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{{Short description|American politician and lawyer (1882–1975)}} | |||
] | |||
{{redirect|Senator Wheeler}} | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Use American English|date=January 2024}} | |||
{{Infobox officeholder | |||
| name = Burton Wheeler | |||
| image = Sen. B.K. Wheeler, 12-8-22 LOC npcc.07484 (cropped).jpg | |||
| jr/sr = United States Senator | |||
| state = ] | |||
| term_start = March 4, 1923 | |||
| term_end = January 3, 1947 | |||
| predecessor = ] | |||
| successor = ] | |||
| office1 = ] | |||
| term_start1 = 1912 | |||
| term_end1 = October 1918 | |||
| office2 = Member of the ] | |||
| term_start2 = 1910 | |||
| term_end2 = 1912 | |||
| birth_name = Burton Kendall Wheeler | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1882|2|27}} | |||
| birth_place = ], U.S. | |||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1975|1|6|1882|2|27}} | |||
| death_place = ], U.S. | |||
| resting_place = ]<br />Washington, D.C., U.S. | |||
| party = ] | |||
| otherparty = ] (1924) | |||
| spouse = Lulu White | |||
| children = 6, including ] | |||
| education = ] (]) | |||
| caption = Wheeler in 1922 | |||
}} | |||
'''Burton Kendall Wheeler''' (February 27, 1882{{spaced ndash}}January 6, 1975) was an attorney and an American politician of the ] in ], which he represented as a ] from 1923 until 1947.<ref> | |||
{{cite journal | |||
| first = Joseph Kinsey | |||
| last = Howard | |||
| title = The decline and fall of Burton K. Wheeler | |||
| journal = ] | |||
| publisher = Harper's | |||
| url = https://harpers.org/archive/1947/03/the-decline-and-fall-of-burton-k-wheeler/ | |||
| date = March 1947 | |||
| volume = March 1947 | |||
| access-date = 19 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
Born in Massachusetts, Wheeler began practicing law in ] almost by chance, after losing his belongings while en route to Seattle. As the ] for ], he became known for his criticism of the ] and defense of civil liberties during ]. An independent Democrat who initially represented the ] of the party, he received support from Montana's ] in his election to the Senate in ]. | |||
'''Burton Kendall Wheeler''' (], ] – ], ]) was a ] politician of the ] and a ] from ] until ]. | |||
As a freshman senator, Wheeler played a crucial role in exposing the ] unwillingness to prosecute people involved in the ].<ref>. ''The New York Times''. January 7, 1975.</ref> He ran for ] in ] on the ] ticket headed by Wisconsin Senator ] An ardent ] liberal until 1937, Wheeler broke with President ] on the issue of ] the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, from 1938 to 1941, he became a leader of the non-interventionist wing of the party, fighting against entry into ] until the ]. | |||
Wheeler was born in ]. He grew up in Massachusetts, attending the public schools and working as a stenographer in ]. He graduated from the ] law school in ]. He initially headed for ], but after getting off the train in ] and losing his belongings in a ] game, he settled there and began practicing law. | |||
Wheeler lost reelection in 1946 and retired to private practice in Washington, D.C. | |||
He became a Montana state legislator in 1910 where he gained a reputation as a champion of labor against the ] which dominated the state. He then served as a ] where he most famously refused to hand down a single sedition indictment during ], especially significant as Montana was a large stronghold of the ]. In 1920 he was chosen to be the Democratic candidate for ], but was defeated by Republican ]. | |||
==Early life== | |||
Wheeler won election to the ] from Montana in ] and served four terms, being reelected in ], ] and ]. He broke with the Democratic Party in ] to run for vice-president of the United States on the ] ticket led by ] He returned to the Democratic Party after the election, which was not successful for the Progressives or the Democrats. Wheeler supported President ]'s election, and many of his ] policies, but broke with him over his opposition to Roosevelt's court-packing schemes. | |||
Wheeler was born in ], to Mary Elizabeth Rice (née Tyler) and Asa Leonard Wheeler.<ref name="Auto">{{Cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Burton Kendall|url=https://archive.org/details/tankeefromthewes000420mbp/page/n5/mode/2up|title=Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana|last2=Healy|first2=Paul F.|publisher=]|year=1962|location=]|asin=B0006AXYL6|oclc=800737501}}</ref> He grew up in Massachusetts, attending the public schools. He first worked as a stenographer in ]. | |||
He traveled west to attend ], where he graduated in 1905. He initially intended to settle in ], but after getting off the train in ], he lost his belongings in a ] game. The new attorney settled there and began practicing law.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gunther|first=John|author-link=John Gunther|title=Inside U.S.A|page=|location=], ]|publisher=]|year=1947|title-link=Inside U.S.A. (book)}}</ref><ref name=wheeler2>{{cite web|title=125 Montana Newsmakers: Burton K. Wheeler|url=http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers4/wheeler.html|website=Great Falls Tribune|author=Tribune Staff|access-date=August 27, 2011|archive-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110212135/http://www.greatfallstribune.com/multimedia/125newsmakers4/wheeler.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
In 1930, Wheeler gained national attention, when he successfully campaigned for the reelection to the US Senate of his friend and Democratic colleague ], the colorful "Blind Cowboy" of ]. Wheeler is often credited for steering public opinion in Gore's favor with a series of speeches in which, with characteristic hyperbole, he repeatedly implied that he would personally play the part of the Blind Cowboy's horse on his ride to Washington. | |||
==Political career== | |||
In ], there was a large movement to "Draft Wheeler" into the presidential race, possibly as a ] candidate, led primarily by ]. | |||
===1910s=== | |||
As tensions mounted in Europe, an aging Wheeler became known for his ] beliefs. After the beginning of ] in Europe, he continued to oppose any aid to ] or any other countries involved in the war. He became a supporter of the ]. Wheeler did not, however, vote against America's participation in World War II after the ] ]. Wheeler sought renomination in ] but was defeated by Leif Erickson in the Democratic primary. Erickson was then defeated by Republican ]. Wheeler did not return to politics and returned to his ] practice. He died in ] | |||
Wheeler was elected as a ] in 1910, and in that position, he gained a reputation as a champion of labor against the ] that dominated the state's economy and politics. He was appointed as a ]. During his tenure, he refused to prosecute alleged ] cases during ], arguing that to do so would violate free speech. His refusal is significant as Montana was a stronghold of the ]. In other parts of the country, IWW membership was suppressed under the ]. Wheeler's defense of free speech was seen as unpatriotic if not treasonous by conservatives. He further riled conservatives when he served as defense attorney for ], a socialist newspaper editor who was accused of sedition. Wheeler's actions made him unpopular in the pro–World War I political climate, and he was forced to resign his office as a U.S. attorney in October 1918.<ref name="Pedersen">{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Vernon L. |title=The Most Dangerous Man in Montana: Corruption, Communism, and Bill Dunne |journal=] |date=Summer 2017 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=51–53 |jstor=26322816 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26322816 |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> | |||
===1920s=== | |||
In the ] novel '']'' (2004) by ], Wheeler serves as ] in the administration of ] ]. Roth depicts Wheeler imposing ] in Lindbergh's absence, whereas the real Wheeler had been a leading opponent of the martial law imposed in Montana during World War I. Author ] describes Wheeler as being, in fact an "anti-draft, antiwar, anti-big business defender of civil liberties". | |||
]'' cover, June 18, 1923]] | |||
] | |||
In ], Wheeler ran for ], easily winning the ] primary, and he won the support of the ] in the general election. The ticket included a multi-racial set of candidates, unusual for 1920, including an ] and a ].<ref>'']''. 1940. p. 858.</ref> Wheeler was defeated by ] former U.S. Senator ].<ref name=wheeler2/> | |||
Wheeler ran as a Democrat for the Senate in ], and was elected over Congressman ], the Republican nominee, with 55% of the vote. He broke with the Democratic Party in ] to run for ] on the ] ticket led by La Follette. They carried one state—La Follette's Wisconsin—and ran well in union areas and railroad towns. | |||
''The Plot Against America: Senator Wheeler and the Forces Behind Him'' is also the name of a pamphlet by ] published against Wheeler during the 1946 campaign by supporters of the ], which accused both Wheeler and ] of a fascist conspiracy. | |||
{{start}} | |||
Early on in his career as a U.S. senator, Wheeler played a leading role in exposing the Harding administration's unwillingness to prosecute administration officials involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. His special committee held sensational Senate hearings regarding bribery and other corruption in Attorney General ]'s Justice Department, which ultimately resulted in the indictment of Daugherty and others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burton Wheeler, former Senator for Montana|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/burton_wheeler/411492|access-date=2021-03-06|website=GovTrack.us|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bianculli|first=Joseph L.|date=April 23, 1993|title=The Indictment and Trial of Sen. Wheeler|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/04/23/the-indictment-and-trial-of-sen-wheeler/0291e2af-9aa7-4914-a279-8956a8743542/|access-date=March 6, 2021}}</ref> He voted for the ] which limited Catholic and Jewish immigration, and almost entirely banned Asian immigrants.<ref>. ''Senate Vote #126 in 1924 (68th Congress)''.</ref> In 1925, Wheeler faced investigation, without major impact, by ], a Justice Department investigator from Chicago, who suspected Wheeler of involvement in communist conspiracy.<ref name=Coan> | |||
{{U.S. Senator box | |||
{{cite book | |||
| state= Montana | |||
| first = Blair | |||
| class=1 | |||
| last = Coan | |||
| before=] | |||
| author-link = Blair Coan | |||
| after=] | |||
| title = The Red Web: An Underground Political History of the United States from 1918 to the Present Time | |||
| alongside=], ], ] | |||
| publisher = Northwest Publishing Co | |||
| years=1923-1947}} | |||
| date = 1925 | |||
| lccn = 26000277 | |||
}}</ref><ref name=Fischer> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| first = Nick | |||
| last = Fischer | |||
| title = Spider Web: The Birth of American Anticommunism | |||
| publisher = University of Illinois Press | |||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7sgJeSyKZoYC | |||
| date = 15 May 2016 | |||
| access-date = 19 May 2019| isbn = 9780816658336 | |||
}}</ref><ref> | |||
{{cite news | |||
| first = Matthew | |||
| last = Dallek | |||
| title = The Good Anti-Communists | |||
| newspaper = Chicago Tribune | |||
| url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-02-18-9602180003-story.html | |||
| date = 18 February 1996 | |||
| access-date = 18 May 2019}}</ref><ref> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| first = Beverly Merrill | |||
| last = Kelley | |||
| title = Reelpolitik | |||
| publisher = Praeger | |||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhwTu9lUwEC | |||
| pages = 154 | |||
| date = 1998 | |||
| access-date = 18 May 2019| isbn = 9780275960186 | |||
}}</ref><ref> | |||
{{cite news | |||
| title = Wheeler to Call His Foes in Frame-Up | |||
| publisher = Daily Worker | |||
| url = https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/dailyworker/1924/v2n022-apr-11-1924-TDW.pdf | |||
| pages = 2 | |||
| date = 11 April 1924 | |||
