behavior might bring in a face-to-face encounter.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In other instances, flamebait may be used to reduce a forum's use by angering the forum users. In 2012, it was announced that the US State Department would start flame trolling jihadists as part of Operation Viral Peace.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sydiongco |first=David |title=New Strategy in the War on Terror: Trolling Jihadi Forums |url=https://slate.com/technology/2012/07/viral-peace-plans-to-combat-terrorism-by-trolling-jihadi-forums.html |website=Slate |date=19 July 2012 |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
It is also possible that the use of the term "flame war" for heated debates be used in anticipation of the debate becoming an actual flame war.


Among the characteristics of inflammatory behavior, the use of entirely capitalized messages, or the multiple repetition of exclamation marks, along with profanity have been identified as typical.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turnage|first=Anna K.|date=2007-10-01|title=Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=43–59|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x|s2cid=8093848 |doi-access=}}</ref>
== Holy wars ==
A '''holy war''', in the sense used in ], is a protracted, sometimes heated, conflict or argument usually based upon personal preferences of one technology over another. Famous holy wars of hackerdom have included the ] vs. ] disagreement (which spawned the '']''), the eternal war between ] and ] forum script users and the perennial ] between Unix programmers who use ] to edit ] and those who use ].


===Flame war===
Whereas a flame war is usually a particular spate of flaming against a non-flamy background, a holy war is a drawn-out disagreement that may last years or even span careers. For instance, younger Linux programmers who today have strong opinions on vi and emacs may not even have been born in ] when these editors were released.
A flame war results when multiple users engage in provocative responses to an original post, which is sometimes flamebait. Flame wars often draw in many users, including those trying to defuse the flame war, and can quickly turn into a mass flame war that overshadows regular forum discussion.{{cn|date=October 2024}}


Resolving a flame war can be difficult, as it is often hard to determine who is really responsible for the degradation of a reasonable discussion into a flame war. Someone who posts a contrary opinion in a strongly focused discussion forum may be easily labeled a "baiter", "flamer", or "troll".{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Use of the term "]" implies that the root of the disagreement is a clash of ], and intractable of resolution except by agreeing to disagree.


Flame wars can become intense and can include "death threats, ] invective, and textual amplifiers,” but to some sociologists flame wars can actually bring people together. What is being said in a flame war should not be taken too seriously since the harsh words are a part of flaming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Jane|first=Emma A.|date=2015-03-01|title=Flaming? What flaming? The pitfalls and potentials of researching online hostility|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=65–87|doi=10.1007/s10676-015-9362-0|s2cid=14404033|issn=1572-8439}}</ref>
== Causes of flaming ==


An approach to resolving a flame war or responding to flaming is to communicate openly with the offending users. Acknowledging mistakes, offering to help resolve the disagreement, making clear, reasoned arguments, and even self-deprecation have all been noted as worthwhile strategies to end such disputes. However, others prefer to simply ignore flaming, noting that, in many cases, if the flamebait receives no attention, it will quickly be forgotten as forum discussions carry on.<ref name="reid" /> Unfortunately, this can motivate trolls to intensify their activities, creating additional distractions.
There is no general agreement on the causes of flaming, although a recent study has led to somewhat conclusive evidence. Some common hypotheses are:


"Taking the bait" or "feeding the troll" refers to someone who responds to the original message regardless of whether they are aware the original message was intended to provoke a response. Often when someone takes the bait, others will point this out to them with the ] "YHBT", which is short for "You have been trolled", or reply with "don't feed the trolls". Forum users will usually not give the troll acknowledgment; that just "feeds the troll".
#Egocentrism causes us to think we know a writer's tone 90% of the time, although we only are correct about 56% of the time. This leads us to misinterpretation of the writer's intended meaning, causing flame wars.
#The lack of body language and voice inflection make it difficult to show emotions in a nuanced way, and the relative anonymity means that it is felt less dangerous to use heated language.
#In forums and chats, there is usually no other way to express your opinion than by writing. Not writing can be interpreted as "giving up". And opinions and ideas stated a long time ago can be forgotten, causing a need to repeat them. According to this view, a good system for Computer Supported Argument Visualisation (CSAV) might help to clarify the issues without repetition. Sometimes, however, there is a disagreement on so fundamental criteria, that it is not even possible to agree on a structure of the issues and arguments.
#It is reasonable to consider that some forms of flaming can be attributed to deeper social or psychological weaknesses, probably from lack of exposure to a broader spectrum of disciplines that result in self-control issues.


=== Political flaming ===
Wired News: The Secret Cause of Flame Wars
Political flaming typically occurs when people have their views challenged and they seek to have their anger known. Through the covering of one's identity people may be more likely to engage in political flaming.<ref name=":02"/> In a 2015 study conducted by Hutchens, Cicchirillo, and Hmielowski, they found that "those who were more experienced with political discussions—either online or offline—were more likely to indicate they would respond with a flame", and they also found that verbal aggression also played a role in a person engaging in political flaming.<ref name=":02" /> Internet flaming has also contributed to pushing some politicians out of their field, including Kari Kjønaas Kjos of the Norwegian Progress Party who elected to leave politics in April of 2020 due to hostility she was experiencing online.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andersen |first=Ida Vikøren |date=2021-02-06 |title=Hostility online: Flaming, trolling, and the public debate |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/11547 |journal=First Monday |language=en |doi=10.5210/fm.v26i3.11547 |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2764630 |issn=1396-0466|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,70179-0.html?tw=rss.index


=== Corporate flaming ===
A reference on CSAV: "Visualizing Argumentation", by Paul A. Kirschner et al (ed),
Corporate flaming is when a large number of critical comments, usually aggressive or insulting, are directed at a company's employees, products, or brands. Common causes include inappropriate behavior of company employees, negative customer experiences, inadequate care of customers and influencers, violation of ethical principles, apparent injustices, and inappropriate reactions. Flame wars can result in reputational damage, decreased consumer confidence, drops in stock prices and company assets, increased liabilities, increased lawsuits, and a decrease in customers, influencers, and sponsors. Based on an assessment of the damage, companies can take years to recover from a flame war that may detract from their core purpose. Kayser notes that companies should prepare for possible flame wars by creating alerts for a predefined "blacklist" of words and monitoring fast-growing topics about their company. Alternatively, Kayser points out that a flame war can lead to a positive experience for the company. Based on the content, it could be shared across multiple platforms and increase company recognition, social media fans/followers, brand presence, purchases, and brand loyalty. Therefore, the type of marketing that results from a flame war can lead to higher profits and brand recognition on a broader scale. Nevertheless, it is encouraged that when a company utilizes social media they should be aware that their content could be used in a flame war and should be treated as an emergency.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kayser |first1=Holger |last2=Salmann |first2=Stephan |last3=Bartels |first3=Christian |title=Flame war management: handling crises in the social media age |url=https://consulting.ey.com/flame-war-management-handling-crises-in-the-social-media-age/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190712044943/https://consulting.ey.com/?s=&tag= |archive-date=2019-07-12 |website=EY Consulting Hub |publisher=] |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=2015-07-30}}</ref>
Springer-Verlag, ISBN 1-85233-664-1.


==Examples==
== External links ==
Any subject of a polarizing nature can feasibly cause flaming. As one would expect in the medium of the Internet, technology is a common topic. The perennial debates between users of competing operating systems, such as ], ] and ] operating system, or operating systems based on the ] kernel and ] or ] operating system, users of ] and ] processors, and users of the ], ], ] and ] video game systems, often escalate into seemingly unending "flame wars", also called ]. As each successive technology is released, it develops its own outspoken fan base, allowing arguments to begin anew.
* A compilation of several
* Andrew Heenan's
* Netizen's Guide to
* Devious Tyrant
* Brawl Hall
* FlameChamps
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* a free videogame that mocks flaming behavior
* ], ], ], ], and ] on ]'s ].
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Popular culture continues to generate large amounts of flaming and countless flame wars across the Internet, such as the constant debates between fans of '']'' and '']''. Ongoing discussion of current celebrities and television personalities within popular culture also frequently sparks debate.

In 2005, author ] became involved in a flame war of sorts on the review boards of online retailer ] after several reviewers posted scathing comments about her latest novel. Rice responded to the comments with her own lengthy response, which was quickly met with more feedback from users.<ref name="reid" />

In 2007, tech expert ] was a victim of flaming as an image of her depicted as a mutilated body was spread around online forums. In addition to the doctored photo being spread virally, her social security number and home address were made public as well. Consequently, Sierra effectively gave up her technology career in response to the ensuing harassment and threats that she received as a result of the flaming.<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite web |author=Schwartz, Mattathias |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03trolls-t.html?pagewanted=all |title=The Trolls Among Us |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=3 August 2008}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In November 2007, the popular audio-visual discussion site AVS Forum temporarily closed its ] and ] discussion forums because of, as the site reported, "physical threats that have involved police and possible legal action" between ].<ref name="moskovciak20071107">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnet.com/news/format-war-fanboys-shut-down-avs-forum/ | title=Format war fanboys shut down AVS Forum | publisher=CNet | date=2007-11-07 | access-date=6 July 2014 | author=Moskovciak, Matthew}}</ref>

The ], saw a flame war take place between Republican candidate ] and the Democratic candidate ]. The barbs exchanged between the two was highly publicized and is an example of political flaming and a flame war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/delete-your-account-clinton-trump-in-twitter-flame-war|title='Delete your account': Clinton, Trump in Twitter flame war|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> Similar messages were shared leading up to the ], with Donald Trump referring to his opponent, Kamala Harris, as "Lyin' Kamala," and the incumbent, Joe Biden, as "Crooked Joe Biden" on his X account.<ref>Donald Trump . (2024, October 29). ''The Democrats have not only greatly demeaned and embarrassed Crooked Joe Biden, but now they're demanding that he be nowhere'' X. https://x.com/realDonaldTrump?lang=en&mx=2</ref>

==Legal implications==
Flaming varies in severity and as such so too does the reaction of states in imposing any sort of sanction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Patricia |title=The psychology of the Internet |date=2001-03-19 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511581670 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511581670 }}</ref> Laws vary from country to country. In most cases, constant flaming can be considered cyber harassment,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert perspectives|last=Patchin|first=Justin|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1412997836|location=NY}}</ref> which can result in ] action to prevent access to the site being flamed. However, as social networks become more and more closely connected to people and their real lives, the more harsh words may be considered defamation of the person.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=David |title=Internet Culture |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135209049}}</ref> For instance, a ]n Identity Verification law was created to help control flaming and to stop "malicious use of the internet" but opponents to the law argue that the law infringes on the right to ].<ref name="Cho 363–372"/>

==See also==
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==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor=Elly Konijn|title=Mediated interpersonal communication|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8058-6303-1}}
* {{cite book|editor=Sally Sieloff Magnan|title=Mediating discourse online|year=2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-0519-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Visualizing Argumentation: Software Tools for Collaborative and Educational Sense-making |last=Kirschner |first=Paul A. |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |location=London |isbn=978-1-85233-664-6 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/visualizingargum0000unse }}
* {{cite book|editor=Ashlee Humphreys|title=Social Media Enduring Principles|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University press| isbn= 978-0199328437}}

==External links==
* , by Patrick B. O'Sullivan and Andrew J. Flanagin
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{{internet slang}}

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Latest revision as of 18:41, 1 December 2024

Act of insulting and offending people on the internet
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2021)

Flaming, also known as roasting, is the act of posting insults, often including profanity or other offensive language, on the internet. Flaming is distinct from trolling, which is the act of someone causing discord online or in person. Flaming emerges from the anonymity that Internet forums provide for users which allows them to act more aggressively. Anonymity can lead to disinhibition, which results in the swearing, offensive, and hostile language characteristic of flaming. Lack of social cues, less accountability of face-to-face communications, textual mediation, and deindividualization are also likely factors. Deliberate flaming is carried out by individuals known as flamers, which are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation.

While these behaviors may be typical or expected in certain types of forums, they can have dramatic, adverse effects in others. Flame wars can have a lasting impact on some internet communities where even once a flame war has concluded a division or even dissolution may occur.

The individuals that create an environment of flaming and hostility, lead the readers to disengage with the offender and may potentially leave the message board and chat room. The continual use of flaming within the online community can create a disruptive and negative experience for those involved and can lead to limited involvement and engagement within the original chat room and program.

