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{{Short description|Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain}}
:''For other uses, see ] and ]. For the former retail chain, see ].''
{{Other uses}}
]]]
{{redirect|Hills}}
], ].]]

A '''hill''' is a ] which has a distinct summit that extends above the surrounding terrain, in a limited area.
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
], ]]]

A '''hill''' is a ] that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct ], and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as ]. Hills fall under the category of ].


==Terminology== ==Terminology==
] in ], ]]]
] of the ]]]
], ]]]
The distinction between a hill and a ] is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as ] as a mountain.


Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than {{Convert|1000|ft|m|1|abbr=none|sp=us}} above ]. In contrast, ]s have tended to regard mountains as peaks {{Convert|2000|ft|m|lk=}} above sea level. The '']'' also suggests a limit of {{Convert|2000|ft|m}} and Whittow<ref>Whittow, John (1984). ''Dictionary of Physical Geography''. London: Penguin, 2004, p. 352. {{ISBN|0-14-051094-X}}.</ref> states "Some authorities regard eminences above {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least {{convert|2,000|ft|m|disp=or|sp=us}} high,<ref>
The distinction between a hill and a ] is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is generally somewhat lower and less steep than a mountain. In the ] it is popularly believed that the ] defines a "mountain" as a peak greater than 1000 ] (305 ]) above sea level, a belief which forms the basis of the film '']''; in fact the OS maintains no such distinction today. The ], by contrast, suggests a limit of 2000 ft (610 m). Mountains in ] are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the ''] Hills'' and the '']''.
{{cite book
]
| last=Nuttall
==Formation==
| first=John & Anne
| title=The Mountains of England & Wales - Volume 2: England
| edition=3rd
| year=2008
| publisher=Cicerone
| location=Milnthorpe, Cumbria
| isbn=978-1-85284-037-2}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/north_west/7623904.stm|title=Survey turns hill into a mountain|publisher=BBC News|date=18 September 2008|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="G4AW">{{cite web|url=http://www.go4awalk.com/uk-mountains-and-hills/a-mountain-is-a-mountain.php|title=A Mountain is a Mountain - isn't it?|publisher=www.go4awalk.com|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref> at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 3 February 2013.</ref><ref>Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" in ''Irish Geography'', Vol 34(1), University of Ulster, Coleraine, p. 89.</ref> while the UK government's ] defined mountainous areas (for the purposes of open access legislation) as areas above {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=none|sp=us}}.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330062754/https://metricviews.org.uk/2008/09/what-is-a-mountain-mynydd-graig-goch-and-all-that/ |date=30 March 2013 }} at Metric Views. Accessed on 3 February 2013.</ref> Some definitions include a ] requirement, typically {{convert|100|ft|m|1}} or {{convert|500|ft|m|1}}.<ref name="G4AW"/> In practice, mountains in ] are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the ] Hills and the ]. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance and has nothing to do with height.


]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling Hills|url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1650a/|website=www.eso.org|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]]
Hills may form through a number of ] ]: ], ] of larger landforms, such as mountains and movement and deposition of ] by ]s (eg. ]s and ]s, or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill. The rounded peaks of hills results from the ] movement of ] and ] covering the hill, a process known as ].


For a while, the US defined a mountain as being {{convert|1000|ft|m|1}} or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. The ], however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-mountain-and-a-hill.htm|title=What is the Difference Between a Mountain and a Hill?|publisher=www.wisegeek.com|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
Many areas that would otherwise have hills do not because of glacier cover during the ]. The contrast between the extreme plains of northern ], and the extreme hilliness of southern Indiana is a result of this.


The '']'' defined "hill" as an upland with a ] of up to {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}}.<ref> at the ].</ref>
There are various specific names used to describe particular types of hill, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation peculiar to that region, though the names are often adopted by ] and used in a wider geographical context. These include:


A ] is a small hill. Other words include knoll and (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England) its variant, knowe.<ref>, ''Random House Dictionary'' at dictionary.com</ref> Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of technical names, including ] and ].

]]]
Hills may form through ] ]: ], ] of larger landforms such as mountains and movement and deposition of ] by ]s (notably ]s and ]s or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill). The rounded peaks of hills results from the ] movement of ] and ] covering the hill, a process known as ].
Various names may be used to describe types of hills, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation particular to that region, though the names are often adopted by ]s and used in a wider geographical context. These include:

* Brae &ndash; ], ], and ] term for a hillside or brow of a hill. <!-- Note that "brae" redirects to this article, but this is the only mention of the term -->
* ] &ndash; an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. * ] &ndash; an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action.
* ] &ndash; an isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, formed by weathering. * ] &ndash; an isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, formed by ].
* '']'' &ndash; a rounded hill or low mountain, typical of ].
* ] &ndash; a rock formation found on a hilltop; also used to refer to the hill itself, especially in ].
* ] &ndash; a rock formation found on a hilltop; also used to refer to the hill, especially in ] and the ].
* ] &ndash; used especially in the ], ], to describe a conical ] hill.
* ] &ndash; used especially in the ], ], to describe a ] ] hill.
* ] &ndash; a mound of earth-covered ice found in the ] and ]. * ] &ndash; a mound of earth-covered ice found in the ] and ].


== Historical significance == ==Historical significance==
] ]]]
]]]
Hills have played an important role in history.
Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid floods (particularly if they were near a large body of water), for defense (since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill), or to avoid densely forested areas. For example, ] was ], helping to protect it from invaders.


Some settlements, particularly in the Middle East, are located on artificial hills consisting of debris (particularly ]) that has accumulated over many generations. Such a location is known as a "]".<ref>Wilkinson, T.J. ''Archaeological landscapes of the near east''. ]: ], 2003, 226.</ref>
Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid or curb floods, particularly if they were near a large body of water, or for defence, since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill. For example, ] was ], protecting it from invaders.


In northern Europe, many ancient monuments are sited on hills. Some of these are defensive structures (such as the hill-forts of the Iron Age), but others appear to have had a religious significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The ] in ] has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city. In ], many ancient monuments are sited in heaps.{{clarify|date=December 2018}} Some of these are defensive structures (such as the ] of the ]), but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The ] in ] has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}


Some cities' hills are culturally significant in their foundation, defense, and history. In addition to Rome, hills have played a prominent role in the history of ], with ] being central to ] and civil engineering projects today famous as tourist attractions such as the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Copperman |first=Amy |date=2023-01-19 |title=Answers to the most popular questions about San Francisco's hills |url=https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/san-francisco-hills-17700185.php |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref>
The ] also often laid many of the deceased on a site and then covered it with dirt, creating a hill-like feature called a ]. These burial grounds are in general called ] and can be found all over the world.


== Military significance == ==Military significance==
]]] ]]]
Hills provide a major advantage to an army, giving them an elevated firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack them. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground. Hills have become sites for many famous battles, including ] (which was actually fought from ]) in the ] and ] and ] in the ], the turning point of the ]. The ] in the ] won Americans control of ]. The ] was also fought from a hilltop ].


Hills provide important advantages to an army that controls their heights, giving them an elevated view and firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack a ] or other position. They may also conceal forces behind them, allowing a force to lie in wait on the crest of a hill, using that crest for cover, and firing on unsuspecting attackers as they broach the hilltop. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground.
== Other significance ==
] in ] that has hills.]]
The terrain is often made more rugged and hilly on golf courses to make the holes harder to play. For example, the hole may be located at the top of a hill, and the course is designed specifically to make it almost impossible to allow the ] to rest near the top; it would roll down, and the player would have to try again. Some homes and even ]es (almost always in ] areas) often keep or make hills for a more scenic atmosphere.


Because of their strategic and tactical values, hills have been the site of many notable battles, such as the ] in 52 BC and the first recorded military conflict in Scotland, the ] in AD 83. Modern era conflicts include the 1775 ] (which was actually fought on ]) in the ]; and ] and ] in the 1863 ], the turning point of the ]. The ] in the 1898 ] won the Americans control of ] but only after suffering from heavy casualties inflicted by a much smaller force entrenched on the hill top.
==Popular culture==
== See also ==
].]]
{{wiktionarypar|hill}}
{{Commonscat|kills}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


Battles for the possession of high ground have often resulted in heavy casualties to both sides, such as the 1969 ] during the ], the ] and ] during ], and the 1969 ] between India and Pakistan.
== References ==

{{unreferenced}}
The ] is an enduring example of hilltop fortification. It was built on hilltops to help defend against invaders from the north, such as ].

==Sports and games==
], Scotland]]
] in ] that has hills]]
] is a ] term for a form of ] which involves the ascent of hills. The activity is usually distinguished from ] as it does not involve ropes or technically difficult ], although the terms mountain and hill are often used interchangeably in Britain. Hillwalking is popular in hilly areas such as the English ] and the ]. Many hills are categorized according to relative height or other criteria and feature on lists named after mountaineers, such as ]s (Scotland) and ] (England). Specific activities such as "]" (or "Munro bagging") involve climbing hills on these lists with the aim of eventually climbing every hill on the list.

] is an annual event in the ] of ] which involves rolling a wheel of ] down a hill. Contestants stand at the top and chase the wheel of cheese to the bottom. The winner, the one who catches the cheese, gets to keep the wheel of cheese as a prize.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

] courses may include hills which can add diversity and challenge to those courses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Audrey |date=2011 |title=Enhanced Cross Country Running Course Design: A Study of Historic and Recent Courses, Other Landscape-Based Sports, Athlete Psychology, and Course Elements |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1935&context=etd |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=DigitialCommons}}</ref>

==Notable artificial hills==
===Mound===
{{main|Mound}}
*], Germany ({{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}})
*], Germany ({{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* {{ill|Kvarntorpshögen|sv}}, Sweden ({{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], Finland ({{convert|91|m|ft|abbr=on}})<ref> (in Finnish)</ref>
* ], China ({{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], Scotland ({{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], Italy ({{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], Canada ({{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/Blackstrap |title=Blackstrap Provincial Park |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610095039/http://www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/Blackstrap |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ], China ({{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], England ({{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* ], England ({{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}})
* ], Illinois ({{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}})

===Man-made mountain===
* Shanghai Expo Park Mountains ({{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite news |title=China's record-high artificial nature-inspired mountain to open in Shanghai |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202409/09/WS66dedd3ea3103711928a6fd8.html |access-date=22 September 2024 |publisher=China Daily}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Snow at Paranal Observatory.jpg|] in Chile is a privileged place for astronomical observation,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Very Large Telescope|url=http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/vlt.html|work=Telescopes and Instruments|publisher=ESO|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> and home of ]'s telescopes.
File:One_Tree_Hill_Auckland._(8953921433).jpg|] is a prominent feature of the skyline of ], New Zealand.
File:Giv'at Seled, near Tzafririm.jpg|Hill in Israel
File:DirkvdM orosi hill plantation.jpg|A coffee plantation on a ] near ], ].
File:Malminkartanonhuippu4.jpg|An arrow pointing towards the top of the ] hill in ], Finland.
File:Xn ant hill.jpg|An ant mound, or ], a mound sometimes casually referred to as a hill
File:تل_شمامك_الأثري_في_أربيل.jpg |The archaeological hill of Qasr shamamk in ]
File:Vue du village de Saint-Paul-de-Vence depuis la route de La Colle.jpg|Hill upon which the village of ] is built, in ]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Mountains}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Abyssal hill}}
* {{annotated link|Breast-shaped hill}}
* {{annotated link|Colluvium}}
* {{annotated link|Crag and tail}}
* {{annotated link|Dune}}
* {{annotated link|Hill Country}}
* {{annotated link|Hillock}}
* {{annotated link|Hill station}}
* {{annotated link|Kame}}
* {{annotated link|Mesa}}
* {{annotated link|Monolith}}
* {{annotated link|Moorland|Moor}}
* {{annotated link|Motte}}
* {{annotated link|Mound}}
* {{annotated link|Tell (archaeology)|Tell}}
* {{annotated link|Witch of Agnesi}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{wiktionary|hill}}
{{Commons category|Hills|lcfirst=yes}}
{{Wikiquote|hills}}
*
*


{{Authority control}}
]
]
]
]


] ]
] ]
]
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Latest revision as of 05:41, 24 December 2024

Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain For other uses, see Hill (disambiguation). "Hills" redirects here. For other uses, see Hills (disambiguation).

The archaeological hill of Aliawa in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region

A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.

Terminology

Puijo Hill in Kuopio, Finland
Chocolate Hills of the Philippines
Hills in Tuscany, Italy

The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as steep as a mountain.

Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) above sea level. In contrast, hillwalkers have tended to regard mountains as peaks 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. The Oxford English Dictionary also suggests a limit of 2,000 feet (610 m) and Whittow states "Some authorities regard eminences above 600 m (1,969 ft) as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least 2,000 feet or 610 meters high, while the UK government's Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 defined mountainous areas (for the purposes of open access legislation) as areas above 600 meters (1,969 feet). Some definitions include a topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 feet (30.5 m) or 500 feet (152.4 m). In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance and has nothing to do with height.

Rolling Hills Paranal

For a while, the US defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet (304.8 m) or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. The United States Geological Survey, however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the US.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defined "hill" as an upland with a relative height of up to 200 m (660 ft).

A hillock is a small hill. Other words include knoll and (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England) its variant, knowe. Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of technical names, including mound and tumulus.

Hills of the Judean Desert

Hills may form through geomorphic phenomena: faulting, erosion of larger landforms such as mountains and movement and deposition of sediment by glaciers (notably moraines and drumlins or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill). The rounded peaks of hills results from the diffusive movement of soil and regolith covering the hill, a process known as downhill creep.

Various names may be used to describe types of hills, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation particular to that region, though the names are often adopted by geologists and used in a wider geographical context. These include:

Historical significance

Clouds over hills in Steptoe, Washington
Hill in Mysore

Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid floods (particularly if they were near a large body of water), for defense (since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill), or to avoid densely forested areas. For example, Ancient Rome was built on seven hills, helping to protect it from invaders.

Some settlements, particularly in the Middle East, are located on artificial hills consisting of debris (particularly mudbricks) that has accumulated over many generations. Such a location is known as a "tell".

In Northern Europe, many ancient monuments are sited in heaps. Some of these are defensive structures (such as the hillforts of the Iron Age), but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city.

Some cities' hills are culturally significant in their foundation, defense, and history. In addition to Rome, hills have played a prominent role in the history of San Francisco, with its hills being central to the city's fog and civil engineering projects today famous as tourist attractions such as the cable cars and Lombard Street.

Military significance

British soldiers advancing uphill in the Battle of Bunker Hill

Hills provide important advantages to an army that controls their heights, giving them an elevated view and firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack a fort or other position. They may also conceal forces behind them, allowing a force to lie in wait on the crest of a hill, using that crest for cover, and firing on unsuspecting attackers as they broach the hilltop. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground.

Because of their strategic and tactical values, hills have been the site of many notable battles, such as the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC and the first recorded military conflict in Scotland, the Battle of Mons Graupius in AD 83. Modern era conflicts include the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill (which was actually fought on Breed's Hill) in the American War of Independence; and Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War. The Battle of San Juan Hill in the 1898 Spanish–American War won the Americans control of Santiago de Cuba but only after suffering from heavy casualties inflicted by a much smaller force entrenched on the hill top.

Battles for the possession of high ground have often resulted in heavy casualties to both sides, such as the 1969 Battle of Hamburger Hill during the Vietnam War, the Battle of Stalingrad and Battle of Peleliu during World War II, and the 1969 Kargil War between India and Pakistan.

The Great Wall of China is an enduring example of hilltop fortification. It was built on hilltops to help defend against invaders from the north, such as Mongols.

Sports and games

Hillwalkers on Beinn Dearg, Scotland
An example of a golf course in England that has hills

Hillwalking is a British English term for a form of hiking which involves the ascent of hills. The activity is usually distinguished from mountaineering as it does not involve ropes or technically difficult rock climbing, although the terms mountain and hill are often used interchangeably in Britain. Hillwalking is popular in hilly areas such as the English Peak District and the Scottish Highlands. Many hills are categorized according to relative height or other criteria and feature on lists named after mountaineers, such as Munros (Scotland) and Wainwrights (England). Specific activities such as "peak bagging" (or "Munro bagging") involve climbing hills on these lists with the aim of eventually climbing every hill on the list.

Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake is an annual event in the West Country of England which involves rolling a wheel of cheese down a hill. Contestants stand at the top and chase the wheel of cheese to the bottom. The winner, the one who catches the cheese, gets to keep the wheel of cheese as a prize.

Cross country running courses may include hills which can add diversity and challenge to those courses.

Notable artificial hills

Mound

Main article: Mound

Man-made mountain

  • Shanghai Expo Park Mountains (40 m (130 ft))

Gallery

See also

  • Abyssal hill – Small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain
  • Breast-shaped hill – Hill shaped like a human breast
  • Colluvium – Loose, unconsolidated sediments deposited at the base of a hillslope
  • Crag and tail – Geographic feature created by glaciation
  • Dune – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
  • Hill Country – Region of TexasPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Hillock – Small hill
  • Hill station – Town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley
  • Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
  • Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
  • Monolith – Stone block made of one single piece; object made of one single rock piece
  • Moor – Type of habitat
  • Motte – Medieval fortificationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Mound – Artificial heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris
  • Tell – Ancient settlement mound
  • Witch of Agnesi – Cubic plane curve

References

  1. Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 2004, p. 352. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
  2. Nuttall, John & Anne (2008). The Mountains of England & Wales - Volume 2: England (3rd ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. ISBN 978-1-85284-037-2.
  3. "Survey turns hill into a mountain". BBC News. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  4. ^ "A Mountain is a Mountain - isn't it?". www.go4awalk.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  5. mountain at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
  6. Wilson, Peter (2001). "Listing the Irish hills and mountains" in Irish Geography, Vol 34(1), University of Ulster, Coleraine, p. 89.
  7. What is a "Mountain"? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that… Archived 30 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine at Metric Views. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
  8. "Rolling Hills". www.eso.org. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  9. "What is the Difference Between a Mountain and a Hill?". www.wisegeek.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  10. Hill at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
  11. Knowe, Random House Dictionary at dictionary.com
  12. Wilkinson, T.J. Archaeological landscapes of the near east. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2003, 226.
  13. Copperman, Amy (19 January 2023). "Answers to the most popular questions about San Francisco's hills". SFGATE. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  14. Lancaster, Audrey (2011). "Enhanced Cross Country Running Course Design: A Study of Historic and Recent Courses, Other Landscape-Based Sports, Athlete Psychology, and Course Elements". DigitialCommons. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  15. Helsingin karttapalvelu (in Finnish)
  16. "Blackstrap Provincial Park". Government of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  17. "China's record-high artificial nature-inspired mountain to open in Shanghai". China Daily. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  18. "The Very Large Telescope". Telescopes and Instruments. ESO. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

External links

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