| access-date = 18 May 2019}}</ref> In an otherwise negative assessment of Wheeler's career and views, journalist ] called the indictment "pure vindictive retaliation, a frameup," laying the blame upon Attorney General Daugherty.<ref>Gunther, John, Inside USA, Curtis Publishing Company, 1946, pg. 178</ref> | |||
Wheeler returned to the Democratic Party after the election, which Republican ] won in an Electoral College landslide. He served a total of four terms and was re-elected in ], ], and ]. | |||
===1930s=== | |||
In 1930, Wheeler gained national attention when he successfully campaigned for the reelection to the U.S. Senate of his friend and Democratic colleague ], the colorful "Blind Cowboy" of ]. Wheeler supported President ]'s election, and many of his ] policies. He broke with Roosevelt over his opposition to the ], and also opposed much of Roosevelt's foreign policy before ]. In the ], there was a large movement to "Draft Wheeler" into the presidential race, possibly as a ] candidate, led primarily by ]. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} | |||
In 1938, Wheeler introduced Senate Resolution 294, a "sense of the senate" statement that, in order to ensure fair competition, AM radio stations in the United States should be limited to a transmitter power of 50,000 watts.<ref> (Senate Resolution 294), ''Journal of the Senate of the United States of America'' (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 9, 1938, page 507.</ref> | |||
Now commonly known as the ], it was approved on June 13, 1938<ref>, ''Journal of the Senate of the United States of America'' (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 13, 1938, page 539.</ref> and the next year the ] implemented a 50,000 watt cap, which still remains in force.<ref>, ''Broadcasting'', February 1, 1939, pages 16-17, 70-73.</ref> | |||
===1940s=== | |||
====America First Committee==== | |||
Wheeler, an outspoken ], opposed U.S. entry into ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pastdaily.com/2017/05/04/may-4-1941-burton-k-wheeler/|title=May 4, 1941 - Burton K. Wheeler Makes The Case Against Intervention|last=gordonskene|date=4 May 2017|website=pastdaily.com|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref> | |||
He strongly supported the isolationist ] but never joined. He gave advice and many speeches to its chapters. His wife Lulu was on its national committee and she was the treasurer of the Washington, DC, chapter.<ref>Johnson (2012), p. 12.</ref><ref>Anderson (1982) p 142.</ref> Because he and other speakers at an antiwar rally, including ], gave the palm-out ], critics drew comparisons to the Nazi salute. | |||
The Bellamy Salute had been widely used in the U.S. since the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seaton |first1=Matt |title=When Is a Nazi Salute Not a Nazi Salute? |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/07/25/when-is-a-nazi-salute-not-a-nazi-salute/ |website=New York Review of Books |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> | |||
As chair of the '''"Wheeler Committee"''' (formally, the Subcommittee to Investigate Railroads, Holding Companies, and Related Matters of the ]),<ref name=HUAC-1955.12> | |||
{{cite book | |||
| title = Investigation of Communist Infiltration of Government | |||
| publisher = US GPO | |||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OzsWAAAAIAAJ | |||
| pages = 2957–8 | |||
| date = 13 December 1955 | |||
| access-date = 12 November 2019}}</ref> Wheeler announced in August 1941 he would investigate “interventionists” in the motion picture industry, which his detractors characterized as anti-Semitic. He questioned why so many foreign-born favored American participation in the war. "Critics charged that the Committee was motivated by animus to Jewish studio heads."<ref>David Gordon.</ref> Representing the studios was 1940 Republican presidential candidate ] who charged that Wheeler and other critics sought to impose the same kind of censorship that ] was enacting all over Europe. Wheeler also led the attack on Roosevelt's ], charging that if passed "it would plow under every fourth American boy".<ref>''Inside U.S.A.'' (Gunther), p. 175.</ref> Roosevelt in response charged that Wheeler's statement was "the damnedest thing said in a generation". | |||
After the start of World War II in Europe, Wheeler opposed aid to Britain or France. On October 17, 1941, Wheeler said: "I can't conceive of Japan being crazy enough to want to go to war with us." One month later, he added: "If we go to war with Japan, the only reason will be to help England." The United States Army's secret ] was leaked on December 4, 1941 to Wheeler, who passed this information on to three newspapers.<ref name=wheeler2/><ref>, ], CMH Pub 93-10.</ref><ref>Anderson (1982) pp 255-268.</ref> | |||
====World War II==== | |||
Following Japan's ], Wheeler supported a declaration of war saying, "The only thing now to do is to lick the hell out of them."<ref>{{cite book|author=Susan Dunn|title=1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nluuyZI68YIC&pg=PA310|year=2013|publisher=Yale UP|page=310|isbn=9780300190861}}</ref> | |||
Wheeler had always considered himself to be a champion of civil liberties for unpopular groups and World War II was no exception. Agreeing with such critics of the Sedition Trial of 1944 as Senator ] and leading constitutional scholar ], he regarded the Sedition Trial of 1944 a “disgrace” and a scheme to smear more mainstream critics of FDR's pre-war foreign policy. Wheeler also criticized the internment of Japanese Americans though he apparently did not speak out publicly. In 1962, he recalled that he had “protested to various high-level government officials,” including his friend Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, asserting that internment violated the “principles of the Four Freedoms.” He warned that if the government “can get away with such treatment of citizens of Japanese descent, it can do the same to any minority.” <ref>{{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. | title=The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance | edition=First | pages=179, 245| location=Oakland | publisher=] | year=2023 | isbn=978-1598133561}}</ref> | |||
In 1945, Wheeler was among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1204.html#article|title=UNO Bill Approved By Senate, 65 to 7, With One Change|newspaper=]|date=December 4, 1945|access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref> | |||
Wheeler sought renomination in 1946 but was defeated in the Democratic primary by ], who attacked Wheeler as insufficiently liberal and for his "pre-war isolationist" views. Erickson in turn was defeated by Republican state representative ]. Wheeler's defeat has been attributed, in part, to a pamphlet by ] entitled ''The Plot Against America: Senator Wheeler and the Forces Behind Him.'' Published by supporters of the ], the pamphlet accused Wheeler, along with President ], of being part of a ] conspiracy.<ref>, antiwar.com, May 1, 2009.</ref> Montana writer ] called it "one of the worst books ever written" about a politician. It later emerged that the pamphlet had been backed by an aide of ], a political rival of Wheeler's in Montana politics.<ref name=profile>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Marc |url=https://www.montanapress.net/post/montana-profile-the-montana-roots-of-the-plot-against-america |title=Montana Profile: The Montana Roots of "The Plot Against America" |date=2 January 2021 |website=Montana View |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
One political commentator characterized the fall of Wheeler's political fortunes by the end of his career: | |||
<blockquote>Though Wheeler was accused of becoming a conservative, even reactionary, he remained consistent to the Populist-Progressive tradition in blaming eastern bankers for his ills. In his early years he lumped together the eastern financial interests with capitalism; in 1946 they were partners in crime with Communism. The man was the same, as were his methods, but his sense of timing and knowledge of the Montana voter were not as acute as they had been. By 1946, Wheeler was more acceptable to conservatives than liberals.<ref name="primary">{{Cite book |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4760&context=etd |title=Study of the defeat of Senator Burton K. Wheeler in the 1946 Democratic primary election |date=28 August 1950 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
===1950s=== | |||
On September 15, 1950, Wheeler served as counsel to ], a fellow Democrat from Minnesota, as the latter testified before the ].<ref name=huac1950> | |||
{{Cite book | |||
| url = https://archive.org/stream/hearingsregardin195002unit/hearingsregardin195002unit_djvu.txt | |||
| title = Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government | |||
| date = 28 August 1950 | |||
| pages = 2959–2986 | |||
| access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref> | |||
Wheeler did not return to politics, nor full-time to Montana, but took up his law practice in ] Aided by research by his daughter, Frances (died 1957), Wheeler wrote his autobiography, with Paul F. Healy, ''Yankee from the West'', published in 1962 by Doubleday & Company. He dedicated the book to his wife and daughter. | |||
==Personal life, death, and legacy== | |||
Wheeler married Lulu M. White. She was a major political advisor. They had six children: John, Elizabeth, Edward, ], Richard and Marion and beloved great grandchild Willa K Snow (of Edward). Frances helped her father with his research for his autobiography, ''Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana'', which he published in 1962 and dedicated to her and his wife.<ref>''Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U. S. Senator from Montana'', by Burton K. Wheeler and Paul F. Healy, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1962, </ref> | |||
Wheeler died age 92 on January 6, 1975, in Washington, D.C., and is interred in the District of Columbia's ].<ref>, Political Graveyard website</ref> ] is a ] in recognition of his national political role.<ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite journal|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Burton K. Wheeler House|url={{NHLS url|id=76001129}} |format=pdf|date=February 1976 |author=George R. Adams and Ralph Christian |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NHLS url|id=76001129|title=Accompanying 2 photos, exterior, from 1975.|photos=y}} (681 KB)</ref> | |||
In 2004, political writer ] of '']'' described Wheeler as having been notable as an "anti-draft, anti-war, anti-big business defender of civil liberties".<ref name="Kauffman">, ''The American Conservative'', September 27, 2004.</ref> | |||
==In popular culture== | |||
*The 1939 film '']'' and its source material, the unpublished novel ''The Gentleman from Montana'',<ref name=tcmnote>{{cite web |title=Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Notes |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3771/Mr-Smith-Goes-to-Washington/notes.html |website=] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> were loosely based on Wheeler's experience investigating the Harding administration.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sklar|first=Robert|date=2002|title=Mr. Smith Goes to Washington|url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/mr_smith.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=loc.gov|publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324225638/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/mr_smith.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-24 }}</ref> | |||
* In ]'s ] novel '']'' (2004), and ], Wheeler serves as ] during the ] of ]. Roth depicted Wheeler as a political opportunist, who, while serving as ] during Lindbergh's absence, imposes ]. (However, Wheeler had historically been known as a leading opponent of the martial law imposed by the ] Sam V. Stewart during ].)<ref name="Kauffman"/> | |||
* In a lesser-known alternate history novel, '']'' (1980) by ], Wheeler becomes president in 1940, campaigning on a platform of isolationism despite Axis victories (far larger than those which actually occurred). When the U.S. belatedly enters the war, it is defeated in 1946 and partitioned between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, and Wheeler is ultimately executed as a war criminal.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* ]; Wheeler was exonerated by the Senate 56-5. | |||
* ] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Works cited== | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Marc C.|title=Political Hell-Raiser {{endash}} The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=9780806163765}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
* {{cite book | last=Beito | first=David T. | author-link = David T. Beito| year=2023 | title = The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance| edition=First | pages=4–7| location=Oakland | publisher=Independent Institute | isbn=978-1598133561}} | |||
* Burke, Robert E. “A Friendship in Adversity: Burton K. Wheeler and Hiram W. Johnson.” ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History,'' 36#1 (1986), pp. 12–25. | |||
* Johnson, Marc C. (2019). ''Political Hell-Raiser – The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana'' (University of Oklahoma Press). Scholarly biography. | |||
* {{Cite magazine|last=Johnson|first=Marc C.|date=Winter 2012|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt, Burton K. Wheeler, and the Great Debate: A Montana Senator's Crusade for Non-intervention before World War II|magazine=]|volume=62|issue=4|pages=3–22|issn=0026-9891}} | |||
* Malone, Michael P. "Montana Politics and the New Deal." ''Montana: The Magazine of Western History'' 21.1 (1971): 2–11. | |||
*{{Cite book|last1=Morrison|first1=John|title=Mavericks: The Lives and Battles of Montana's Political Legends|last2=Morrison|first2=Catherine Wright|publisher=Montana Historical Society Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-917298-93-6|location=]|pages=161–196}} | |||
* Ruetten, Richard T. "Showdown in Montana, 1938: Burton Wheeler's Role in the Defeat of Jerry O'Connell" ''Pacific Northwest Quarterly'' 54.1 (1963) 19-29 | |||
* Ruetten, Richard T. “Burton K. Wheeler and the Montana Connection.” ''Montana'' 27#3 (1977), pp. 2–19. | |||
===PhD dissertations available at academic libraries=== | |||
*{{Cite thesis|last=Anderson|first=John Thomas|title=Senator Burton K. Wheeler and United States foreign relations|date=1982|degree=PhD|publisher=]|place=]|oclc=830732304}} | |||
*{{Cite thesis|last=Ruetten|first=Richard T.|title=Burton K. Wheeler of Montana: A Progressive Between the Wars|date=1961|degree=PhD|publisher=]|place=]|oclc=8396313}} | |||
*{{Cite thesis|last=Ruetten|first=Richard T.|title=Burton K. Wheeler, 1905-1925, An Independent Liberal Under Fire|date=1957|degree=Master's|publisher=]|oclc=26530769|place=]}} | |||
===Primary sources=== | |||
* {{Cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Burton Kendall|url=https://archive.org/details/tankeefromthewes000420mbp/page/n5/mode/2up|title=Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana|last2=Healy|first2=Paul F.|publisher=]|year=1962|location=]|asin=B0006AXYL6|oclc=800737501}}, his autobiography. | |||
==External links== | |||
{{wikiquote}} | |||
*{{Commons category-inline|Burton K. Wheeler}} | |||
* | |||
*Burton K. Wheeler mentioned in and of ]'s ''Ultra'' podcast (2022) | |||
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Latest revision as of 02:09, 9 December 2024
American politician and lawyer (1882–1975) "Senator Wheeler" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Wheeler (disambiguation).
Burton Wheeler | |
---|---|
Wheeler in 1922 | |
United States Senator from Montana | |
In office March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1947 | |
Preceded by | Henry L. Myers |
Succeeded by | Zales Ecton |
United States Attorney for the District of Montana | |
In office 1912 – October 1918 | |
Member of the Montana House of Representatives | |
In office 1910–1912 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Burton Kendall Wheeler (1882-02-27)February 27, 1882 Hudson, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | January 6, 1975(1975-01-06) (aged 92) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Resting place | Rock Creek Cemetery Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Other political affiliations | Progressive (1924) |
Spouse | Lulu White |
Children | 6, including Frances |
Education | University of Michigan (LLB) |
Burton Kendall Wheeler (February 27, 1882 – January 6, 1975) was an attorney and an American politician of the Democratic Party in Montana, which he represented as a United States senator from 1923 until 1947.
Born in Massachusetts, Wheeler began practicing law in Montana almost by chance, after losing his belongings while en route to Seattle. As the U.S. Attorney for Montana, he became known for his criticism of the Sedition Act of 1918 and defense of civil liberties during World War I. An independent Democrat who initially represented the progressive wing of the party, he received support from Montana's labor unions in his election to the Senate in 1922.
As a freshman senator, Wheeler played a crucial role in exposing the Harding administration's unwillingness to prosecute people involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. He ran for vice president in 1924 on the Progressive Party ticket headed by Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette Sr. An ardent New Deal liberal until 1937, Wheeler broke with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the issue of packing the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, from 1938 to 1941, he became a leader of the non-interventionist wing of the party, fighting against entry into World War II until the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Wheeler lost reelection in 1946 and retired to private practice in Washington, D.C.
Early life
Wheeler was born in Hudson, Massachusetts, to Mary Elizabeth Rice (née Tyler) and Asa Leonard Wheeler. He grew up in Massachusetts, attending the public schools. He first worked as a stenographer in Boston.
He traveled west to attend University of Michigan Law School, where he graduated in 1905. He initially intended to settle in Seattle, but after getting off the train in Butte, Montana, he lost his belongings in a poker game. The new attorney settled there and began practicing law.
Political career
1910s
Wheeler was elected as a Montana state legislator in 1910, and in that position, he gained a reputation as a champion of labor against the Anaconda Copper Mining Company that dominated the state's economy and politics. He was appointed as a United States Attorney. During his tenure, he refused to prosecute alleged sedition cases during World War I, arguing that to do so would violate free speech. His refusal is significant as Montana was a stronghold of the Industrial Workers of the World. In other parts of the country, IWW membership was suppressed under the Sedition Act. Wheeler's defense of free speech was seen as unpatriotic if not treasonous by conservatives. He further riled conservatives when he served as defense attorney for William F. Dunne, a socialist newspaper editor who was accused of sedition. Wheeler's actions made him unpopular in the pro–World War I political climate, and he was forced to resign his office as a U.S. attorney in October 1918.
1920s
In 1920, Wheeler ran for Governor of Montana, easily winning the Democratic primary, and he won the support of the Non-Partisan League in the general election. The ticket included a multi-racial set of candidates, unusual for 1920, including an African American and a Blackfoot Indian. Wheeler was defeated by Republican former U.S. Senator Joseph M. Dixon.
Wheeler ran as a Democrat for the Senate in 1922, and was elected over Congressman Carl W. Riddick, the Republican nominee, with 55% of the vote. He broke with the Democratic Party in 1924 to run for Vice President of the United States on the Progressive Party ticket led by La Follette. They carried one state—La Follette's Wisconsin—and ran well in union areas and railroad towns.
Early on in his career as a U.S. senator, Wheeler played a leading role in exposing the Harding administration's unwillingness to prosecute administration officials involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. His special committee held sensational Senate hearings regarding bribery and other corruption in Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty's Justice Department, which ultimately resulted in the indictment of Daugherty and others. He voted for the Immigration Act of 1924 which limited Catholic and Jewish immigration, and almost entirely banned Asian immigrants. In 1925, Wheeler faced investigation, without major impact, by Blair Coan, a Justice Department investigator from Chicago, who suspected Wheeler of involvement in communist conspiracy. In an otherwise negative assessment of Wheeler's career and views, journalist John Gunther called the indictment "pure vindictive retaliation, a frameup," laying the blame upon Attorney General Daugherty.
Wheeler returned to the Democratic Party after the election, which Republican Calvin Coolidge won in an Electoral College landslide. He served a total of four terms and was re-elected in 1928, 1934, and 1940.
1930s
In 1930, Wheeler gained national attention when he successfully campaigned for the reelection to the U.S. Senate of his friend and Democratic colleague Thomas Gore, the colorful "Blind Cowboy" of Oklahoma. Wheeler supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt's election, and many of his New Deal policies. He broke with Roosevelt over his opposition to the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, and also opposed much of Roosevelt's foreign policy before World War II. In the 1940 presidential election, there was a large movement to "Draft Wheeler" into the presidential race, possibly as a third party candidate, led primarily by John L. Lewis.
In 1938, Wheeler introduced Senate Resolution 294, a "sense of the senate" statement that, in order to ensure fair competition, AM radio stations in the United States should be limited to a transmitter power of 50,000 watts. Now commonly known as the Wheeler resolution, it was approved on June 13, 1938 and the next year the Federal Communications Commission implemented a 50,000 watt cap, which still remains in force.
1940s
America First Committee
Wheeler, an outspoken non-interventionist, opposed U.S. entry into World War II.
He strongly supported the isolationist America First Committee but never joined. He gave advice and many speeches to its chapters. His wife Lulu was on its national committee and she was the treasurer of the Washington, DC, chapter. Because he and other speakers at an antiwar rally, including Norman Thomas, gave the palm-out Bellamy Salute, critics drew comparisons to the Nazi salute. The Bellamy Salute had been widely used in the U.S. since the 1890s.
As chair of the "Wheeler Committee" (formally, the Subcommittee to Investigate Railroads, Holding Companies, and Related Matters of the United States Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce), Wheeler announced in August 1941 he would investigate “interventionists” in the motion picture industry, which his detractors characterized as anti-Semitic. He questioned why so many foreign-born favored American participation in the war. "Critics charged that the Committee was motivated by animus to Jewish studio heads." Representing the studios was 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie who charged that Wheeler and other critics sought to impose the same kind of censorship that Nazi Germany was enacting all over Europe. Wheeler also led the attack on Roosevelt's Lend Lease Bill, charging that if passed "it would plow under every fourth American boy". Roosevelt in response charged that Wheeler's statement was "the damnedest thing said in a generation".
After the start of World War II in Europe, Wheeler opposed aid to Britain or France. On October 17, 1941, Wheeler said: "I can't conceive of Japan being crazy enough to want to go to war with us." One month later, he added: "If we go to war with Japan, the only reason will be to help England." The United States Army's secret Victory Program was leaked on December 4, 1941 to Wheeler, who passed this information on to three newspapers.
World War II
Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Wheeler supported a declaration of war saying, "The only thing now to do is to lick the hell out of them."
Wheeler had always considered himself to be a champion of civil liberties for unpopular groups and World War II was no exception. Agreeing with such critics of the Sedition Trial of 1944 as Senator Robert A. Taft and leading constitutional scholar Zechariah Chafee, he regarded the Sedition Trial of 1944 a “disgrace” and a scheme to smear more mainstream critics of FDR's pre-war foreign policy. Wheeler also criticized the internment of Japanese Americans though he apparently did not speak out publicly. In 1962, he recalled that he had “protested to various high-level government officials,” including his friend Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, asserting that internment violated the “principles of the Four Freedoms.” He warned that if the government “can get away with such treatment of citizens of Japanese descent, it can do the same to any minority.”
In 1945, Wheeler was among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the United Nations.
Wheeler sought renomination in 1946 but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Leif Erickson, who attacked Wheeler as insufficiently liberal and for his "pre-war isolationist" views. Erickson in turn was defeated by Republican state representative Zales Ecton. Wheeler's defeat has been attributed, in part, to a pamphlet by David George Plotkin entitled The Plot Against America: Senator Wheeler and the Forces Behind Him. Published by supporters of the Communist Party, the pamphlet accused Wheeler, along with President Harry S. Truman, of being part of a fascist conspiracy. Montana writer Joseph Kinsey Howard called it "one of the worst books ever written" about a politician. It later emerged that the pamphlet had been backed by an aide of Jerry J. O'Connell, a political rival of Wheeler's in Montana politics.
One political commentator characterized the fall of Wheeler's political fortunes by the end of his career:
Though Wheeler was accused of becoming a conservative, even reactionary, he remained consistent to the Populist-Progressive tradition in blaming eastern bankers for his ills. In his early years he lumped together the eastern financial interests with capitalism; in 1946 they were partners in crime with Communism. The man was the same, as were his methods, but his sense of timing and knowledge of the Montana voter were not as acute as they had been. By 1946, Wheeler was more acceptable to conservatives than liberals.
1950s
On September 15, 1950, Wheeler served as counsel to Max Lowenthal, a fellow Democrat from Minnesota, as the latter testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Wheeler did not return to politics, nor full-time to Montana, but took up his law practice in Washington, D.C. Aided by research by his daughter, Frances (died 1957), Wheeler wrote his autobiography, with Paul F. Healy, Yankee from the West, published in 1962 by Doubleday & Company. He dedicated the book to his wife and daughter.
Personal life, death, and legacy
Wheeler married Lulu M. White. She was a major political advisor. They had six children: John, Elizabeth, Edward, Frances, Richard and Marion and beloved great grandchild Willa K Snow (of Edward). Frances helped her father with his research for his autobiography, Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana, which he published in 1962 and dedicated to her and his wife.
Wheeler died age 92 on January 6, 1975, in Washington, D.C., and is interred in the District of Columbia's Rock Creek Cemetery. His Butte home is a National Historic Landmark in recognition of his national political role.
In 2004, political writer Bill Kauffman of The American Conservative described Wheeler as having been notable as an "anti-draft, anti-war, anti-big business defender of civil liberties".
In popular culture
- The 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and its source material, the unpublished novel The Gentleman from Montana, were loosely based on Wheeler's experience investigating the Harding administration.
- In Philip Roth's alternate history novel The Plot Against America (2004), and its television adaptation, Wheeler serves as vice president during the fictional presidency of Charles Lindbergh. Roth depicted Wheeler as a political opportunist, who, while serving as acting president during Lindbergh's absence, imposes martial law. (However, Wheeler had historically been known as a leading opponent of the martial law imposed by the Governor of Montana Sam V. Stewart during World War I.)
- In a lesser-known alternate history novel, The Divide (1980) by William Overgard, Wheeler becomes president in 1940, campaigning on a platform of isolationism despite Axis victories (far larger than those which actually occurred). When the U.S. belatedly enters the war, it is defeated in 1946 and partitioned between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, and Wheeler is ultimately executed as a war criminal.
See also
- List of United States senators expelled or censured; Wheeler was exonerated by the Senate 56-5.
- Blair Coan
References
- Howard, Joseph Kinsey (March 1947). "The decline and fall of Burton K. Wheeler". Harper's Magazine. March 1947. Harper's. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
- "Burton K. Wheeler, Isolationist, Dies". The New York Times. January 7, 1975.
- Wheeler, Burton Kendall; Healy, Paul F. (1962). Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana. Garden City: Doubleday. ASIN B0006AXYL6. OCLC 800737501.
- Gunther, John (1947). Inside U.S.A. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. p. 176.
- ^ Tribune Staff. "125 Montana Newsmakers: Burton K. Wheeler". Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- Pedersen, Vernon L. (Summer 2017). "The Most Dangerous Man in Montana: Corruption, Communism, and Bill Dunne". Montana. 67 (2): 51–53. JSTOR 26322816. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- Current Biography. 1940. p. 858.
- "Burton Wheeler, former Senator for Montana". GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- Bianculli, Joseph L. (April 23, 1993). "The Indictment and Trial of Sen. Wheeler". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- "TO AGREE TO REPORT OF CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON H.R. 7995, (APP. 5/26/1924, 43 STAT. L. 153), A BILL TO LIMIT THE IMMIGRATION OF ALIENS INTO THE UNITED STATES. (P. 8568-2)". Senate Vote #126 in 1924 (68th Congress).
- Coan, Blair (1925). The Red Web: An Underground Political History of the United States from 1918 to the Present Time. Northwest Publishing Co. LCCN 26000277.
- Fischer, Nick (May 15, 2016). Spider Web: The Birth of American Anticommunism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780816658336. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
- Dallek, Matthew (February 18, 1996). "The Good Anti-Communists". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- Kelley, Beverly Merrill (1998). Reelpolitik. Praeger. p. 154. ISBN 9780275960186. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- "Wheeler to Call His Foes in Frame-Up" (PDF). Daily Worker. April 11, 1924. p. 2. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- Gunther, John, Inside USA, Curtis Publishing Company, 1946, pg. 178
- "Limitation of Power of Radio Broadcast Stations" (Senate Resolution 294), Journal of the Senate of the United States of America (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 9, 1938, page 507.
- "Radio Stations Broadcasting in Standard Band", Journal of the Senate of the United States of America (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 13, 1938, page 539.
- "Proposed New FCC Rules Well Received", Broadcasting, February 1, 1939, pages 16-17, 70-73.
- gordonskene (May 4, 2017). "May 4, 1941 - Burton K. Wheeler Makes The Case Against Intervention". pastdaily.com. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
- Johnson (2012), p. 12.
- Anderson (1982) p 142.
- Seaton, Matt. "When Is a Nazi Salute Not a Nazi Salute?". New York Review of Books. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
- Investigation of Communist Infiltration of Government. US GPO. December 13, 1955. pp. 2957–8. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- David Gordon.America First: the Anti-War Movement, Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War, 1940-1941
- Inside U.S.A. (Gunther), p. 175.
- Charles E. Kirkpatrick, Writing the Victory Plan of 1941, Ch. 4, "Detailed Planning", United States Army Center of Military History, CMH Pub 93-10.
- Anderson (1982) pp 255-268.
- Susan Dunn (2013). 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm. Yale UP. p. 310. ISBN 9780300190861.
- Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 179, 245. ISBN 978-1598133561.
- "UNO Bill Approved By Senate, 65 to 7, With One Change". The New York Times. December 4, 1945. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- "Wheeler's Progress: The Evolution of a Progressive", antiwar.com, May 1, 2009.
- Johnson, Marc (January 2, 2021). "Montana Profile: The Montana Roots of "The Plot Against America"". Montana View. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
- Study of the defeat of Senator Burton K. Wheeler in the 1946 Democratic primary election. August 28, 1950. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
- Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government. August 28, 1950. pp. 2959–2986. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
- Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U. S. Senator from Montana, by Burton K. Wheeler and Paul F. Healy, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1962, full text online
- Burton K. Wheeler profile, Political Graveyard website
- George R. Adams and Ralph Christian (February 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Burton K. Wheeler House" (pdf). National Park Service.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) and Accompanying 2 photos, exterior, from 1975. (681 KB) - ^ Bill Kauffman, "Heil to the Chief", The American Conservative, September 27, 2004.
- "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Notes". TCM. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- Sklar, Robert (2002). "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (PDF). loc.gov. Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
Works cited
- Johnson, Marc C. (2019). Political Hell-Raiser – The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806163765.
Further reading
- Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1598133561.
- Burke, Robert E. “A Friendship in Adversity: Burton K. Wheeler and Hiram W. Johnson.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 36#1 (1986), pp. 12–25. online
- Johnson, Marc C. (2019). Political Hell-Raiser – The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana (University of Oklahoma Press). Scholarly biography.
- Johnson, Marc C. (Winter 2012). "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Burton K. Wheeler, and the Great Debate: A Montana Senator's Crusade for Non-intervention before World War II". Montana. Vol. 62, no. 4. pp. 3–22. ISSN 0026-9891.
- Malone, Michael P. "Montana Politics and the New Deal." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 21.1 (1971): 2–11. online
- Morrison, John; Morrison, Catherine Wright (2003). Mavericks: The Lives and Battles of Montana's Political Legends. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 161–196. ISBN 978-0-917298-93-6.
- Ruetten, Richard T. "Showdown in Montana, 1938: Burton Wheeler's Role in the Defeat of Jerry O'Connell" Pacific Northwest Quarterly 54.1 (1963) 19-29 online
- Ruetten, Richard T. “Burton K. Wheeler and the Montana Connection.” Montana 27#3 (1977), pp. 2–19. online
PhD dissertations available at academic libraries
- Anderson, John Thomas (1982). Senator Burton K. Wheeler and United States foreign relations (PhD thesis). Charlottesville: University of Virginia. OCLC 830732304.
- Ruetten, Richard T. (1961). Burton K. Wheeler of Montana: A Progressive Between the Wars (PhD thesis). Eugene: University of Oregon. OCLC 8396313.
- Ruetten, Richard T. (1957). Burton K. Wheeler, 1905-1925, An Independent Liberal Under Fire (Master's thesis). Eugene: University of Oregon. OCLC 26530769.
Primary sources
- Wheeler, Burton Kendall; Healy, Paul F. (1962). Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana. Garden City: Doubleday. ASIN B0006AXYL6. OCLC 800737501., his autobiography.
External links
- Media related to Burton K. Wheeler at Wikimedia Commons
- Congress bioguide
- Burton K. Wheeler mentioned in Episode 5 and Episode 8 of Rachel Maddow's Ultra podcast (2022)
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- Nonpartisan League politicians
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