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{{Short description|American-Hungarian physicist (1903–1992)}}
'''Árpád Imre Élő (Arpad Emrick Elo)''' (], ] – ], ]) is the creator of the ] for two-player games such as ]. Born in ], he moved to the ] with his parents as a child in 1913.
{{Hungarian name|Élő Árpád Imre}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arpad Elo
| image = ArpadElo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Élő Árpád Imre
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|08|25|mf=y}}
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|11|05|1903|08|25|mf=y}}
| death_place = ], U.S.
| nationality = {{dotlist|Hungarian|American}}
| fields = ]
| workplaces = ]
| alma_mater = ]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = ]
}}


'''Arpad Emmerich Elo''' ({{né|Élő Árpád Imre}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/veszplex/html/szocikk/e.htm#%C3%89L%C5%90 |title=Veszprém megyei életrajzi lexikon – ÉLŐ Árpád Imre |access-date=November 26, 2006 |archive-date=August 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818204710/http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/veszplex/html/szocikk/e.htm#%C3%89L%C5%90 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205700/http://www.hhrf.org/rmsz/03aug/03082612.HTM |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> August 25, 1903 &ndash; November 5, 1992) was a Hungarian-American physics professor who created the ] for two-player games such as ].
Elo was a professor of ] at ] in ], ]. He was a chess master who won the Wisconsin State Championship many times.


Born in ], ], he moved to the United States with his parents in 1913. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in 1925 and 1928, respectively, both from the ],<ref>{{cite book | title = Bulletin of Marquette University | page = 14 | year = 1938}}</ref> where he also played chess in the Chicago Chess League.<ref>{{cite web | title = 1982 Badger Chess Interview with Arpad Elo - Part 1 | url = https://wischess.org/index.php/2-uncategorised/183-1982-badger-chess-interview-with-arpad-elo-part-1 | access-date = 25 August 2024}}</ref> Starting from 1926 until his retirement in 1969, he was a ] instructor at ] in ]. By the 1930s he was the strongest chess player in Milwaukee, at the time one of the nation's leading chess cities. He won the Wisconsin State Championship eight times,<ref>], "What's Your Elo?", '']'', July 1993, p. 19.</ref> and was the 11th person inducted into the ].
⚫ Elo is best known for his system of rating chess players. The original chess rating system was developed in 1950 by ], the Business Manager of the ]. By 1960, using the data developed through the Harkness Rating System, Elo developed his own formula which had a sound statistical basis and constituted an improvement on the Harkness System. The new rating system was approved and passed at a meeting of the United States Chess Federation in ] in ].


==Death==
The first USCF rating statistican was ]. Goichberg often disagreed with Elo on details about how the system would be implemented.
Elo died of a ] at his home in ], on November 5, 1992.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 6, 1992 |title=Chess rating developer dies of heart attack at 89 |page=1B |work=] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-times-chess-rating-developer/127834550/ |via=] |accessdate=July 8, 2023}}</ref>


==The Elo rating system==
⚫ In ], ], the World Chess Federation, agreed to adopt the Elo Rating System. From then on until the mid-1980s, Elo himself made the rating calculations. At the time, the computational task was relatively easy because fewer than 2000 players were rated by FIDE.
{{Main|Elo rating system}}
⚫ Elo is known for his chess player rating system. The original player rating system was developed in 1950 by ], the Business Manager of the ]. By 1960, using the data developed through the Harkness Rating System, Elo developed his own formula which had a sound statistical basis and constituted an improvement on the Harkness System. The new rating system was approved and passed at a meeting of the United States Chess Federation in ] in 1960.


⚫ In 1970, ], the World Chess Federation, agreed to adopt the Elo Rating System. From then on until the mid-1980s, Elo himself made the rating calculations. At the time, the computational task was relatively easy because fewer than 2000 players were rated by FIDE.
Goichberg later demonstrated that Elo was giving US players lower ratings than they deserved. This matter was debated at the ] in ] in ]. The FIDE Congress voted to give Bill Goichberg and ] among others an increase in the ratings, based on their arguments.