Purpose

Social researchers have investigated flaming, coming up with several different theories about the phenomenon. These include deindividuation and reduced awareness of other people's feelings (online disinhibition effect), conformance to perceived norms, miscommunication caused by the lack of social cues available in face-to-face communication, and anti-normative behavior.

Jacob Borders, in discussing participants' internal modeling of a discussion, says:

Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated. Furthermore, within a single individual, mental models change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit the context of a discussion. As debate shifts, so do the mental models. Even when only a single topic is being discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental assumptions differ but are never brought into the open. Goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that compromise takes so long. And even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences implied by a mental model. A mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future.

Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to each user. Without social context, users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts. In addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often present in online discussions, the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. Professor Norman Johnson, commenting on the propensity of Internet posters to flame one another, states:

The literature suggests that, compared to face-to-face, the increased incidence of flaming when using computer-mediated communication is due to reductions in the transfer of social cues, which decrease individuals' concern for social evaluation and fear of social sanctions or reprisals. When social identity and ingroup status are salient, computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the social context (and associated norms) rather than themselves.

A lack of social context creates an element of anonymity, which allows users to feel insulated from the forms of punishment they might receive in a more conventional setting. Johnson identifies several precursors to flaming between users, whom he refers to as "negotiation partners," since Internet communication typically involves back-and-forth interactions similar to a negotiation. Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Perceived unfairness can include a lack of consideration for an individual's vested interests, unfavorable treatment (especially when the flamer has been considerate of other users), and misunderstandings aggravated by the inability to convey subtle indicators like non-verbal cues and facial expressions.

Factors

There are multiple factors that play into why people would get involved with flaming. For instance, there is the anonymity factor and that people can use different means to have their identity hidden. Through the hiding of one's identity people can build a new persona and act in a way that they normally would not when they have their identity known. Another factor in flaming is proactive aggression "which is initiated without perceived threat or provocation" and those who are recipients of flaming may counter with flaming of their own and utilize reactive aggression. Another factor that goes into flaming is the different communication variables. For instance, offline communications networks can impact the way people act online and can lead them to engage in flaming. Finally, there is the factor of verbal aggression and how people who engage in verbal aggression will use those tactics when they engage in flaming online.

Flaming can range from subtle to extremely aggressive in online behaviors, such as derogatory images, certain emojis used in combination, and even the use of capital letters. These things can show a pattern of behavior used to convey certain emotions online. Victims should do their best to avoid fighting back in an attempt to prevent a war of words. Flaming extends past social media interactions. Flaming can also take place through emails, and whether someone calls an email a "flame", is based on whether she or he considers an email to be hostile, aggressive, insulting, or offensive. What matters is how the person receives the interaction. So much is lost in translation when communicating online versus in person, that it is hard to distinguish someone's intent.

History

Evidence of debates that resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back and forth between two parties can be found throughout history. Arguments over the ratification of the United States Constitution were often socially and emotionally heated and intense, with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism. For example, Ralph Waldo Emerson's contempt for Jane Austen's works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing her as "without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world". In turn, Thomas Carlyle called Emerson a "hoary-headed toothless baboon"

In the modern era, "flaming" was used at East Coast engineering schools in the United States as a present participle in a crude expression to describe an irascible individual and by extension to such individuals on the earliest Internet chat rooms and message boards. Internet flaming was mostly observed in Usenet newsgroups although it was known to occur in the WWIVnet and FidoNet computer networks as well. It was subsequently used in other parts of speech with much the same meaning.

The term "flaming" was seen on Usenet newsgroups in the Eighties, where the start of a flame was sometimes indicated by typing "FLAME ON", then "FLAME OFF" when the flame section of the post was complete. This is a reference to both The Human Torch of the Fantastic Four, who used those words when activating his flame abilities, and to the way text processing programs of the time worked, by placing commands before and after text to indicate how it should appear when printed.

The term "flaming" is documented in The Hacker's Dictionary, which in 1983 defined it as "to speak rabidly or incessantly on an uninteresting topic or with a patently ridiculous attitude". The meaning of the word has diverged from this definition since then.

Jerry Pournelle in 1986 explained why he wanted a kill file for BIX:

...whereas an open computer conference begins with a small number of well-informed and highly interested participants, it soon attracts others. That's all right; it's supposed to attract others. Where else would you get new ideas? But soon it attracts too many, far too many, and some of them are not only ignorant but aggressively misinformed. Dilution takes place. Arguments replace discussions. Tempers are frayed. The result is that while computer conferencing began by saving time, it starts to eat up all the time it saved and more. Communications come from dozens of sources. Much of it is redundant. Some of it is stupid. The user spends more and more time dealing with irrelevancies. One day the user wakes up, decides the initial euphoria was spurious, and logs off, never to return. This is known as burnout, and it's apparently quite common.

He added, "I noticed something: most of the irritation came from a handful of people, sometimes only one or two. If I could only ignore them, the computer conferences were still valuable. Alas, it's not always easy to do".

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has spent a significant amount of time and effort describing and predicting engagement in uncivil, aggressive online communication. Specifically, the literature has described aggressive, insulting behavior as "flaming", which has been defined as hostile verbal behaviors, the uninhibited expression of hostility, insults, and ridicule, and hostile comments directed towards a person or organization within the context of CMC.

Types

Flame trolling

Flame trolling is the posting of a provocative or offensive message, known as flamebait, to a public Internet discussion group, such as a forum, newsgroup, or mailing list, with the intent of provoking an angry response (a "flame") or argument.

Flamebait can provide the poster with a controlled trigger-and-response setting in which to anonymously engage in conflicts and indulge in aggressive behavior without facing the consequences that such behavior might bring in a face-to-face encounter. In other instances, flamebait may be used to reduce a forum's use by angering the forum users. In 2012, it was announced that the US State Department would start flame trolling jihadists as part of Operation Viral Peace.

Among the characteristics of inflammatory behavior, the use of entirely capitalized messages, or the multiple repetition of exclamation marks, along with profanity have been identified as typical.

Flame war

A flame war results when multiple users engage in provocative responses to an original post, which is sometimes flamebait. Flame wars often draw in many users, including those trying to defuse the flame war, and can quickly turn into a mass flame war that overshadows regular forum discussion.

Resolving a flame war can be difficult, as it is often hard to determine who is really responsible for the degradation of a reasonable discussion into a flame war. Someone who posts a contrary opinion in a strongly focused discussion forum may be easily labeled a "baiter", "flamer", or "troll".

Flame wars can become intense and can include "death threats, ad hominem invective, and textual amplifiers,” but to some sociologists flame wars can actually bring people together. What is being said in a flame war should not be taken too seriously since the harsh words are a part of flaming.

An approach to resolving a flame war or responding to flaming is to communicate openly with the offending users. Acknowledging mistakes, offering to help resolve the disagreement, making clear, reasoned arguments, and even self-deprecation have all been noted as worthwhile strategies to end such disputes. However, others prefer to simply ignore flaming, noting that, in many cases, if the flamebait receives no attention, it will quickly be forgotten as forum discussions carry on. Unfortunately, this can motivate trolls to intensify their activities, creating additional distractions.

"Taking the bait" or "feeding the troll" refers to someone who responds to the original message regardless of whether they are aware the original message was intended to provoke a response. Often when someone takes the bait, others will point this out to them with the acronym "YHBT", which is short for "You have been trolled", or reply with "don't feed the trolls". Forum users will usually not give the troll acknowledgment; that just "feeds the troll".

Political flaming

Political flaming typically occurs when people have their views challenged and they seek to have their anger known. Through the covering of one's identity people may be more likely to engage in political flaming. In a 2015 study conducted by Hutchens, Cicchirillo, and Hmielowski, they found that "those who were more experienced with political discussions—either online or offline—were more likely to indicate they would respond with a flame", and they also found that verbal aggression also played a role in a person engaging in political flaming. Internet flaming has also contributed to pushing some politicians out of their field, including Kari Kjønaas Kjos of the Norwegian Progress Party who elected to leave politics in April of 2020 due to hostility she was experiencing online.

Corporate flaming

Corporate flaming is when a large number of critical comments, usually aggressive or insulting, are directed at a company's employees, products, or brands. Common causes include inappropriate behavior of company employees, negative customer experiences, inadequate care of customers and influencers, violation of ethical principles, apparent injustices, and inappropriate reactions. Flame wars can result in reputational damage, decreased consumer confidence, drops in stock prices and company assets, increased liabilities, increased lawsuits, and a decrease in customers, influencers, and sponsors. Based on an assessment of the damage, companies can take years to recover from a flame war that may detract from their core purpose. Kayser notes that companies should prepare for possible flame wars by creating alerts for a predefined "blacklist" of words and monitoring fast-growing topics about their company. Alternatively, Kayser points out that a flame war can lead to a positive experience for the company. Based on the content, it could be shared across multiple platforms and increase company recognition, social media fans/followers, brand presence, purchases, and brand loyalty. Therefore, the type of marketing that results from a flame war can lead to higher profits and brand recognition on a broader scale. Nevertheless, it is encouraged that when a company utilizes social media they should be aware that their content could be used in a flame war and should be treated as an emergency.

Examples

Any subject of a polarizing nature can feasibly cause flaming. As one would expect in the medium of the Internet, technology is a common topic. The perennial debates between users of competing operating systems, such as Windows, Classic Mac OS and macOS operating system, or operating systems based on the Linux kernel and iOS or Android operating system, users of Intel and AMD processors, and users of the Nintendo Switch, Wii U, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One video game systems, often escalate into seemingly unending "flame wars", also called software wars. As each successive technology is released, it develops its own outspoken fan base, allowing arguments to begin anew.

Popular culture continues to generate large amounts of flaming and countless flame wars across the Internet, such as the constant debates between fans of Star Trek and Star Wars. Ongoing discussion of current celebrities and television personalities within popular culture also frequently sparks debate.

In 2005, author Anne Rice became involved in a flame war of sorts on the review boards of online retailer Amazon.com after several reviewers posted scathing comments about her latest novel. Rice responded to the comments with her own lengthy response, which was quickly met with more feedback from users.

In 2007, tech expert Kathy Sierra was a victim of flaming as an image of her depicted as a mutilated body was spread around online forums. In addition to the doctored photo being spread virally, her social security number and home address were made public as well. Consequently, Sierra effectively gave up her technology career in response to the ensuing harassment and threats that she received as a result of the flaming.

In November 2007, the popular audio-visual discussion site AVS Forum temporarily closed its HD DVD and Blu-ray discussion forums because of, as the site reported, "physical threats that have involved police and possible legal action" between advocates of the rival formats.

The 2016 Presidential election, saw a flame war take place between Republican candidate Donald Trump and the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. The barbs exchanged between the two was highly publicized and is an example of political flaming and a flame war. Similar messages were shared leading up to the 2024 Presidential election, with Donald Trump referring to his opponent, Kamala Harris, as "Lyin' Kamala," and the incumbent, Joe Biden, as "Crooked Joe Biden" on his X account.

Legal implications

Flaming varies in severity and as such so too does the reaction of states in imposing any sort of sanction. Laws vary from country to country. In most cases, constant flaming can be considered cyber harassment, which can result in Internet Service Provider action to prevent access to the site being flamed. However, as social networks become more and more closely connected to people and their real lives, the more harsh words may be considered defamation of the person. For instance, a South Korean Identity Verification law was created to help control flaming and to stop "malicious use of the internet" but opponents to the law argue that the law infringes on the right to free speech.

See also

References

  1. "Flaming Definition". techterms.com. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  2. ^ Cho, Daegon; Kwon, K. Hazel (October 2015). "The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments". Computers in Human Behavior. 51: 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.046.
  3. ^ Humphreys, Ashlee (2016). Social media: enduring principles. Oxford. ISBN 9780199328437. OCLC 908698924.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. "Childlessness pot shots may have worked with Julia Gillard, but there is rage over 'Princess Palaszczuk' | van Badham". TheGuardian.com. 31 December 2019.
  5. Peter J. Moor; A. Heuvelman; R. Verleur (2010). "Flaming on YouTube" (PDF). Computers in Human Behavior. 26 (6): 1536–1546. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023.
  6. S. Kiesler; J. Siegel; T.W. McGuire (1984). "Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication". American Psychologist. 39 (10): 1123–1134. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123. S2CID 3896692.
  7. S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion". Human-Computer Interaction. 1: 77–104. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3.
  8. S. Kiesler; L. Sproull (1992). "Group decision making and communication technology". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 52: 96–123. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90047-b.
  9. Martin Lea; Tim O'Shea; Pat Fung; Russell Spears. "'Flaming' in Computer-Mediated Communication: Observation, explanations, implications". Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication.
  10. Moor, Peter J. (2007). Conforming to the Flaming Norm in the Online Commenting Situation (PDF) (Thesis). University of Twente. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  11. Thompsen, P.A. (1994). "An Episode of Flaming: a Creative Narrative". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 51: 51–72.
  12. Heidi McKee (2002). ""YOUR VIEWS SHOWED TRUE IGNORANCE!!!": (Mis)Communication in an Online Interracial Discussion Forum". Computers and Composition. 19 (4): 411–434. doi:10.1016/s8755-4615(02)00143-3.
  13. J. Kruger; J. Parker; Z. Ng; N. Epley (2005). "Egocentrism over e-mail: can we communicate as well as we think?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89 (6): 925–936. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925. PMID 16393025. S2CID 1998520.
  14. Jay W. Forrester (1971). "Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems" (PDF). MIT System Dynamics in Education Project. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  15. ^ Johnson, Norman A. (2009). "Anger and flaming in computer-mediated negotiations among strangers". Decision Support Systems. 46 (3): 660–672. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.008.
  16. ^ Hutchens, Myiah J; Cicchirillo, Vincent J; Hmielowski, Jay D (12 February 2014). "How could you think that?!?!: Understanding intentions to engage in political flaming". New Media & Society. 17 (8): 1201–1219. doi:10.1177/1461444814522947. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 31784760.
  17. Turnage, Anna K. (2007). "Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 43–59. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x. ISSN 1083-6101. S2CID 8093848.
  18. ^ Goldsborough, Reid (February 2005). "How to Respond to Flames (without Getting Singled)". Information Today. 22 (2).
  19. Steele, Guy L; Woods, Donald R; Finkel, Raphael A; Crispin, Mark R; Stallman, Richard M; Goodfellow, Geoffrey S (1983). The Hacker's dictionary: a guide to the world of computer wizards. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060910822.
  20. ^ Pournelle, Jerry (March 1986). "All Sorts of Software". BYTE. p. 269. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  21. ^ Hwang, Jiyeon; Lee, Hwansoo; Kim, Keesung; Zo, Hangjung; Ciganek, Andrew P. (3 March 2016). "Cyber neutralisation and flaming". Behaviour & Information Technology. 35 (3): 210–224. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2015.1135191. ISSN 0144-929X. S2CID 37685735.
  22. "Definition of Flamebait". Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  23. Sydiongco, David (19 July 2012). "New Strategy in the War on Terror: Trolling Jihadi Forums". Slate. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  24. Turnage, Anna K. (1 October 2007). "Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x. S2CID 8093848.
  25. ^ Jane, Emma A. (1 March 2015). "Flaming? What flaming? The pitfalls and potentials of researching online hostility". Ethics and Information Technology. 17 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1007/s10676-015-9362-0. ISSN 1572-8439. S2CID 14404033.
  26. Andersen, Ida Vikøren (6 February 2021). "Hostility online: Flaming, trolling, and the public debate". First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v26i3.11547. hdl:11250/2764630. ISSN 1396-0466.
  27. Kayser, Holger; Salmann, Stephan; Bartels, Christian (30 July 2015). "Flame war management: handling crises in the social media age". EY Consulting Hub. Ernst & Young. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  28. Schwartz, Mattathias (3 August 2008). "The Trolls Among Us". The New York Times Magazine.
  29. Moskovciak, Matthew (7 November 2007). "Format war fanboys shut down AVS Forum". CNet. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  30. "'Delete your account': Clinton, Trump in Twitter flame war". SBS News. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  31. Donald Trump . (2024, October 29). The Democrats have not only greatly demeaned and embarrassed Crooked Joe Biden, but now they're demanding that he be nowhere X. https://x.com/realDonaldTrump?lang=en&mx=2
  32. Wallace, Patricia (19 March 2001). The psychology of the Internet. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511581670. ISBN 9780511581670.
  33. Patchin, Justin (2012). Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert perspectives. NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1412997836.
  34. Porter, David (13 September 2013). Internet Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135209049.

Further reading

External links

Internet slang
Abuse Map of the Internet
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