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{{Short description|Standard for protection against intrusion of dust and water}}
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{{Redirect|International Protection|the treaty that grants asylum seekers protection|Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees}}
{{Distinguish|IP address|Intellectual property}} {{Distinguish|IP address|Intellectual property}}
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]
]The '''IP code''' or '''ingress protection code''' indicates how well a device is protected against water and dust. It is defined by the ]&nbsp;(IEC) under the ] IEC 60529<ref>{{Cite web |title=IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV {{!}} IEC Webstore {{!}} water management, smart city, rural electrification |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/2452 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=webstore.iec.ch}}</ref> which classifies and provides a guideline to the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and ] against intrusion, ], accidental contact, and ]. It is published in the European Union by the ]&nbsp;(CENELEC) as EN&nbsp;60529.


The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as ''waterproof''. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP67 is "dust resistant" and can be "immersed in 1 meter of freshwater for up to 30 minutes". Similarly, an electrical socket rated IP22 is protected against insertion of fingers and will not become unsafe during a specified test in which it is exposed to vertically or nearly vertically dripping water. IP22 or IP2X are typical minimum requirements for the design of electrical accessories for indoor use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IP Rating - Ingress Protection Explained {{!}} Tansun |url=https://www.tansun.com/gb_en/technical/technical-ip-rating.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.tansun.com}}</ref>
The '''IP Code''', '''International Protection Marking''', IEC standard 60529, sometimes interpreted as '''Ingress Protection Marking''', classifies and rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts such as hands and fingers), ], accidental contact, and water by mechanical casings and ]. It is published by the ] (IEC). The equivalent European standard is EN 60529.


The digits indicate conformity with the conditions summarized in the tables below. The digit ''0'' is used where no protection is provided. The digit is replaced with the letter ''X'' when insufficient data has been gathered to assign a protection level. The device can become less capable; however, it cannot become unsafe.
The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as ''waterproof''. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP68 is "dust resistant" and can be "immersed in 1.5 meters of freshwater for up to 30 minutes". Similarly, an electrical socket rated IP22 is protected against insertion of fingers and will not be damaged or become unsafe during a specified test in which it is exposed to vertically or nearly vertically dripping water. IP22 or IP2X are typical minimum requirements for the design of electrical accessories for indoor use.


There are no hyphens in a standard IP code. IPX-8 (for example) is thus an invalid IP code.<ref name="NE Laser" />
The digits indicate conformity with the conditions summarized in the tables below. The digit ''0'' is used where no protection is provided. The digit is replaced with the letter ''X'' when insufficient data has been gathered to assign a protection level.


== Origin of the letters IP ==
There are no hyphens in a genuine IP code. IPX-8 (for example) is thus an invalid IP code.<ref>IEC 60529, Edition 2.2, 2013, page 19</ref>
In the original IEC 60529 standard from year 1976, the letters IP are used without providing an explanation, and referred as "characteristic letters".<ref>{{Cite book |title=IEC Publication 529: Classification des degrés de protection procurés par les enveloppes – Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures |publisher=] |year=1976 |edition=1st}}</ref> In the next editions of the standard, from years 1989 and 1999 respectively, the IP is explained to denote "international protection" on both French and English pages. According to the Finnish national committee of the IEC, one possibility is that the abbreviation is a combination of English word ingress and French word ''pénétration'' which stands for ingress, but finding the correct answer would require doing a historical study on the 1970's standardization, which is difficult because the experts preparing the original standards are likely retired or deceased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SESKO: Frequently asked questions (in Finnish) |url=https://sesko.fi/yhteystiedot/usein-kysytyt-kysymykset/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=sesko.fi}}</ref>

This page contains a combination of IEC 60529 (also EN 60529) and other standards, such as ISO 20653. The original documents are available for purchase, and have important and specific requirements that cannot be fully reprinted due to copyright restrictions. This often includes drawings specifying the required test equipment, such as the shape of water nozzles used for water jet testing. Additional standards are often referenced that may contain important information. One must refer to the latest revision of the required standard when conducting tests for agency certification.


==Code breakdown== ==Code breakdown==
This table shows what each digit or part of the IP code represents. This table shows what each digit or part of the IP code represents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sourceiex.com/Catalogs/IP%20Degress%20Testing%20Details.pdf |title=Degrees of Protection |author=Source IEx }}</ref>
] ]

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! rowspan=2 | Code <br/>letters
! IP indication !! First digit: Solid particle protection !! Second digit: Liquid ingress protection !! Third digit: Mechanical impact resistance !! Additional letter: Other protections
! First
! Second
! Third
! Additional
! Supplementary
|- |-
! Solid particle protection
| IP || Single numeral: 0–6 || Single numeral: 0–9 || Single numeral: 0–9 || Single letter
! Liquid ingress protection
! Mechanical impact resistance
! colspan=2 | Other protections
|- |-
| IP
| Mandatory || Mandatory || Mandatory || No longer used || Optional
| 0–6 or X
| 0–9 or X
| 0–9
| ''Letter''
| ''Letter''
|-
| By definition
| Required
| Required
| No longer used
| Optional
| Optional
|} |}


===First digit: Solid particle protection=== ===First digit: Solid particle protection===
The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.<ref>IEC 60529, Edition 2.2, 2013, page 21</ref> The first digit indicates the level of protection the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.<ref name="IEC 60529">{{cite book |title=IEC 60529 - Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) |series=International standard |author=International Electrotechnical Commission |edition=2.2 |year=2013 |page=21 |isbn=9782832210864 |oclc=864643678|ref={{harvid|IEC 60529|2013}} }}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" border=1 {| class="wikitable"
! Level sized || Effective against || Description ! Level sized !! Effective against !! Description
|- |-
!X ! X
| ''Unknown''
|—
| X means there is no data available to specify a protection rating with regard to this criteria. | X means no data is available to specify a protection rating about this criterion.
|- |-
! 0 ! 0
| —
| — || No protection against contact and ingress of objects jjjjj
| No protection against contact and ingress of objects
|- |-
! 1 ! 1
| &gt;&nbsp;{{convert|50|mm|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| >50&nbsp;mm || Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
| Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
|- |-
! 2 ! 2
| &gt;&nbsp;{{convert|12.5|mm|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| >12.5&nbsp;mm || Fingers or similar objects
| Fingers or similar objects
|- |-
! 3 ! 3
| &gt;&nbsp;{{convert|2.5|mm|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| >2.5&nbsp;mm || Tools, thick wires, etc.
| Tools, thick wires, etc.
|- |-
! 4 ! 4
| >1&nbsp;mm || Most wires, slender screws, large ants etc. | &gt;&nbsp;{{convert|1|mm|abbr=on|disp=br}}
| Most wires, slender screws, large ants, etc.
|- |-
! 5 ! 5
| Dust protected
| Dust&nbsp;protected || Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory operation of the equipment.
| Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the safe operation of the equipment.
|- |-
! 6 ! 6
| Dust-tight
| Dust&nbsp;tight || No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact (dust tight). A vacuum must be applied. Test duration of up to 8 hours based on air flow.
| No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact (dust-tight). A vacuum must be applied. Test duration of up to 8 hours based on airflow.
|} |}


===Second digit: Liquid ingress protection===<!--where does this info come from? it doesn't seem to be using the standard terminology for the ratings.--> ===Second digit: Liquid ingress protection===
The second digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against harmful ingress of water.<ref name="NE Laser">{{citation|title=Ingress Protection: The System of Tests and Meaning of Codes|url=http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm|df=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DGYoRMwp?url=http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm|deadurl=yes|archivedate=2012-12-29}}.<!-- http://www.webcitation.org/6DGYoRMwp?url=http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm --></ref> The second digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against harmful ingress of water.<ref name="NE Laser">{{citation|title=Ingress Protection: The System of Tests and Meaning of Codes|url=http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522115323/http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm|archive-date=2013-05-22|url-status=dead}}.<!-- http://www.webcitation.org/6DGYoRMwp?url=http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/06/ARG/bisenius.htm --></ref>
The ratings for water ingress are not cumulative beyond IPX6. A device which is compliant with IPX7, covering immersion in water, need not be compliant with IPX5 or IPX6, covering exposure to water jets. A device which meets both tests is indicated by listing both tests separated by a slash, e.g. IPX5/IPX7.


The ratings for water ingress are not cumulative beyond IPX6. A device compliant with IPX7 (covering water immersion) is not necessarily compliant with IPX5 or IPX6 (covering exposure to water jets). A device that meets both tests is indicated by listing both tests separated by a slash, e.g. IPX5/IPX7.
{| class="wikitable" border=1
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! style="width: 5em;" | Level
! width="120px" | Protection against
! Effective against ! style="width: 20em;" | Protection against
! style="width: 60em;" | Effective against
! width="250px" | Details
! style="width: 45em;" | Details
|-
!X
|—
|—
| X means there is no data available to specify a protection rating with regard to this criteria.
|- |-
! X
| ''Unknown''
| —
| X means no data is available to specify a protection rating concerning these criteria.
|- |-
! 0 ! 0
| None || — || — | None
| —
| No protection against ingress of water
|- |-
! 1 ! 1
| Dripping water
| Dripping water || Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect on the specimen when mounted in an upright position onto a turntable and rotated at 1 RPM. || Test duration: 10&nbsp;minutes <br />
| Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no unsafe effect on the specimen when mounted upright onto a turntable and rotated at 1 RPM.
Water equivalent to 1&nbsp;mm rainfall per minute<br />
| Test duration: 10&nbsp;minutes
Water equivalent to {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}} rainfall per minute
|- |-
! 2 ! 2
| Dripping water when tilted at 15° || Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle of 15° from its normal position. A total of four positions are tested within two axes. || Test duration: 2.5&nbsp;minutes for every direction of tilt (10 minutes total)<br /> | Dripping water when tilted at 15°
| Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle of 15° from its normal position. A total of four positions are tested within two axes. || Test duration: 2.5&nbsp;minutes for every direction of tilt (10 minutes total)<br />
Water equivalent to 3&nbsp;mm rainfall per minute Water equivalent to {{convert|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} rainfall per minute
|- |-
! 3 ! 3
| Spraying water
| Spraying water || Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either: a) an oscillating fixture, or b) A spray nozzle with a counterbalanced shield.
| Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either: a) an oscillating fixture, or b) a spray nozzle with a counterbalanced shield.
Test a) is conducted for 5 minutes, then repeated with the specimen rotated horizontally by 90° for the second 5-minute test. Test b) is conducted (with shield in place) for 5 minutes minimum.

|| For a spray nozzle:
Test a) is conducted for 5 minutes, then repeated with the specimen rotated horizontally by 90° for the second 5-minute test. Test b) is conducted (with a shield in place) for 5 minutes minimum.
Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 5&nbsp;minutes<ref>Table 8, IEC 60529, Edition 2.2, 2013</ref><br />
| For a spray nozzle:
Water volume: 10&nbsp;litres per minute<br />
Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 5&nbsp;minutes{{sfn|IEC 60529|2013|p=27}}
Pressure: 50–150&nbsp;kPa
Water volume: {{convert|10|liter/min}}
Pressure: {{convert|50|-|150|kPa|psi|abbr=on|adj=on}}


For an oscillating tube: For an oscillating tube:

Test duration: 10 minutes Test duration: 10 minutes
Water volume: {{convert|0.07|liter/min}} per hole

Water volume: 0.07 l/min per hole
|- |-
! 4 ! 4
| Splashing of water || Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either: a) an oscillating fixture, or b) A spray nozzle with no shield. | Splashing of water
| Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either:
a) an oscillating fixture, or b) A spray nozzle with no shield.
Test
Test a) is conducted for 10 minutes. Test b) is conducted (without shield) for 5 minutes minimum.
a) is conducted for 10 minutes.
||Oscillating tube: Test duration: 10 minutes, or spray nozzle (same as IPX3 spray nozzle with the shield removed)
b) is conducted (without shield) for 5 minutes minimum.
| Oscillating tube: Test duration: 10 minutes, or spray nozzle (same as IPX3 spray nozzle with the shield removed)
|- |-
! 5 ! 5
| Water jets || Water projected by a nozzle (6.3&nbsp;mm) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 15&nbsp;minutes<br /> | Water jets || Water projected by a nozzle ({{convert|6.3|mm|in|abbr=on}}) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
| Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 3&nbsp;minutes
Water volume: 12.5&nbsp;litres per minute<br /> Water volume: 12.5&nbsp;litres per minute
Pressure: 30&nbsp;kPa at distance of 3&nbsp;m Pressure: {{convert|30|kPa|psi|abbr=on|adj=on}} at distance of {{convert|3|meters}}
|- |-
! 6 ! 6
| Powerful water jets
| Powerful water jets || Water projected in powerful jets (12.5&nbsp;mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. || Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 3&nbsp;minutes<br />
| Water projected in powerful jets ({{convert|12.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.
Water volume: 100&nbsp;litres per minute<br />
| Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 3&nbsp;minutes
Pressure: 100&nbsp;kPa at distance of 3&nbsp;m
Water volume: {{convert|100|liters/min}}
Pressure: {{convert|100|kPa|psi|abbr=on|adj=on}} at distance of {{convert|3|meters}}
|- |-
! 6K ! 6K
| Powerful water jets with increased pressure || Water projected in powerful jets (6.3&nbsp;mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction, under elevated pressure, shall have no harmful effects. Found in DIN 40050, and not IEC 60529. || Test duration: at least 3&nbsp;minutes{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br /> | Powerful water jets with increased pressure
| Water projected in powerful jets ({{convert|6.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction, under elevated pressure, shall have no harmful effects. Found in DIN 40050, and not IEC 60529. || Test duration: at least 3&nbsp;minutes{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}<br />
Water volume: 75&nbsp;litres per minute<br /> Water volume: {{convert|75|liters/min}}
Pressure: 1000&nbsp;kPa at distance of 3&nbsp;m Pressure: {{convert|1000|kPa|psi|abbr=on|adj=on}} at distance of {{convert|3|meters}}
|- |-
! 7 ! 7
| Immersion, up to 1&nbsp;m depth || Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1&nbsp;m of submersion). || Test duration: 30&nbsp;minutes.<ref>IEC 60529, table 8</ref><br /> | Immersion, up to {{convert|1|meter}} depth || Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to {{convert|1|meter}} of submersion). || Test duration: 30&nbsp;minutes.<ref name="IEC 60529"/>
Tested with the lowest point of the enclosure 1000&nbsp;mm below the surface of the water, or the highest point 150&nbsp;mm below the surface, whichever is deeper. Tested with the lowest point of the enclosure {{convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on}} below the surface of the water, or the highest point {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} below the surface, whichever is deeper.
|- |-
! 8 ! 8
| Immersion, 1&nbsp;m or more depth || The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it produces no harmful effects. The test depth and duration is expected to be greater than the requirements for IPx7, and other environmental effects may be added, such as temperature cycling before immersion. || Test duration: agreement with manufacturer | Immersion, {{convert|1|meter}} or more depth || The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which the manufacturer shall specify. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only so that it produces no harmful effects. The test depth and duration are expected to be greater than the requirements for IPx7, and other environmental effects may be added, such as temperature cycling before immersion. || Test duration: agreement with the manufacturer
Depth specified by manufacturer, generally up to 3&nbsp;m Depth specified by the manufacturer, generally up to {{convert|3|meters}}
|- |-
! 9
!]
|Powerful high temperature water jets||Protected against close-range high pressure, high temperature spray downs. | Powerful high-temperature water jets
| Protected against close-range high-pressure, high-temperature spray downs.
Smaller specimens rotate slowly on a turntable, from 4 specific angles. Larger specimens are mounted upright, no turntable required, and are tested freehand for at least 3 minutes at distance of 0.15–0.2 m. Smaller specimens rotate slowly on a turntable from 4 specific angles. Larger specimens are mounted in the intended position when used, no turntable required, and are tested freehand for at least 3 minutes at a distance of {{convert|0.15|-|0.2|meters}}.


There are specific requirements for the nozzle used for the testing. The specific requirements for the test nozzle are shown in figures 7, 8, & 9 of IEC (or EN) 60529.


This test is identified as IPx9 in IEC 60529. This test is identified as IPx9 in IEC 60529.
| Test duration: 30 seconds in each of 4 angles (2 minutes total) | Test duration: Fixture: 30 sec. in each of 4 angles (2 min. total), Freehand: 1 min/m<sup>2</sup>, 3 min. minimum
Water volume: 14–16&nbsp;litres per minute<br /> Water volume: {{convert|14|-|16|liters/min}}
Pressure: {{convert|8|–|10|MPa|bar|abbr=on}} at distance of 0.10–0.15&nbsp;m<br /> Pressure: {{convert|8|–|10|MPa|bar|abbr=on}} at distance of {{convert|0.10|-|0.15|meters}}
Water temperature: 80&nbsp;°C Water temperature: {{convert|80|C}}
|} |}
(All tests with the letter "K" are defined by ISO 20653 (replacing DIN 40050-9) and are not found in IEC 60529, except for IPx9 which is the same as the IP69K water test.)


(All tests with the letter "K" are defined by ISO 20653 (replacing DIN 40050-9) and are not found in IEC 60529, except for IPx9, which is the same as the IP69K water test.)
===Additional letters===

Further letters can be appended to provide additional information related to the protection of the device:
===Supplementary letter (optional)===
{| class="wikitable" border=1
For the protection of equipment specific to:
{| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! Letter ! Letter
! Meaning ! Meaning
|- |-
! D ! F
| Wire
|-
! f
| Oil resistant | Oil resistant
|- |-
! H ! H
| High voltage device | High voltage apparatus
|- |-
! M ! M
| Device moving during water test | Motion during water test
|- |-
! S ! S
| Device standing still during water test | Stationary during water test
|- |-
! W ! W
| Weather conditions | Weather conditions
|} |}
The letter K is specified in DIN 40050-9, and not in IEC 60529.


The letter K is specified in ISO 20653 (replacing DIN 40050-9) and not in IEC 60529.
== IP69K ==
IP codes with the letter "K" are from ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code), which states that it is in accordance with IEC 60529 except for the "K" tests, which describe special requirements for road vehicles.


== IPx9K and IPx9 ==
The test specifies a spray nozzle that is fed with 80&nbsp;°C water at 8–10&nbsp;] (80–100 bar) and a flow rate of 14–16&nbsp;L/min. The nozzle is held 10–15&nbsp;cm from the tested device at angles of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° for 30&nbsp;seconds each. The test device sits on a turntable that completes a rotation once every 12&nbsp;seconds (5&nbsp;]). The IPx9 specification in IEC 60529 has details for testing larger specimens that will not fit on a turntable test fixture (see table above).
] 40050-9 extended the newer IEC 60529 rating system with an '''IP69K''' rating for high-pressure, high-temperature wash-down applications.<ref>{{citation | title = ] 40050-9: ''Straßenfahrzeuge; IP-Schutzarten; Schutz gegen Fremdkörper, Wasser und Berühren; Elektrische Ausrüstung'' | date = May 1993}}. An English translation of the German original is available from DIN.</ref> Enclosures conforming with ISO 20653:2013 must be both dust-tight (IP6X) and able to withstand high-pressure and steam cleaning.


The IP69K test specification was initially developed for road vehicles, especially those that need regular intensive cleaning (dump trucks, cement mixers, etc.), but it also finds use in other areas (for example, the food industry and car wash centers). The IPx9K standard was originally developed for road vehicles—especially those that need regular intensive cleaning (dump trucks, concrete mixers, etc.)—but it also finds use in other areas, such as ] machinery and ] systems. It was superseded by ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code),<ref>ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code) Protection of electrical equipment against foreign objects, water and access</ref> and complemented by the addition of a level 9 water ingress testing to IEC 60529, which includes essentially the same spray test as IPx9K, but also includes, in Figure 10 of the standard, a drawing for a test fixture designed to verify the correct water pressure.


=== Test setup ===
German standard ] 40050-9 extended the older IEC 60529 rating system with an '''IP69K''' rating for high-pressure, high-temperature wash-down applications.<ref>{{citation | title = ] 40050-9: ''Straßenfahrzeuge; IP-Schutzarten; Schutz gegen Fremdkörper, Wasser und Berühren; Elektrische Ausrüstung'' | date = May 1993}}. An English translation of the German original is available from DIN.</ref> DIN 40050-9 has been replaced by ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code).<ref>ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code) Protection of electrical equipment against foreign objects, water and access</ref> Such enclosures must not only be dust-tight (IP6X), but it must also be able to withstand high-pressure and steam cleaning. By 2013 IEC 60529 added level 9 water ingress testing, with IPx9 being essentially the same spray test as IP69K, also adding a drawing of a fixture to verify the water pressure.
The test specifies a spray nozzle that is fed with {{cvt|80|C}} water at {{cvt|8|–|10|MPa|bar psi|lk=on}} and a flow rate of {{convert|14|–|16|L/min|USgal/min}}. The nozzle is held 10–15&nbsp;cm from the tested device at angles of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° for 30&nbsp;seconds each. The test device sits on a turntable that completes a rotation once every 12&nbsp;seconds (5&nbsp;]). The IPx9 specification details a freehand method for testing larger specimens that will not fit on a turntable (see table above). The free hand method also requires (at least) one additional minute of spray time (1 min/m<sup>2</sup>, 3 min. minimum). The test distance also increases to .175 m (0.15–0.2 m per section 14.2.9).


== North America (NEMA rating) ==<!--The following section is a target of internal redirects.--> == United States (NEMA rating) ==<!--The following section is a target of internal redirects.-->
{{main|NEMA enclosure types}} {{main|NEMA enclosure types}}
In the USA, the ] defines ] in NEMA standard number 250. The following table outlines which IEC 60529 IP code each respective NEMA rating meets. Ratings between the two standards are not directly equivalent: NEMA ratings also require additional product features and tests (such as functionality under icing conditions, enclosures for ], knock-outs for cable connections and others) not addressed by IP ratings. In the U.S., the ] defines ] in NEMA standard number 250. The following table outlines which IEC 60529 IP code each respective NEMA guideline meets. Ratings between the two standards are not directly equivalent: NEMA ratings also require additional product features and tests (such as functionality under icing conditions, enclosures for ], knock-outs for cable connections and others) not addressed by IP ratings.


{| class="wikitable" border=1 {| class="wikitable"
|- |-
! NEMA enclosure<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nema.org/Products/Documents/nema-enclosure-types.pdf |title=NEMA Enclosure Types |date=November 2005 |format=pdf |publisher=National Electrical Manufacturers Association |access-date=10 January 2017 |pages=7–9}}</ref> ! NEMA enclosure<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nema.org/Products/Documents/nema-enclosure-types.pdf |title=NEMA Enclosure Types |date=November 2005 |publisher=National Electrical Manufacturers Association |access-date=10 January 2017 |pages=7–9 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610223224/https://www.nema.org/Products/Documents/nema-enclosure-types.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! IP Code ! IP code
|- |-
| '''1''' || '''IP20''' | 1 || IP20
|- |-
| '''2''' || '''IP22''' | 2 || IP22
|- |-
| '''3, 3X, 3S, 3SX''' || '''IP55''' | 3, 3X, 3S, 3SX || IP55
|- |-
| '''3R, 3RX''' || '''IP24''' | 3R, 3RX || IP24
|- |-
| '''4, 4X''' || '''IP66''' | 4, 4X || IP44, IP66, IP65
|- |-
| '''5''' || '''IP53''' | 5 || IP53
|- |-
| '''6''' || '''IP67''' | 6 || IP67
|- |-
| '''6P''' || '''IP68''' | 6P || IP68
|- |-
| '''12, 12K, 13''' || '''IP54''' | 12, 12K, 13 || IP54
|} |}

== Ingress Protection for consumer electronics ==
The inclusion of an Ingress Protection rating has become increasingly common for use in the ] market with devices such as ]s, ]s and ]s now being sold as water resistant, waterproof and dustproof.

Some manufacturers have produced IP rated ]s, aimed at consumers who are concerned about their handsets getting submerged in liquids or getting covered in dust.

With the availability of portable devices, and the desire to get outside with active lifestyles, portable speakers have become popular with the rugged consumer market for those who enjoy ], ]s as well.


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
*] – IK code on resistance to mechanical impacts (Revoked 2002)
* ] – IK code on resistance to mechanical impacts
*]
* ]
*] for military equivalents
* ] for military equivalents
* - Downloadable PDF reference chart for offline use.
*] on wrist watches * ] on wrist watches


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
*


{{Commons category|IP code}} {{Commons category|IP code}}
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] ]
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Latest revision as of 22:29, 24 December 2024

Standard for protection against intrusion of dust and water "International Protection" redirects here. For the treaty that grants asylum seekers protection, see Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Not to be confused with IP address or Intellectual property. For other uses, see IP (disambiguation).

IP65 touchscreen display
IP65 LED lamp

The IP code or ingress protection code indicates how well a device is protected against water and dust. It is defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under the international standard IEC 60529 which classifies and provides a guideline to the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures against intrusion, dust, accidental contact, and water. It is published in the European Union by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) as EN 60529.

The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP67 is "dust resistant" and can be "immersed in 1 meter of freshwater for up to 30 minutes". Similarly, an electrical socket rated IP22 is protected against insertion of fingers and will not become unsafe during a specified test in which it is exposed to vertically or nearly vertically dripping water. IP22 or IP2X are typical minimum requirements for the design of electrical accessories for indoor use.

The digits indicate conformity with the conditions summarized in the tables below. The digit 0 is used where no protection is provided. The digit is replaced with the letter X when insufficient data has been gathered to assign a protection level. The device can become less capable; however, it cannot become unsafe.

There are no hyphens in a standard IP code. IPX-8 (for example) is thus an invalid IP code.

Origin of the letters IP

In the original IEC 60529 standard from year 1976, the letters IP are used without providing an explanation, and referred as "characteristic letters". In the next editions of the standard, from years 1989 and 1999 respectively, the IP is explained to denote "international protection" on both French and English pages. According to the Finnish national committee of the IEC, one possibility is that the abbreviation is a combination of English word ingress and French word pénétration which stands for ingress, but finding the correct answer would require doing a historical study on the 1970's standardization, which is difficult because the experts preparing the original standards are likely retired or deceased.

Code breakdown

This table shows what each digit or part of the IP code represents.

IP codes
Code
letters 		First Second Third Additional Supplementary
Solid particle protection Liquid ingress protection Mechanical impact resistance Other protections
IP 0–6 or X 0–9 or X 0–9 Letter Letter
By definition Required Required No longer used Optional Optional

First digit: Solid particle protection

The first digit indicates the level of protection the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.

Level sized Effective against Description
X Unknown X means no data is available to specify a protection rating about this criterion.
0 — No protection against contact and ingress of objects
1 > 50 mm
2.0 in 		Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
2 > 12.5 mm
0.49 in 		Fingers or similar objects
3 > 2.5 mm
0.098 in 		Tools, thick wires, etc.
4 > 1 mm
0.039 in 		Most wires, slender screws, large ants, etc.
5 Dust protected Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the safe operation of the equipment.
6 Dust-tight No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact (dust-tight). A vacuum must be applied. Test duration of up to 8 hours based on airflow.

Second digit: Liquid ingress protection

The second digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against harmful ingress of water.

The ratings for water ingress are not cumulative beyond IPX6. A device compliant with IPX7 (covering water immersion) is not necessarily compliant with IPX5 or IPX6 (covering exposure to water jets). A device that meets both tests is indicated by listing both tests separated by a slash, e.g. IPX5/IPX7.

Level Protection against Effective against Details
X Unknown — X means no data is available to specify a protection rating concerning these criteria.
0 None — No protection against ingress of water
1 Dripping water Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no unsafe effect on the specimen when mounted upright onto a turntable and rotated at 1 RPM. Test duration: 10 minutes

Water equivalent to 1 mm (0.039 in) rainfall per minute

2 Dripping water when tilted at 15° Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle of 15° from its normal position. A total of four positions are tested within two axes. Test duration: 2.5 minutes for every direction of tilt (10 minutes total)

Water equivalent to 3 mm (0.12 in) rainfall per minute

3 Spraying water Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either: a) an oscillating fixture, or b) a spray nozzle with a counterbalanced shield.

Test a) is conducted for 5 minutes, then repeated with the specimen rotated horizontally by 90° for the second 5-minute test. Test b) is conducted (with a shield in place) for 5 minutes minimum.

For a spray nozzle:

Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 5 minutes Water volume: 10 liters per minute (0.037 impgal/s) Pressure: 50–150 kPa (7.3–21.8 psi)

For an oscillating tube: Test duration: 10 minutes Water volume: 0.07 liters per minute (0.00026 impgal/s) per hole

4 Splashing of water Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect, utilizing either:

a) an oscillating fixture, or b) A spray nozzle with no shield. Test a) is conducted for 10 minutes. b) is conducted (without shield) for 5 minutes minimum.

Oscillating tube: Test duration: 10 minutes, or spray nozzle (same as IPX3 spray nozzle with the shield removed)
5 Water jets Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm (0.25 in)) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 3 minutes

Water volume: 12.5 litres per minute Pressure: 30 kPa (4.4 psi) at distance of 3 meters (9.8 ft)

6 Powerful water jets Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm (0.49 in)) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects. Test duration: 1 minute per square meter for at least 3 minutes

Water volume: 100 liters per minute (0.37 impgal/s) Pressure: 100 kPa (15 psi) at distance of 3 meters (9.8 ft)

6K Powerful water jets with increased pressure Water projected in powerful jets (6.3 mm (0.25 in) nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction, under elevated pressure, shall have no harmful effects. Found in DIN 40050, and not IEC 60529. Test duration: at least 3 minutes

Water volume: 75 liters per minute (0.27 impgal/s) Pressure: 1,000 kPa (150 psi) at distance of 3 meters (9.8 ft)

7 Immersion, up to 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) depth Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) of submersion). Test duration: 30 minutes.

Tested with the lowest point of the enclosure 1,000 mm (39 in) below the surface of the water, or the highest point 150 mm (5.9 in) below the surface, whichever is deeper.

8 Immersion, 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) or more depth The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which the manufacturer shall specify. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only so that it produces no harmful effects. The test depth and duration are expected to be greater than the requirements for IPx7, and other environmental effects may be added, such as temperature cycling before immersion. Test duration: agreement with the manufacturer

Depth specified by the manufacturer, generally up to 3 meters (9.8 ft)

9 Powerful high-temperature water jets Protected against close-range high-pressure, high-temperature spray downs.

Smaller specimens rotate slowly on a turntable from 4 specific angles. Larger specimens are mounted in the intended position when used, no turntable required, and are tested freehand for at least 3 minutes at a distance of 0.15–0.2 meters (5.9 in – 7.9 in).

The specific requirements for the test nozzle are shown in figures 7, 8, & 9 of IEC (or EN) 60529.

This test is identified as IPx9 in IEC 60529.

Test duration: Fixture: 30 sec. in each of 4 angles (2 min. total), Freehand: 1 min/m, 3 min. minimum

Water volume: 14–16 liters per minute (0.051–0.059 impgal/s) Pressure: 8–10 MPa (80–100 bar) at distance of 0.10–0.15 meters (3.9 in – 5.9 in) Water temperature: 80 °C (176 °F)

(All tests with the letter "K" are defined by ISO 20653 (replacing DIN 40050-9) and are not found in IEC 60529, except for IPx9, which is the same as the IP69K water test.)

Supplementary letter (optional)

For the protection of equipment specific to:

Letter Meaning
F Oil resistant
H High voltage apparatus
M Motion during water test
S Stationary during water test
W Weather conditions

The letter K is specified in ISO 20653 (replacing DIN 40050-9) and not in IEC 60529.

IPx9K and IPx9

DIN 40050-9 extended the newer IEC 60529 rating system with an IP69K rating for high-pressure, high-temperature wash-down applications. Enclosures conforming with ISO 20653:2013 must be both dust-tight (IP6X) and able to withstand high-pressure and steam cleaning.

The IPx9K standard was originally developed for road vehicles—especially those that need regular intensive cleaning (dump trucks, concrete mixers, etc.)—but it also finds use in other areas, such as food processing machinery and car wash systems. It was superseded by ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code), and complemented by the addition of a level 9 water ingress testing to IEC 60529, which includes essentially the same spray test as IPx9K, but also includes, in Figure 10 of the standard, a drawing for a test fixture designed to verify the correct water pressure.

Test setup

The test specifies a spray nozzle that is fed with 80 °C (176 °F) water at 8–10 MPa (80–100 bar; 1,200–1,500 psi) and a flow rate of 14–16 litres per minute (3.7–4.2 US gal/min). The nozzle is held 10–15 cm from the tested device at angles of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° for 30 seconds each. The test device sits on a turntable that completes a rotation once every 12 seconds (5 rpm). The IPx9 specification details a freehand method for testing larger specimens that will not fit on a turntable (see table above). The free hand method also requires (at least) one additional minute of spray time (1 min/m, 3 min. minimum). The test distance also increases to .175 m (0.15–0.2 m per section 14.2.9).

United States (NEMA rating)

Main article: NEMA enclosure types

In the U.S., the National Electrical Manufacturers Association defines NEMA enclosure types in NEMA standard number 250. The following table outlines which IEC 60529 IP code each respective NEMA guideline meets. Ratings between the two standards are not directly equivalent: NEMA ratings also require additional product features and tests (such as functionality under icing conditions, enclosures for hazardous areas, knock-outs for cable connections and others) not addressed by IP ratings.

NEMA enclosure IP code
1 IP20
2 IP22
3, 3X, 3S, 3SX IP55
3R, 3RX IP24
4, 4X IP44, IP66, IP65
5 IP53
6 IP67
6P IP68
12, 12K, 13 IP54

See also

References

  1. "IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013 CSV | IEC Webstore | water management, smart city, rural electrification". webstore.iec.ch. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  2. "IP Rating - Ingress Protection Explained | Tansun". www.tansun.com. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  3. ^ Ingress Protection: The System of Tests and Meaning of Codes, archived from the original on 22 May 2013.
  4. IEC Publication 529: Classification des degrés de protection procurés par les enveloppes – Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures (1st ed.). International Electrotechnical Commission. 1976.
  5. "SESKO: Frequently asked questions (in Finnish)". sesko.fi. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  6. Source IEx. "Degrees of Protection" (PDF).
  7. ^ International Electrotechnical Commission (2013). IEC 60529 - Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code). International standard (2.2 ed.). p. 21. ISBN 9782832210864. OCLC 864643678.
  8. IEC 60529 2013, p. 27.
  9. DIN 40050-9: Straßenfahrzeuge; IP-Schutzarten; Schutz gegen Fremdkörper, Wasser und Berühren; Elektrische Ausrüstung , May 1993. An English translation of the German original is available from DIN.
  10. ISO 20653:2013 Road Vehicles-Degrees of protection (IP code) Protection of electrical equipment against foreign objects, water and access
  11. "NEMA Enclosure Types" (PDF). National Electrical Manufacturers Association. November 2005. pp. 7–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017.

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