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{{Short description|1077–1260 Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin}}
]
{{redirect|Khwarazmian dynasty|the territorial states over which it ruled|Khwarazmian Empire|earlier dynasties that ruled over Khwarazm|Khwarazmshah}}
{{Iran}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox family||name=Anushtegin dynasty|native_name={{lang|fa|{{Nastaliq|خاندان انوشتکین}}}}, Khānedāne Ānushtegin|country={{plainlist|
*]
*]
}}|region=]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]|parent house=]<ref name="anush">{{cite book |last1=Fazlallakh |first1=Rashid ad-Din |title=Oghuznameh (in Russian) |date=1987 |location=Baku |quote=Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan ] was ], who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.}}</ref> or ] or other<ref name=clifford>] "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", ] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, ()</ref>|current head=|coat of arms=|titles=* ]
* ]
* ]|founded=1077|founder=]|final ruler=]<ref>{{cite book |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-46226-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit }}</ref>|dissolution=1260|deposition={{plainlist|
*1231 (Khwarazmian Empire)
*1260 (Mamluk Egypt)}}|image=File:Il-Arslan.jpg|image_size=300px|caption=Khwarazmshah ] at his coronation, painting from the book ]|traditions=] (])}}
The '''Anushtegin dynasty''' or '''Anushteginids''' (English: {{IPAc-en|æ|n|u|ʃ|t|ə|'|g|i|n|i|d}}, {{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خاندان انوشتکین}}}}), also known as the '''Khwarazmian dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خوارزمشاهیان}}}}) was a ]<ref name="Iranica">]: . In ], online ed., 2009: ''"Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see ], pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."''</ref><ref>Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability''"</ref><ref>"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"''Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)''". </ref> ] ] of ] '']'' origin from the ] clan of the ].<ref>Negmatov, B. M. CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. '''“The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”'''</ref><ref>Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. '''“The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”'''</ref><ref>Ata, Aysu. Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. '''“Anuştigin Garçai , Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”'''</ref><ref>] in ''Camb. Hist. of Iran'', Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, ''"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"''; Delhi, 2005; {{ISBN|81-7541-246-1}}</ref><ref>], ''"Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times"'' in: ] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: ''"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs{{which lang|date=June 2022}}."'' ()</ref> The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the ], consisting in large parts of present-day ], ] and ] in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as ] of the ]<ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (], 1991), 159.</ref> and the ] (Western Liao),<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history'', (], 2005), 44.</ref> and later as independent rulers, up until the ] in the 13th century.


The '''Khwarezmid Empire''' ({{lang-fa|خوارزمشاهیان}}, ''Khwarezmshahian''; ]: ''Harzemşahlar'') was a dynasty that ruled in ] and ], first as vassals of the ] and later as independent rulers in the ] in ] that lasted until the ] invasion in ].<ref></ref> The ruling family was the '''Khwarezmid dynasty''', also known as the '''Shahs of Khwarezm'''. The ethnic background of the dynasty is uncertain. Most historians consider them members of ] tribes of ]<ref>], "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", ] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, ()</ref>, while others believe that they were of ] heritage<ref>Buniyatov & Gosudarstvo, "Khorezmshahov - Anushteginidov" (original Russian version), p. 233</ref>. The dynasty was founded by commander ], a former ] slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of ]. His son, ], became the first hereditary ] of ].<ref name="Britannica">], "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", ()</ref> ] may have belonged to either the ] of the ]<ref name="anush">{{cite book |last1=Fazlallakh |first1=Rashid ad-Din |title=Oghuznameh (in Russian) |date=1987 |location=Baku |quote=Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan ] was ], who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.}}</ref> or to ], ], ], ], or ].<ref name=clifford>] "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", ] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, ()</ref>


==History== ==History==
{{See also|Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)}}
]
The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered ] and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the ] sultan ].<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', (], 1963), 237.
The date of the founding of the empire is uncertain. Khwarezm was a province of the ] from ] to ]. In ] the governorship of the province, which now belonged to the ], fell into the hands of ], a former servant of the Seljuqs of unknown background. In ], the Seljuk Sultan ] was defeated by the ] (]) and Anūsh Tigin's grandson ] was forced to submit as a vassal to the Kara Khitay.
</ref> In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ''ribat'' of Farawa.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids:994-1040'', 237.
</ref> As a result, ] became a province of the ] from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the ], fell into the hands of ], a former ] slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan ] was defeated by the ] at the ], and Anush Tigin's grandson ] became a vassal to ] of the ].<ref>Biran, Michel, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.</ref>


Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was killed in ] and when the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezms expanded their territories south. In ], the last Sultan of Great Seljuk state, ], was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler ] who also freed himself of the Kara Khitay. In ], Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, ], who by ] had conquered all of Great Seljuk and declared himself ] (Persian for King); also known as ''Kwarezmshah''. In ] he defeated the Gur-Khan ] and conquered the lands of the Kara Khitay, now ruling a territory from the ] almost all the way to ], and from the ] to the ]. Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, ], was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler ], who conquered parts of ] and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, ], who initiated a conflict with the ] and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204).<ref>Rene, Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.</ref> Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the ] who sent him an army.<ref>Rene, Grousset, 168.</ref> With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the ] at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


Ala ad-Din Muhammad's alliance with his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the ]s, and defeated a Qara-Khitai army at ] (1210),<ref>Rene, Grousset, 169.</ref> but allowed ] (1210) to be occupied by the Qara-Khitai.<ref>Rene, Grousset, 234.</ref> He overthrew the ] (1212)<ref>Rene, Grousset, 237.</ref> and ] (1215). In 1212, he shifted his capital from ] to ]. Thus incorporating nearly the whole of ]{{citation needed|date=July 2011}} and present-day ] into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the ] to the ], and from the northern parts of the ] to the ]. By 1218, the empire had a population of 5 million people.<ref>John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", 6 Feb. 2007. Page 180.</ref>
In ], ] sent some emissaries to the Shah, but when he executed the Mongol diplomats in defiance of the emerging great power, Genghis retaliated with a force of 200 000 men. In February ] the ]ian army crossed the ] and launched the ]. The Mongols stormed ], ], and the Khwarezmid capital ]. The Shah fled and died some weeks later on an island in the Caspian Sea.


==Anushteginid Khwarazmshahs==
] c. 1218 on the eve of the Mongol invasions.]]
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Reign
|-
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| align="center" | ''Shihna''
|align="center"| ] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|نوشتکین غرچه}} </small>
|align="center"|1077/1097 C.E.
|-
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
| align="center" | ''Shihna''
|align="center"| ] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ایکینچی بن قوچار}} </small>
|align="center"|1097 C.E.
|-
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
|align="center"| ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Qutb ad-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| قطب الدین ابو الفتح}} </small>
|align="center"| ] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین }} </small>
|align="center"|1097–1127/28 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightpink"
| align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small>
|align="center"| ]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد}} </small>
|align="center"|1127–1156 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:orange"
| align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Taj al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| تاج الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح}} </small>
|align="center"| ]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز }} </small>
|align="center"|1156–1172 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:orange"
| align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small>
|align="center"| ]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| تکش بن ایل ارسلان }} </small>
|align="center"|1172–1200 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:orange"
| align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم}} </small>
|align="center"| ]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان}} </small><br /><small>Initially under regency of ], his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan</small>
|align="center"|1172–1193 C.E.
|-
| align="center" | ''Shah'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ}} </small> <br /> ''Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath'' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح}} </small>
|align="center"| ] <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq|محمد بن تکش}} </small>
|align="center"|1200–1220 C.E.
|-
|align="center"| ''Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar '' <br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر}} </small>
|align="center"| ]<br /> <small>{{Nastaliq| مِنکُبِرنی ابن محمد}} </small>
|align="center"|1220–1231 C.E.
|}
*''Purple Row Signifies ] rule.''
**''Pink Row Signifies suzerainty shifting between ] & ]''
***''Orange Rows Signify suzerainty of ]''


==Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty==
In ''Great Captains Unveiled'' of ], ] gave details of the ] campaign against Khwarezm, underscoring his own philosophy of "the indirect approach," and highlighting many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the German '']'' tactics, inspired in part by Liddell Hart's writings.
{{Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty}}


===Simplified Family Tree===
The son of Ala ad-Din Muhammad, ], became the new Sultan (he rejected the title Shah) but he had to flee to ]. However, the Mongols run up with him before he got there, and he was defeated at the ]. He and his closest followers then fled to ] where they attacked the Seljuk ]. He had a brief victory capturing the town ], but was later defeated by Sultan ] at the ] in ], and murdered in ] by an ] who was a ] .
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Anush-Tegin Dynasty}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#202020|#white; border-width:2px}} ] <br>
{{Color sample|border=#F0BA00|#white; border-width:2px}} ]
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>'']'' <br>{{r.|1077|1097}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1097|1127}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1127|1156}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1156|1172}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 |m| A02 | | A03 | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1172|1200}}
|A02=] <br>'']'' <br>{{r.|1195|1220}}
|A03=''']''' <br>{{r.|1172|1172|<br>1181|1193}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#202020
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | | | | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1200|1220}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | A01 | | A02 | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1220|1231}}
|A02=Khan-Sultan
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#202020
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | A01 | | | |
|A01=''']''' <br>{{r.|1259|1260}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#F0BA00
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}


==Gallery==
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu's followers remained loyal to him even after his death and raided the Seljuk lands of ] and ] for the next several years, calling themselves the ''Khwarezmiyya''s. ] Sultan ] later hired their services against his uncle ] and they actually captured ] in ], triggering the ].
<gallery>

File:Il-Arslan Mausoleum (42486914261).jpg|Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah, ], ], ]
The ''Khwarezmiyya''s served in Egypt as ] mercenaries before they were finally beaten by ] some years later.
File:Urgench.jpg|Mausoleum of Khwarazm Shah Tekish, Köneürgench, Turkmenistan

File:Guldursun-Kala.jpg|The fortress of ] was last occupied by ] (1169, 1200–20), before it fell to the ].
==Rulers of Khwarezm==
</gallery>
===Ma'munids===
*Abu Ali ] ]-]
*] ]-]
*Abu al-Abbas ] ]-]
*] ]

===Altuntashids===
*] ]-]
*] ]-]
*] ]-]

===Non-dynastic===
*] ]-]

===Anushtiginids===
*] ]-]

===Non-dynastic===
*] ]

===Anushtiginids===
*Qutb ad-Din ] ]-]
*Ala ad-Din ] ]-]
*] ]-]
*] ]-]
*Ala ad-Din ] ]-]
*Ala ad-Din ] ]-]
*Jalal ad-Din ] ]-]


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*]


==Notes and references==
==External link==
{{Reflist}}
* - Site in English, with a map in Turkish.
*M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in ], the ], ], ] and Early ], with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth'', member of the ], Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.


==Further reading==
==Notes and references==
*M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in ], the ], ], ] and Early ], with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth'', member of the ], Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, {{ISBN|9971-77-488-7}}.
<references />

{{Central Asian history}}
{{Empires}}
{{Iran topics}}


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Latest revision as of 01:25, 21 October 2024

1077–1260 Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin "Khwarazmian dynasty" redirects here. For the territorial states over which it ruled, see Khwarazmian Empire. For earlier dynasties that ruled over Khwarazm, see Khwarazmshah.

Anushtegin dynasty
خاندان انوشتکین, Khānedāne Ānushtegin
Parent houseBegdili or Qangli or other
Country
Current regionCentral Asia
Iran
Afghanistan
Egypt
Founded1077
FounderAnushtegin Gharchai
Final rulerSaif ad-Din Qutuz
Titles
TraditionsSunni Islam (Hanafi)
Dissolution1260
Deposition
  • 1231 (Khwarazmian Empire)
  • 1260 (Mamluk Egypt)

The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English: /ænuʃtəˈɡinid/, Persian: خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (Persian: خوارزمشاهیان) was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks. The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire, consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuks and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao), and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century.

The dynasty was founded by commander Anushtegin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarazm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarazm. Anush Tigin may have belonged to either the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks or to Chigil, Khalaj, Qipchaq, Qangly, or Uyghurs.

History

See also: Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)

The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji, sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud. In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarezm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa. As a result, Khwarezm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the Seljuqs, fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan, and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Qara Khitan.

Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Toghrul III, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish, who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204). Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain, the Qara Khitai who sent him an army. With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghurids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.

Ala ad-Din Muhammad's alliance with his suzerain was short-lived. He again initiated a conflict, this time with the aid of the Kara-Khanids, and defeated a Qara-Khitai army at Talas (1210), but allowed Samarkand (1210) to be occupied by the Qara-Khitai. He overthrew the Karakhanids (1212) and Ghurids (1215). In 1212, he shifted his capital from Gurganj to Samarkand. Thus incorporating nearly the whole of Transoxania and present-day Afghanistan into his empire, which after further conquests in western Persia (by 1217) stretched from the Syr Darya to the Zagros Mountains, and from the northern parts of the Hindu Kush to the Caspian Sea. By 1218, the empire had a population of 5 million people.

Anushteginid Khwarazmshahs

Titular Name Personal Name Reign
Shihna Anushtegin Gharchai
نوشتکین غرچه 		1077/1097 C.E.
Shihna Ekinchi ibn Qochqar
ایکینچی بن قوچار 		1097 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Qutb ad-Din Abul-Fath
قطب الدین ابو الفتح 		Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anush Tigin
ارسلان طگین محمد ابن أنوش طگین 		1097–1127/28 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar
علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر 		Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad
قزل ارسلان أتسز بن محمد 		1127–1156 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Taj al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath
تاج الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح 		Il-Arslan ibn Qizil Arslan Atsiz
ایل ارسلان بن قزل ارسلان أتسز 		1156–1172 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar
علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر 		Tekish ibn Il-Arslan
تکش بن ایل ارسلان 		1172–1200 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Qasim
جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو القاسم 		Mahmud Sultan Shah ibn Il-Arslan
محمود سلطان شاہ ابن ایل ارسلان
Initially under regency of Turkan Khatun, his mother. He was a younger half-brother and rival of Tekish in Upper Khurasan 		1172–1193 C.E.
Shah
شاہ
Ala al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Fath
علاء الدنیا و الدین، ابو الفتح 		Muhammad ibn Tekish
محمد بن تکش 		1200–1220 C.E.
Jalal al-Dunya wa al-Din Abul-Muzaffar
جلال الدنیا و الدین، ابو المظفر 		Mingburnu ibn Muhammad
مِنکُبِرنی ابن محمد 		1220–1231 C.E.

Family tree of Anushtiginid Dynasty

Anushtiginid dynasty family tree
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Anushtigin Gharchai
(r. 1077-1097)
Shihna of Khwarezm
Muhammad I
(r. 1097-1127)
Shah of Khwarezm
Inaltigin
Prince		Atsiz
(r. 1127-1156)
Shah of Khwarezm		Yusuf
Prince
Atliq
Prince		Il-Arslan
(r. 1156-1172)
Shah of Khwarezm		Hitan-Khan
Prince		Suleiman-Shah
Prince
Tekish
(r. 1172-1200)
Shah of Khwarezm		Sultan-Shah
(r. 1172-1193)
Shah of Khwarezm
Yunus-Khan
Prince		Ali-Shah
(b. ? -d. 1215)
Prince		Shah-Khatun
Princess		Muhammad II
(r. 1200-1220)
Shah of Khwarezm		Toghan-Toghdi
Prince		Malik-Shah
(b. ? -d. 1197)
Prince
Erboz-Khan
Prince		Hindu-Khan
Prince		Arslan-Khan
Prince
Ak-Shah
(b. ? -k. 1221)
Prince		Uzlaq-Shah
(b. ? -k. 1221)
Crown prince		Khan-Sultan
Princess		Qursanjdi
(b. ? -k. 1222)
Sultan of Persian Iraq		Manguberdi
(r. 1220-1231)
Sultan of Khwarezm		Pir-Shah
(b. ? -k. 1229)
Sultan of Kirman		Kumakhti-Shah
Prince		Yahya Hur-Shah
(b. ? -k. 1221)
Prince		Aysi Khatun
Princess
Qutuz
(r. 1259-1260)
Sultan of Egypt		Manqatuy-Shah
Prince		Qaymaqar-Shah
Prince
Notes
  • Ziya Bunyadov. In Russian, Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов. 1097-1231. (State of the Khwarezmshahs-Anushtiginids. 1097-1231). Page 142. PDF

Simplified Family Tree

Anush-Tegin Dynasty

  Khwarezmian Empire
  Mamluk Sultanate

Anush-Tegin
Shihna
r. 1077–1097
Muhammad I
r. 1097–1127
Atsiz
r. 1127–1156
Il-Arslan
r. 1156–1172
Tekish
r. 1172–1200		Terken
Regent
r. 1195–1220		Sultan-Shah
r. 1172–1172, 
1181–1193
Muhammad II
r. 1200–1220
Mengu-Berdi
r. 1220–1231		Khan-Sultan
Qutuz
r. 1259–1260

Gallery

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Fazlallakh, Rashid ad-Din (1987). Oghuznameh (in Russian). Baku. Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ C.E. Bosworth "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, (LINK)
  3. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46226-6.
  4. C. E. Bosworth: Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see İbrahim Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."
  5. Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
  6. "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)".
  7. Negmatov, B. M. "ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. “The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”
  8. Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. "Hârezmşâh Hükümdarlarına Ait Farsça Şiirler/The Persian Poems of Khwārizmshāh Rulers." Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. “The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”
  9. Ata, Aysu. Harezm-Altın Ordu Türkçesi. Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. “Anuştigin Garçai , Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”
  10. Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; ISBN 81-7541-246-1
  11. C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs." (LINK)
  12. Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.
  13. Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
  14. Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)
  15. C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237.
  16. C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, 237.
  17. Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
  18. Rene, Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.
  19. Rene, Grousset, 168.
  20. Rene, Grousset, 169.
  21. Rene, Grousset, 234.
  22. Rene, Grousset, 237.
  23. John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", 6 Feb. 2007. Page 180.

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