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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = pink
| image = Sisistrus miliaris miliaris.jpg
⚫ | name = ''Sistrurus''
⚫ | image_caption = Pygmy rattlesnake ('']'').
| image = Sistrurus_miliarius_streckeri.jpg
⚫ | taxon = Sistrurus
⚫ | image_caption = Western pygmy rattlesnake,<br>'']''
⚫ | authority = ], 1884
| image_size = 240px
| range_map = Sistrurus sp. distribution.png
| regnum = ]ia
| range_map_caption = Distribution (using two-species model)
| phylum = ]
⚫ | synonyms = * ''Crotalophorus'' <small>], 1825</small>
| subphylum = ]
⚫ * ''Caudisona'' <small>], 1826</small>
| classis = ]
* ''Sistrurus'' <small>], 1884</small>
| ordo = ]
⚫ | synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">], ], Touré T (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
| subordo = ]
| familia = ]
| subfamilia = ]
| genus = '''''Sistrurus'''''
⚫ | genus_authority = ], ]
⚫ | synonyms = * ''Crotalophorus'' - Gray, 1825
⚫ * ''Caudisona'' - Fitzinger, 1826
⚫ * ''Sistrurus'' - Garman, 1884<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref>
}} }}


:'''''Common names''': ground ]s, pygmy rattlesnakes, massasaugas''<ref>], Wright AA (1957). ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}. (''Sistrurus'', pp. 1040-1061).</ref>
'''Common names:''' massasaugas, pigmy rattlesnakes.


'''''Sistrurus''''' is a ] of ]s in the ] ] of the ] ]. The genus is ] to ], the ], and ].<ref name="McD99"/> Its ] name is a ] form of the ] word for "tail rattler" (Σείστρουρος, ''seistrouros'') and shares its root with the ancient ]ian musical instrument, the ], a type of rattle.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Three ] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=174301|taxon=''Sistrurus ''|accessdate=4 November 2006}}</ref>

'''''Sistrurus''''' is a ] of ] ] found in ], the ] and ].<ref name="McD99"/> Three ] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=174301|taxon=Sistrurus|year=2006|date=4 November}}</ref>


==Description== ==Description==
''Sistrurus'' species differ from the larger rattlesnakes of the genus '']'' in a number of ways. They are smaller in size, but also their ] is different: ''Sistrurus'' species have nine large head plates (same as '']''), whereas with ''Crotalus'' (and almost all other ]) the head is mostly covered with a large number of smaller scales. ''Sistrurus'' species have a relatively small rattle that produces more of a high-pitched, buzzing sound than a rattle, like ''Crotalus''. ''Sistrurus'' species differ from the larger rattlesnakes of the genus '']'' in a number of ways. They are smaller in size, but also their ] is different: ''Sistrurus'' species have nine large head plates (same as '']''), whereas in ''Crotalus'' (and almost all other viperids), the head is mostly covered with a large number of smaller scales. ''Sistrurus'' species have a relatively small rattle that produces more of a high-pitched, buzzing sound than does a larger rattle, like that of ''Crotalus''.


==Geographic range== ==Geographic range==
Found in southeastern ], the eastern and northwestern ], as well as isolated populations in northern and central ].<ref name="McD99"/> Species of ''Sistrurus'' are found in Canada, the ], ], and ], and isolated populations in southern and eastern Mexico.<ref name="McD99"/>


==Venom== ==Venom==
Although bites from ''Sistrurus'' species are regarded as less dangerous to humans, primarily due to the lower venom yield, every venomous snake bite should be considered serious and prompt medical treatment should always be sought. Bites from Pygmy rattlesnakes are still very dangerous and an untreated bite can cause death or loss of tissue, even amputations. Although bites from ''Sistrurus'' species are regarded as less dangerous to humans than those from ''Crotalus'' rattlesnakes, primarily due to their lower venom yield, every venomous snake bite should be considered serious, and prompt medical treatment should always be sought.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}


==Species== ==Species==
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;" {|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Image<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Authority<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Taxon author<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.*<ref name="ITIS"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.<ref name="ITIS"/>
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/> !bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/>
|- |-
|]
|'']'' |'']''
|(], ]) |(], 1818)
|align="center"|2 |align="center"| -
|eastern massasauga
|Massasauga
|style="width:45%"|] from southeastern ] (]) and western ] southwest to southeastern ] (]) and northern ] (]). In Mexico, isolated population exist in southern ] and north-central ]. It occurs in various habitats ranging from swamps and marshes to grasslands, usually below 1500&nbsp;m altitude. |style="width:45%"|It is found in the ] from southeastern ] (Canada) and central and western ] west to ]. It occurs in various habitats ranging from ]s and ]es to ]s, usually below {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude.
|-
⚫ |'']''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>
⚫ |(], ])
⚫ |align="center"|2
⚫ |Pigmy rattlesnake
⚫ |The southeastern United States from eastern and southern ] southward through peninsular ] and westward to ] and eastern ]. It occurs in flatwoods, sandhills, mixed forests, flood plains and around marshes and lakes.
|- |-
|'']'' |]
⚫ |'']'' <span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>
|(], ])
⚫ |(], 1766)
|align="center"|2 |align="center"|3
|Mexican pigmy rattlesnake
⚫ |pygmy rattlesnake
|The mountains of central and southern Mexico, west of the ], in the southeastern part of the Mexican Plateau, in the highlands of ], ], ], ], ] and the ] in ].
⚫ |In the ] from eastern and southern ] southward through peninsular ] and westward to ] and ]. It occurs in ], ]s, mixed ]s, and ]s, and around marshes and ]s.
|- |-
|]
|]
|(], 1823)
⚫ |align="center"|2
|western massasauga
|Found throughout the ] and southwestern states (from ] to ]) into disjunct populations in Mexico (], southern ], north-central ], and Samalayuca, ]). It inhabits grasslands, rocky hillsides, and woodland edges.
|} |}
⚫ <span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>) ].<ref name="McD99"/>
''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).''<br>
⚫ <font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) ].<ref name="McD99"/>


==See also== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ] (pit vipers).
* ].
* ].
* ].


==Cited references== ==Further reading==
*Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan (2012). ''A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States''. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-9754641-3-7}}. (''Sistrurus'', pp.&nbsp;72–85).
<div class="references-small">
*], ], ] (2016). ''Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition''. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. {{ISBN|978-0-544-12997-9}}. (''Sistrurus'', pp.&nbsp;443–445).
<references/>
</div>


==External links== ==External links==
* {{EMBL genus|genus=Sistrurus}} {{Commons|Sistrurus}}
*{{NRDB genus|genus=Sistrurus|date=5 December|year=2007}}
* at . Accessed 26 September 2006.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q244198}}
⚫ ]
{{Authority control}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


] ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
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⚫ ]
]

Latest revision as of 21:26, 24 August 2024

Genus of snakes

Sistrurus
Pygmy rattlesnake (S. miliarius).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Crotalinae
Genus: Sistrurus
Garman, 1884
Distribution (using two-species model)
Synonyms
Common names: ground rattlesnakes, pygmy rattlesnakes, massasaugas

Sistrurus is a genus of pit vipers in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. The genus is endemic to Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Its generic name is a Latinized form of the Greek word for "tail rattler" (Σείστρουρος, seistrouros) and shares its root with the ancient Egyptian musical instrument, the sistrum, a type of rattle. Three species are currently recognized.

Description

Sistrurus species differ from the larger rattlesnakes of the genus Crotalus in a number of ways. They are smaller in size, but also their scalation is different: Sistrurus species have nine large head plates (same as Agkistrodon), whereas in Crotalus (and almost all other viperids), the head is mostly covered with a large number of smaller scales. Sistrurus species have a relatively small rattle that produces more of a high-pitched, buzzing sound than does a larger rattle, like that of Crotalus.

Geographic range

Species of Sistrurus are found in Canada, the Western, Southern, and Midwestern United States, and isolated populations in southern and eastern Mexico.

Venom

Although bites from Sistrurus species are regarded as less dangerous to humans than those from Crotalus rattlesnakes, primarily due to their lower venom yield, every venomous snake bite should be considered serious, and prompt medical treatment should always be sought.

Species

Image Species Taxon author Subsp. Common name Geographic range
S. catenatus (Rafinesque, 1818) - eastern massasauga It is found in the Great Lakes region from southeastern Ontario (Canada) and central and western New York west to Iowa. It occurs in various habitats ranging from swamps and marshes to grasslands, usually below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) altitude.
S. miliarius (Linnaeus, 1766) 3 pygmy rattlesnake In the Southeastern United States from eastern and southern North Carolina southward through peninsular Florida and westward to Oklahoma and East Texas. It occurs in flatwoods, sandhills, mixed forests, and floodplains, and around marshes and lakes.
S. tergeminus (Say, 1823) 2 western massasauga Found throughout the Great Plains and southwestern states (from Kansas to Arizona) into disjunct populations in Mexico (Tamaulipas, southern Nuevo León, north-central Coahuila, and Samalayuca, Chihuahua). It inhabits grasslands, rocky hillsides, and woodland edges.

) Type species.

References

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. (Sistrurus, pp. 1040-1061).
  3. ^ "Sistrurus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 4 November 2006.

Further reading

  • Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan (2012). A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. (Sistrurus, pp. 72–85).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Sistrurus, pp. 443–445).

External links

Taxon identifiers
Sistrurus
Categories: