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'''Taras Fedorovych''' ({{lang-uk|Тара́с Федоро́вич}}, {{lang-pl|Taras Fedorowicz}}) (dates of birth/death unknown) was a prominent leader of the Dnieper ]. | |||
] | |||
'''Taras Fedorovych''' (], '''Taras Triasylo''', '''Hassan Tarasa''', '''Assan Trasso''') ({{langx|uk|Тара́с Федоро́вич}}, {{langx|pl|Taras Fedorowicz}}) (died after 1636) was a prominent leader of the ], a popular ] (Cossack leader) elected by ]. | |||
Between 1629 and 1636, Fedorovych played a key role in the regional conflicts involving the rebellion of the ] (Ukrainian) ] and peasants against the ] over the ] territory as well as in the conflicts that included the ], the ] and the Ukrainians torn between those two neighbors. | |||
In 1620s he was the Cossack ] (Colonel). In 1629, after the pro-Polish ] ] was killed in the ]n campaign, the non-] elected Fedorovych into Hetmanship and he led them into a next campaign into the Crimea. In March, 1630 Fedorovych became the leader of an ] (known as the ]) ignited by ever increasing ] and exploitation of Ukrainian peasantry by mostly Polish or ] ] (nobility) of the ] as well as the proliferation of ] on the unwilling Ukrainians who were traditionally ]. | |||
With many circumstances of his life remaining mysterious to this day, Fedorovych is a revered figure in both ] and in the Ukrainian national idea, a hero of poems by ], a personage of the earliest Ukrainian motion picture and one of only four Cossack leaders explicitly mentioned in the ] poem that later became the basis of the modern ]. | |||
The rebels proceeded from the ] towards the ] territories and captured and executed another pro-Polish Hetman of the registered Cossacks ]. Hryhorovych addressed the Ukrainian commoners with several ] calling upon everyone to join his uprising agaist the Polish usurpers; the turbulence spread over the nearby territories, with many Cossacks and peasants rising against the local nobles and Jews; casuatlies were rising on both sides. After the victory at ] over the Polish army sent against them, rebels controlled the large territory that included Korsun, ], ] as well as other cities, with Pereiaslav becoming their main base. In response to their successes, the Poles send a large army strengthen with the German mercenaries. The Polish army led by ], harassed by the rebels, in turn plundered and massacred the Ukrainian commoners at ], ] and several other settlements, then crossed the ] where they where met by the rebels while in the Polish rear more Ukrainian rose into what became a wide-area rebellion against the Poles. The skirmishes at ] lasted for three weeks until the 15 (] 25) May the final battle at Pereiaslav took place that ended with the rebels victory. | |||
==Early life== | |||
The military successes of Fedorovych forced Poland to negotiate with the Cossack leadership (]) concluding the ] where many of the demands of the non-registered Cossacks and Fedorovych, their leader, where discarded by other Cossack ]. The main demand of Fedorovych and his supporters, that the Cossack privilleges routinely guaranteed to the limited number of ] being granted to all runaway ]s who claimed the Cossackdom was rejected and, according to a narrow compromise, the Cossack register was enlarged from six to eight thousand. In return ] ] demanded Fedorovych to be turned over to Poland. Fedorovych, being uncertain of the decision that would have been reached by the "compromising" faction of Cossack leadership over his head, left Pereiaslav along with other Cossacks unsatisfied with the agreement, heading towards the ], the Cossack stronglod. In the meanwhile, the Cossack leadership faction inclined to a compromise with Poland elected ] and his Hetmanship was confirmed by Koniecpolski. Fedorovych, unhappy with such a turn of events, tried to raise the Cossacks masses to start a new uprising but his movement did not get traction. | |||
Taras Fedorovych was born to a ] family in Crimea, his given name was Hassan. It is unclear when he converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks Host. He is initially documented by references in the 1620s to his position as the Cossack ] (Colonel) Hassan Tarasa in Hungarian chronicles, noted for considerable cruelty during his participation in the Thirty Year War as a Habsburg mercenary. | |||
<ref>] & Alexander Baran, "Cossacks in the Thirty Year War" Vol.1 Rome 1969, p. 41, Vol.2 p. 73.</ref><ref name=dovidn1>Ihor Pidkova (editor), Roman Shust (editor), "", 3 Volumes, ", Kiev, 1993-1999, {{ISBN|5-7707-5190-8}} (t. 1), {{ISBN|5-7707-8552-7}} (t. 2), {{ISBN|966-504-237-8}} (t. 3). Article: </ref><ref name=enc1>], Kuzelia, Zenon. ''Енциклопедія українознавства (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies)'', 3 volumes (1994). Article: "Fedorovych, Taras". Kiev. {{ISBN|5-7702-0554-7}}</ref> In 1629, after the pro-Polish ] ] was killed in ], the ] elected Fedorovych to the ] and, under his leadership, participated in the subsequent Crimean campaign.<ref name=dovidn1/><ref name=enc1/> | |||
==Fedorovych uprising== | |||
⚫ | |||
===Hostilities=== | |||
{{Main|Fedorovych Uprising}} | |||
] | |||
In March 1630, Fedorovych became the leader of a Cossack and peasant revolt, which became known as the '']'' carried out by the ] dissatisfied with the conditions of the 1625 ] (also known as the Treaty of Lake Kurukove) signed earlier by Doroshenko, which restricted the number of the registry to only six thousand. In the meantime, the real numbers of Cossacks swelled by the constant flow of runaway peasants and, especially, at the end of the ], by the addition of a huge number of demobilized Ukrainians who refused to accept a return under Polish serfdom.<ref name=holubets>Holubets, Mykola '' (The Grand History of Ukraine)'', Section: ("From ] to ]"), originally published ] (1935). Reprinted ]: Hlobus (1993). {{ISBN|5-86248-015-3}}.</ref> The ranks of Cossacks who joined the resistance reached forty thousand. | |||
The Cossack uprising fell on the fertile ground of the overall condition of Ukrainian peasantry who under Polish control were subject to continued ] and exploitation by mostly Polish or ] ] (nobility).<ref name=dovidn2>Ihor Pidkova (editor), Roman Shust (editor), "", 3 Volumes, ", Kiev, 1993-1999, {{ISBN|5-7707-5190-8}} (t. 1), {{ISBN|5-7707-8552-7}} (t. 2), {{ISBN|966-504-237-8}} (t. 3). Article: </ref> Particularly resented was the attempt to ] on the unwilling Ukrainians, who had been traditionally ].<ref name=EB1>"". In ''] Online''.</ref> | |||
About ten thousand rebels proceeded from the ] towards the upper ] territories, overrunning the Polish forces stationed there. The rebels captured and executed the Hetman of the registered Cossacks ] for his pro-Polish stance and support of the Union of Brest, and subsequently came to an agreement on a new leadership by nominating Fedorovych for the position of Hetman.<ref name=holubets/><ref name=dovidn2/> | |||
Fedorovych addressed the Ukrainian commoners with several ] calling upon everyone to join his uprising against the Polish "usurpers". The turbulence spread over the nearby territories, with many Cossacks and peasants rising against the local Polish nobles as well as wealthy ] merchants who, despite their limited involvement in the local power structure were also hated by the peasants as Polish land owners frequently gave to the Jews the role of ]s (see ]) in the local taxation system. As religious services such as ], ] ceremonies and funerals conducted in the ] tradition customary for Ruthenians, were now to be taxed, with most of the commoners and especially the Cossacks being fiercely Orthodox, the Jews were perceived by many Ruthenians as a part of the oppressor/exploiter group. | |||
As clashes increased, casualties rose on both sides. After a victory at ] over the Polish army sent against them,<ref name=dovidn2/> the rebel Cossacks controlled a large territory that included Korsun, ], ] as well as other cities, with Pereiaslav becoming their main base. | |||
In response to their successes, a large Polish army led by ] was sent to confront the Cossacks. The army, strengthened by German mercenary forces, was harassed by the rebels, and, in turn, plundered and massacred ], ] and several other Ukrainian settlements, then crossed the ] where they were met by the rebels, both front and rear, as more Ukrainians rose in what became an area-wide rebellion against the Poles. The indecisive skirmishes around Pereiaslav lasted three weeks until the {{OldStyleDate|25 May|1630|15 May}}. Koniecpolski laid siege to the Cossack stronghold, but lacking the support of artillery and infantry, he could not break its walls; the Cossacks, however, were lacking supplies and agreed to negotiations. Though the Polish army was not defeated, its inability to defeat the rebellious Cossacks meant that the latter gained an upper hand in the negotiations; Ukrainian historiography calls the battle at Pereiaslav a victory, but this is disputed by Polish historiography. | |||
===Negotiations=== | |||
Fedorovych's military successes forced Koniecpolski to start negotiations with the ], which resulted in the ]. Many of the demands of the non-registered Cossacks and Fedorovych, their leader, were discarded in the treaty negotiations by other Cossack leaders. The main demand voiced by Fedorovych and his supporters—that the Cossack privileges routinely guaranteed to the limited number of registered Cossacks should be granted to all runaway peasants who claimed Cossackdom—was rejected and, according to a narrow compromise, the Cossack register was enlarged from six to eight thousand. In return, Koniecpolski demanded that Fedorovych be delivered into Polish custody. | |||
Fedorovych, uncertain of the decision that would be reached, over his head, by the "compromising" faction of Cossack leadership, left Pereiaslav along with other Cossacks dissatisfied with the agreement and headed for the Cossack stronghold of the Zaporizhian Sich. Meanwhile, the Cossack leadership faction inclined to a compromise with Poland, elected ] whose Hetmanship was confirmed with Koniecpolski's agreement. Fedorovych, disgruntled with this turn of events, tried to raise the Cossack masses to start a new uprising, but the energy for such an undertaking was no longer forthcoming. | |||
==Russia's ally== | |||
Fedorovych fought on the ] side in the ] against Poland (1632–34). In the winter of 1634-35 he yet again tried to convince the Cossacks to turn against the Poles at the ], but received only very limited support. | |||
⚫ | In 1635 he negotiated with the Russians the resettlement of 700 Cossacks in Russian-leaning ] and, in 1636, suggested the creation of a pro-Russian Cossack regiment. His proposal was rejected by the Russians who did not want to endanger their new relationship with Poland after the recently concluded ]. | ||
Details of his later life are unknown. | Details of his later life are unknown. | ||
==Legacy and place in history== | |||
Documentation of most of the details of Taras Fedorovych's life has been lost in time, including the year and circumstances of his death. There is no specific record of his activities before the mid- to late-1620s, and after 1636. The brief period, however, in which he played one of the leading roles in the region's history, established his name as an ancient and lasting source of inspiration to future generations of Ukrainians. | |||
] wrote a heroic poem, ''Taras Night'', around Triasylo's character. | |||
Fedorovych is one of four Ukrainian hetmans mentioned in the original version (published in 1863) of ]'s poem "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" ("Ukraine Has Not Perished") which was later transformed into the ]. A quatrain of the poem reads: "], ] / And Taras Triasylo / Call us from beyond the grave / To the holy battle". | |||
In 1926, a feature film, ''Taras Triasylo'', directed by ], was released by the All-Ukrainian Kino Foto Direction (BUFKU).<ref>, Энциклопедия отечественного кино, ред. Любовь Аркус</ref> It recounted the then nearly three-hundred-year-old events through the silent-movie prism of the ] film industry. | |||
Taras Tryasila Street exists in ] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
*], Zenon Kuzelia, ''Енциклопедія українознавства (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies)'', articles: "Fedorovych, Taras" and "Fedorovych Uprising", 3-volumes, Kiev, 1994, ISBN 5-7702-0554-7 | |||
*Ivan Krypyakevych, "Istoriia ukrainskogo viyska", Repr. d. Ausg. L'viv 1936. Kiev, Pamyatky Ukraini. 1992. {{LCCN|55034275}} | |||
*Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny, 3-Volumes, articles: "Fedorovych, Taras", "Fedorovych Uprising", "Treaty of Pereyaslav, 1630", Kiev, 1993-1999, ISBN 5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN 5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3). | |||
{{Hetmans of Ukraine}} | |||
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] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fedorovych, Taras}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 05:01, 25 October 2024
Taras Fedorovych (pseudonym, Taras Triasylo, Hassan Tarasa, Assan Trasso) (Ukrainian: Тара́с Федоро́вич, Polish: Taras Fedorowicz) (died after 1636) was a prominent leader of the Dnieper Cossacks, a popular Hetman (Cossack leader) elected by unregistered Cossacks.
Between 1629 and 1636, Fedorovych played a key role in the regional conflicts involving the rebellion of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Cossacks and peasants against the Polish rule over the Dnieper Ukraine territory as well as in the conflicts that included the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Tsardom of Russia and the Ukrainians torn between those two neighbors.
With many circumstances of his life remaining mysterious to this day, Fedorovych is a revered figure in both Ukrainian folklore and in the Ukrainian national idea, a hero of poems by Taras Shevchenko, a personage of the earliest Ukrainian motion picture and one of only four Cossack leaders explicitly mentioned in the Pavlo Chubynsky poem that later became the basis of the modern National Anthem of Ukraine.
Early life
Taras Fedorovych was born to a Tatar family in Crimea, his given name was Hassan. It is unclear when he converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks Host. He is initially documented by references in the 1620s to his position as the Cossack Polkovnyk (Colonel) Hassan Tarasa in Hungarian chronicles, noted for considerable cruelty during his participation in the Thirty Year War as a Habsburg mercenary. In 1629, after the pro-Polish Cossack Hetman Mykhailo Doroshenko was killed in Crimea, the unregistered Cossacks elected Fedorovych to the Hetmanship and, under his leadership, participated in the subsequent Crimean campaign.
Fedorovych uprising
Hostilities
Main article: Fedorovych UprisingIn March 1630, Fedorovych became the leader of a Cossack and peasant revolt, which became known as the Fedorovych Uprising carried out by the unregistered Cossacks dissatisfied with the conditions of the 1625 Treaty of Kurukove (also known as the Treaty of Lake Kurukove) signed earlier by Doroshenko, which restricted the number of the registry to only six thousand. In the meantime, the real numbers of Cossacks swelled by the constant flow of runaway peasants and, especially, at the end of the Polish-Swedish War (1625–1629), by the addition of a huge number of demobilized Ukrainians who refused to accept a return under Polish serfdom. The ranks of Cossacks who joined the resistance reached forty thousand.
The Cossack uprising fell on the fertile ground of the overall condition of Ukrainian peasantry who under Polish control were subject to continued enserfment and exploitation by mostly Polish or polonized szlachta (nobility). Particularly resented was the attempt to impose Roman Catholicism on the unwilling Ukrainians, who had been traditionally Eastern Orthodox.
About ten thousand rebels proceeded from the Zaporizhian Sich towards the upper Dnieper territories, overrunning the Polish forces stationed there. The rebels captured and executed the Hetman of the registered Cossacks Hryhoriy Chorny for his pro-Polish stance and support of the Union of Brest, and subsequently came to an agreement on a new leadership by nominating Fedorovych for the position of Hetman.
Fedorovych addressed the Ukrainian commoners with several Universals calling upon everyone to join his uprising against the Polish "usurpers". The turbulence spread over the nearby territories, with many Cossacks and peasants rising against the local Polish nobles as well as wealthy Jewish merchants who, despite their limited involvement in the local power structure were also hated by the peasants as Polish land owners frequently gave to the Jews the role of arendators (see tax farming) in the local taxation system. As religious services such as baptism, wedding ceremonies and funerals conducted in the Eastern Orthodox tradition customary for Ruthenians, were now to be taxed, with most of the commoners and especially the Cossacks being fiercely Orthodox, the Jews were perceived by many Ruthenians as a part of the oppressor/exploiter group.
As clashes increased, casualties rose on both sides. After a victory at Korsun over the Polish army sent against them, the rebel Cossacks controlled a large territory that included Korsun, Pereiaslav, Kaniv as well as other cities, with Pereiaslav becoming their main base.
In response to their successes, a large Polish army led by Stanisław Koniecpolski was sent to confront the Cossacks. The army, strengthened by German mercenary forces, was harassed by the rebels, and, in turn, plundered and massacred Lysianka, Dymer and several other Ukrainian settlements, then crossed the Dnieper where they were met by the rebels, both front and rear, as more Ukrainians rose in what became an area-wide rebellion against the Poles. The indecisive skirmishes around Pereiaslav lasted three weeks until the 25 May [O.S. 15 May] 1630. Koniecpolski laid siege to the Cossack stronghold, but lacking the support of artillery and infantry, he could not break its walls; the Cossacks, however, were lacking supplies and agreed to negotiations. Though the Polish army was not defeated, its inability to defeat the rebellious Cossacks meant that the latter gained an upper hand in the negotiations; Ukrainian historiography calls the battle at Pereiaslav a victory, but this is disputed by Polish historiography.
Negotiations
Fedorovych's military successes forced Koniecpolski to start negotiations with the Cossack leadership, which resulted in the 1630 Treaty of Pereiaslav. Many of the demands of the non-registered Cossacks and Fedorovych, their leader, were discarded in the treaty negotiations by other Cossack leaders. The main demand voiced by Fedorovych and his supporters—that the Cossack privileges routinely guaranteed to the limited number of registered Cossacks should be granted to all runaway peasants who claimed Cossackdom—was rejected and, according to a narrow compromise, the Cossack register was enlarged from six to eight thousand. In return, Koniecpolski demanded that Fedorovych be delivered into Polish custody.
Fedorovych, uncertain of the decision that would be reached, over his head, by the "compromising" faction of Cossack leadership, left Pereiaslav along with other Cossacks dissatisfied with the agreement and headed for the Cossack stronghold of the Zaporizhian Sich. Meanwhile, the Cossack leadership faction inclined to a compromise with Poland, elected Timofiy Orendarenko whose Hetmanship was confirmed with Koniecpolski's agreement. Fedorovych, disgruntled with this turn of events, tried to raise the Cossack masses to start a new uprising, but the energy for such an undertaking was no longer forthcoming.
Russia's ally
Fedorovych fought on the Russian side in the Smolensk War against Poland (1632–34). In the winter of 1634-35 he yet again tried to convince the Cossacks to turn against the Poles at the Kaniv Council, but received only very limited support.
In 1635 he negotiated with the Russians the resettlement of 700 Cossacks in Russian-leaning Sloboda territories and, in 1636, suggested the creation of a pro-Russian Cossack regiment. His proposal was rejected by the Russians who did not want to endanger their new relationship with Poland after the recently concluded Treaty of Polyanovka.
Details of his later life are unknown.
Legacy and place in history
Documentation of most of the details of Taras Fedorovych's life has been lost in time, including the year and circumstances of his death. There is no specific record of his activities before the mid- to late-1620s, and after 1636. The brief period, however, in which he played one of the leading roles in the region's history, established his name as an ancient and lasting source of inspiration to future generations of Ukrainians.
Taras Shevchenko wrote a heroic poem, Taras Night, around Triasylo's character.
Fedorovych is one of four Ukrainian hetmans mentioned in the original version (published in 1863) of Pavlo Chubynsky's poem "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" ("Ukraine Has Not Perished") which was later transformed into the Ukrainian national anthem. A quatrain of the poem reads: "Nalyvaiko, Zalizniak / And Taras Triasylo / Call us from beyond the grave / To the holy battle".
In 1926, a feature film, Taras Triasylo, directed by Pyotr Chardynin, was released by the All-Ukrainian Kino Foto Direction (BUFKU). It recounted the then nearly three-hundred-year-old events through the silent-movie prism of the Soviet film industry.
Taras Tryasila Street exists in Kyiv
References
- George Gajecky & Alexander Baran, "Cossacks in the Thirty Year War" Vol.1 Rome 1969, p. 41, Vol.2 p. 73.
- ^ Ihor Pidkova (editor), Roman Shust (editor), "Dovidnyk z istorii Ukrainy", 3 Volumes, "(t. 3), Kiev, 1993-1999, ISBN 5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN 5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3). Article: Taras Fedorovych
- ^ Kubiyovych, Volodymyr, Kuzelia, Zenon. Енциклопедія українознавства (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies), 3 volumes (1994). Article: "Fedorovych, Taras". Kiev. ISBN 5-7702-0554-7
- ^ Holubets, Mykola Велика Історія України (The Grand History of Ukraine), Section: "Vid Konashevycha do Ostryanina" ("From Konashevych to Ostryanin"), originally published Lwów (1935). Reprinted Kiev: Hlobus (1993). ISBN 5-86248-015-3.
- ^ Ihor Pidkova (editor), Roman Shust (editor), "Dovidnyk z istorii Ukrainy", 3 Volumes, "(t. 3), Kiev, 1993-1999, ISBN 5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN 5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3). Article: Fedorovych Uprising
- "Poland, history of". In Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Тарас Трясило, Энциклопедия отечественного кино, ред. Любовь Аркус
- Ivan Krypyakevych, "Istoriia ukrainskogo viyska", Repr. d. Ausg. L'viv 1936. Kiev, Pamyatky Ukraini. 1992. LCCN 55-34275
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