FIDE reassigned the task of managing and computing the ratings to others, excluding Elo. FIDE also added new "Qualification for Rating" rules to its handbook awarding arbitrary ratings (typically in the 2200 range, which is the low end for a Chess Master) for players who scored at least 50% in the games he played at selected events, such as named ]s. Elo and others objected to these new rules as arbitrary and politically-driven. FIDE reassigned the task of managing and computing the ratings to others, excluding Elo. FIDE also added new "Qualification for Rating" rules to its handbook awarding arbitrary ratings (typically in the 2200 range, which is the low end for a chess master) for players who scored at least 50 percent in the games played at selected events, such as named ]s.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319144059/http://www.fide.com/official/handbook.asp?level=DD303 |date=March 19, 2006 }}, FIDE Handbook</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319143633/http://www.fide.com/official/handbook.asp?level=DD502 |date=March 19, 2006 }}, FIDE Handbook</ref>


==Book==
Elo died in ] in 1992.
⚫ *''The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present'' (First Edition 1978, Second Edition 1986), Arco. {{ISBN|0-668-04721-6}}


==Books== ==References==
{{reflist}}
⚫ *''The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present'' (1978). ISBN 0668047216


==External links== ==External links==
*{{chessgames player|id=24396}} *{{chessgames player|id=24396}}


{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Elo, Arpad}}
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Latest revision as of 04:10, 23 December 2024

American-Hungarian physicist (1903–1992) The native form of this personal name is Élő Árpád Imre. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Arpad Elo
BornÉlő Árpád Imre
(1903-08-25)August 25, 1903
Egyházaskesző, Kingdom of Hungary
DiedNovember 5, 1992(1992-11-05) (aged 89)
Brookfield, Wisconsin, U.S.
Nationality
  • Hungarian
  • American
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forElo rating system
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsMarquette University

Arpad Emmerich Elo (né Élő Árpád Imre August 25, 1903 – November 5, 1992) was a Hungarian-American physics professor who created the Elo rating system for two-player games such as chess.

Born in Egyházaskesző, Kingdom of Hungary, he moved to the United States with his parents in 1913. He obtained his BSc and MSc degrees in 1925 and 1928, respectively, both from the University of Chicago, where he also played chess in the Chicago Chess League. Starting from 1926 until his retirement in 1969, he was a physics instructor at Marquette University in Milwaukee. By the 1930s he was the strongest chess player in Milwaukee, at the time one of the nation's leading chess cities. He won the Wisconsin State Championship eight times, and was the 11th person inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame.

Death

Elo died of a heart attack at his home in Brookfield, Wisconsin, on November 5, 1992.

The Elo rating system

Main article: Elo rating system

Elo is known for his chess player rating system. The original player rating system was developed in 1950 by Kenneth Harkness, the Business Manager of the United States Chess Federation. By 1960, using the data developed through the Harkness Rating System, Elo developed his own formula which had a sound statistical basis and constituted an improvement on the Harkness System. The new rating system was approved and passed at a meeting of the United States Chess Federation in St. Louis in 1960.

In 1970, FIDE, the World Chess Federation, agreed to adopt the Elo Rating System. From then on until the mid-1980s, Elo himself made the rating calculations. At the time, the computational task was relatively easy because fewer than 2000 players were rated by FIDE.

FIDE reassigned the task of managing and computing the ratings to others, excluding Elo. FIDE also added new "Qualification for Rating" rules to its handbook awarding arbitrary ratings (typically in the 2200 range, which is the low end for a chess master) for players who scored at least 50 percent in the games played at selected events, such as named Chess Olympiads.

Book

  • The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present (First Edition 1978, Second Edition 1986), Arco. ISBN 0-668-04721-6

References

  1. "Veszprém megyei életrajzi lexikon – ÉLŐ Árpád Imre". Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  2. Romániai Magyar Szó, 2003. augusztus 26. Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Bulletin of Marquette University. 1938. p. 14.
  4. "1982 Badger Chess Interview with Arpad Elo - Part 1". Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  5. Andrew Soltis, "What's Your Elo?", Chess Life, July 1993, p. 19.
  6. "Chess rating developer dies of heart attack at 89". The Capital Times. Associated Press. November 6, 1992. p. 1B. Retrieved July 8, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. 03. African Team Championships Archived March 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, FIDE Handbook
  8. D.V.02. Asian Cities Championship Archived March 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, FIDE Handbook

External links

Categories: