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{{Short description|Italian linguist and lexicographer}}
⚫ ]
{{Infobox person
'''Jakov Mikalja''' (Micalia, Micaglia; Jacobus; ], ] - ], ]) was a ]n ] and ], the author of an early ].
| name = Jakov Mikalja
| image = <!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing ] -->
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1601|03|31}}
| birth_place =
| death_date ={{Death date and age|1654|12|01|1601|03|31}}
| death_place =
| nationality = ]
| other_names = Jacobus Micalia, Jakov Mikalja
| occupation = ] and ]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Jakov Mikalja''' ({{langx|la|Jacobus Micalia}}) (March 31, 1601 &ndash; December 1, 1654), was a Croatian ] and ]. He was born in the town of ] (]), at that time under the ]. He said about himself to be "''an Italian of Slavic language''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reportonline.it/article322.html|title=Quando a Peschici gli slavi ... erano di casa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104608/http://www.reportonline.it/article322.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/lezioni/f_lv3.htm |title=IV.3 |publisher=Italica.rai.it |access-date=2012-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516004900/http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/lezioni/f_lv3.htm |archive-date=2012-05-16 }}</ref>


==Life== ==Life==
] in the Italian ], the hometown of Giacomo Micaglia]]
Micaglia was born in ],<ref>in ]: ''Pještica''</ref> a small town on the ] peninsula that six centuries before (about 970)<ref>''Cod. Dipl. Tremiti'', document n.47</ref><ref name="CodDiplBarl">''«Ser Antonio de Stephano de Ragusio et Ser Marco de Johanne fanno costruire in società una nave de la portata de carra 250. Ditta costruzione debia avvenire in terra Peschice. La dispesa sarà di ducati 500»'' Cod. Dipl. Barl., 1570 vol. 10, n.28></ref><ref name="Ragusio">''“In Peschice de Gargano si costruisce una nave pro parte Johannis de Natali de Ragusio, Baroli commorantis”. Il calefatore è Marinus de Ragusio.''Cod. Dipl. Barl., 1570 vol. 10, n. 380></ref> was a settlement of Croat refugees<ref name="lezioni">{{in lang|it}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516004900/http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/lingua/bruni/lezioni/f_lv3.htm |date=2012-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|hr}} ]: Hrvatski korijeni Peschichija, Nov 3, 1998 {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and that in those years entertained fruitful trade with ] and the city-states on the ]n coast (like the ]).<ref name="CodDiplBarl"/><ref name="Ragusio"/>


He was the great-uncle of ] (1676–1748), the ] born in ], few kilometers by Peschici.<ref name="università">{{in lang|it}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929110554/http://www.bibliotecaitaliana.it/xtf/view?docId=bibit000202%2Fbibit000202.xml&chunk.id=d3466e148&query= |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref><ref>'''' G. Recuperati, 2005</ref> About it Giannone writes that ''«Scipio Giannone'' (his father)'' had married in Ischitella in 1677 Lucretia Micaglia, daughter of Matteo Micaglia from Peschici and Isabella Sabatello.»''<ref>{{in lang|it}} </ref>
⚫ Mikalja was born in ] on the peninsula of ] in ], probably in a ] family that emigrated to Italy ''(see ])''. After completing the studies in ] in ], he became a ]. For four years (]-]) Mikalja taught grammar at the Jesuit College in ]. There he made a Latin grammar for Croatian students after ] (''De institutione grammatica pro Illyricis accommodata'', Rome, ]).


⚫ Because of his knowledge of ], Micaglia was dispatched to the ] by the ]. It was the time of ] and the ] wished to restore its power in the ] as well. For four years (1630–1633) he taught grammar at the Jesuit College in ] (Dubrovnik). There he wrote ''"Latin grammar for Illyrian students"'' after ] (''De institutione grammatica pro Illyricis accommodata'', 1637).
⚫ In ], Mikalja sent a letter to the ], proposing a reform of the ] for the needs of the ]. He discussed the same issue in the chapter "On ] ]" of his Croatian work ''God-Loving Thoughts on the ] Taken from the Books of St ], the Angelic Doctor'' (], ]).


]
⚫ From 1637 to 1645 he was a missionary among the Catholics in ] (]). He was the Croatian confessor in ] from ] till his death.
⚫ A few years later, in 1636, Micaglia sent a letter to the ], proposing a reform of the ] for the needs of Croatian.
He discussed the same issue in the chapter ''"On ] ]"''{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}<!-- original title of the chapter, please --> of his work in Croatian ''"God-Loving Thoughts on the ] Taken from the Books of St. ], the Angelic Doctor"'' (], 1642).

⚫ From 1637 to 1645 he was a missionary among the Catholics in ] in the ] (present day ]).
He came back to ], where he was confessor in Slavic languages at the ] in ], from 1645 till his death in that town.


==Dictionary== ==Dictionary==
⚫ ]
Micaglia's greatest work is ''Thesaurus of Slovinian Language and Slovinian Dictionary''. It was first printed in ] in 1649, but a better printing press was needed, so it was completed in ] in 1651. The dictionary was a Jesuit project, an instrument to fight the ] and even more the progression of the Muslim faith in the ]s.


It was the first ], with Croatian (under name of "Illyric" or "Slovinian") as the starting language (in the very same dictionary, he treats the terms Croatian, Slovinian and Illyric as synonyms<ref name="IHJJ">{{in lang|hr}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120005439/http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-mikalja.html |date=2007-11-20 }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610164430/http://www.ihjj.hr/images/povijest/mikalja-8a3.gif |date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> <!-- original homepage where the scanned pictures are from -->). An important thing to note is that in his dictionary Micaglia names Croatian as "Illyric" or "Slovinian", and Italian as "Latin", which he names as the "students' language" (''diacki''). The introduction to the dictionary has a "Latin" dedication, a note to the reader in Italian (''Al benigno lettore''), a presentation of the alphabet and orthography in Latin and Croatian (''Od ortographie jezika slovinskoga ili načina od pisanja''), and an ] in Croatian (''Grammatika Talianska'').
Mikalja's greatest work is ''Treasure of Slavic Language or Dictionary with Slavic Words in Latin and Italian''. Its printing started in Loreto in ], but a better printing press was needed, so it was completed in ] in ].


Micaglia explains in the foreword that he chose the ] dialect because "everyone says that the Bosnian language is the most beautiful one" (''"Ogn'un dice che la lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella"''). Bosnian is identified as the ] of the local ] languages. The dictionary, intended primarily to teach students and young Jesuits, has around 25,000 words. It belongs to the corpse of dictionaries in the Shtokavian dialect, with some Chakavian parts, and even the Kaykavian lexic as an entry or synonym.<ref name="IHJJ" /> Mikalja's dictionary is regarded as a Croatian dictionary<ref name="lezioni" /> by mainstream lexicographers and linguists.
It was the first ] with Croatian as the starting language.


Micaglia's thesaurus is a trilingual dictionary in which the entry column is, though, organised as a ]: with a sequence of ]s founded on dialectical contrasts, as well as definitions, and ]s as explanations. Thus, Štokavian-Čakavian terms are accompanied by Bosnian Franciscan words, ]s, ] and Croatian words. It has thus been said to illustrate the lexical wealth of the "Illyrian regions".<ref>Darija Gabrić-Bagarić, "Dijalektna podloga riječnika ''Blago jezika slovinskoga''..." ''Rasprave instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje'', kn.26 (2000), 45-58</ref>
The introduction to the dictionary has a Latin dedication, a note to the reader in Italian (''Al benigno lettore''), a presentation of the alphabet and orthography in Latin and Croatian (''Od ortographie jezika slovinskoga ili načina od pisanja''), and an Italian grammar in Croatian (''Grammatika Talianska''). Mikalja explains in the foreword that he chose the ] (''bosanski jezik'' or "]n tongue", as he calls it) because everyone knows it is the most beautiful (''Ogn'un dice che la lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella''). The dictionary, intended primarily to teach students and young Jesuits, has around 25,000 Croatian words, mostly in the ] variant, with some Shtokavian and ] ] forms.

From the cultural point of view, Micaglia's work was influenced by earlier works of ] and ]. It influenced the ] circle of lexicographers (among them Franciscans ], ] and ]), both in Croatia and in ]. His work is integral to ].


==Works== ==Works==

*''Thesaurus linguae Illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum. In quo verba Illyrica Italice, et Latine redduntur, Romae: et sumptibus Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide impressum, Loreto, apud Paulum et Io. Baptistam Seraphinum, 1649'' (Thesaurus of Croatian or a Croatian Dictionary, in Which Croatian Words Are Translated into Italian and Latin) (Ancona, 1651). Blago jezika slovinskoga ili Slovnik u Komu izgovarajuse rjeci slovinske Latinski, i Diacki.
*''Bogoljubno razmiscgljanje od ocenascja Pokupgljeno iz kgniga Svetoga Tomme od Aquina Nauciteglja Anghjelskoga'' (God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, Bratislava, 1642) *''Bogoljubno razmiscgljanje od ocenascja Pokupgljeno iz kgniga Svetoga Tomme od Aquina Nauciteglja Anghjelskoga'' (God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, Bratislava, 1642)
Printing of the "Thesaurus" was started by Serafini brothers in Loreto in 1649, and completed by O. Beltrano in Ancona in 1651.
*''Blago jezika slovinskoga illi slovnik u komu izgovarajuse rjeci slovinske Latinski i Diacki'' (Thesaurus of the Slavic Language or Dictionary with Slavic Words in Latin and Italian, Ancona, 1651)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}


== Bibliography ==
⚫ ==External link==
* Max L. Baeumer, '''' Vol 11 Longo, 1984 {{in lang|en}}
* Croatian Academy of America, '''', p.&nbsp;286 Volumes 36-37, 1997 {{in lang|hr|en}}
* Sylvain Auroux, '''' Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, {{ISBN|978-3-11-011103-3}} {{in lang|en|de}}
* '''', Volume 36 Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1990 {{in lang|en|de}}
* A. Tamaro, '''', Page 233 Volume 3, Imprimerie du Sénat, 1919 {{in lang|fr}}
* Ivo Banac, '''' Vol. 6, p.&nbsp;43, of Mladost, 1991, {{ISBN|978-86-7649-003-5}} {{in lang|hr}}
* Edward L. Keenan, '''' Harvard University Press {{ISBN|978-0-916458-96-6}}


⚫ ==External links==
⚫ *
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo0301.nsf/AllWebDocs/lex |publisher=] |journal=] |title=Jubileji hrvatskih leksikografa |author=Vladimir Horvat |language=Croatian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822153741/http://www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo0301.nsf/AllWebDocs/lex |archive-date=2007-08-22 }}
*
* {{in lang|hr}}
⚫ * {{in lang|hr}}
* {{in lang|hr}}
* {{in lang|hr}}
* {{in lang|it}}
* {{in lang|hr}}
* {{in lang|hr}}
*


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Latest revision as of 09:40, 1 November 2024

Italian linguist and lexicographer
Jakov Mikalja
Born(1601-03-31)March 31, 1601
DiedDecember 1, 1654(1654-12-01) (aged 53)
NationalityKingdom of Naples
Other namesJacobus Micalia, Jakov Mikalja
Occupation(s)linguist and lexicographer

Jakov Mikalja (Latin: Jacobus Micalia) (March 31, 1601 – December 1, 1654), was a Croatian linguist and lexicographer. He was born in the town of Peschici (Apulia), at that time under the Kingdom of Naples. He said about himself to be "an Italian of Slavic language".

Life

View of Peschici in the Italian Province of Foggia, the hometown of Giacomo Micaglia

Micaglia was born in Peschici, a small town on the Gargano peninsula that six centuries before (about 970) was a settlement of Croat refugees and that in those years entertained fruitful trade with Venice and the city-states on the Dalmatian coast (like the Republic of Ragusa).

He was the great-uncle of Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), the historian born in Ischitella, few kilometers by Peschici. About it Giannone writes that «Scipio Giannone (his father) had married in Ischitella in 1677 Lucretia Micaglia, daughter of Matteo Micaglia from Peschici and Isabella Sabatello.»

Because of his knowledge of Croatian, Micaglia was dispatched to the Republic of Ragusa by the Jesuit order. It was the time of Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church wished to restore its power in the Balkans as well. For four years (1630–1633) he taught grammar at the Jesuit College in Ragusa (Dubrovnik). There he wrote "Latin grammar for Illyrian students" after Emanuel Alvares (De institutione grammatica pro Illyricis accommodata, 1637).

View of the Loreto Basilica, where Micaglia spent his last years.

A few years later, in 1636, Micaglia sent a letter to the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, proposing a reform of the Latin alphabet for the needs of Croatian. He discussed the same issue in the chapter "On Slavic Orthography" of his work in Croatian "God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor" (Bratislava, 1642).

From 1637 to 1645 he was a missionary among the Catholics in Timișoara in the Banat (present day Romania). He came back to Italy, where he was confessor in Slavic languages at the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, from 1645 till his death in that town.

Dictionary

Micaglia's dictionary

Micaglia's greatest work is Thesaurus of Slovinian Language and Slovinian Dictionary. It was first printed in Loreto in 1649, but a better printing press was needed, so it was completed in Ancona in 1651. The dictionary was a Jesuit project, an instrument to fight the Protestant Reformation and even more the progression of the Muslim faith in the Balkans.

It was the first Croatian dictionary, with Croatian (under name of "Illyric" or "Slovinian") as the starting language (in the very same dictionary, he treats the terms Croatian, Slovinian and Illyric as synonyms ). An important thing to note is that in his dictionary Micaglia names Croatian as "Illyric" or "Slovinian", and Italian as "Latin", which he names as the "students' language" (diacki). The introduction to the dictionary has a "Latin" dedication, a note to the reader in Italian (Al benigno lettore), a presentation of the alphabet and orthography in Latin and Croatian (Od ortographie jezika slovinskoga ili načina od pisanja), and an Italian grammar in Croatian (Grammatika Talianska).

Micaglia explains in the foreword that he chose the Bosnian dialect because "everyone says that the Bosnian language is the most beautiful one" ("Ogn'un dice che la lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella"). Bosnian is identified as the Shtokavian dialect of the local South Slavic languages. The dictionary, intended primarily to teach students and young Jesuits, has around 25,000 words. It belongs to the corpse of dictionaries in the Shtokavian dialect, with some Chakavian parts, and even the Kaykavian lexic as an entry or synonym. Mikalja's dictionary is regarded as a Croatian dictionary by mainstream lexicographers and linguists.

Micaglia's thesaurus is a trilingual dictionary in which the entry column is, though, organised as a monolingual dictionary: with a sequence of synonyms founded on dialectical contrasts, as well as definitions, and hyperonims as explanations. Thus, Štokavian-Čakavian terms are accompanied by Bosnian Franciscan words, turcisms, Raguseisms and Croatian words. It has thus been said to illustrate the lexical wealth of the "Illyrian regions".

From the cultural point of view, Micaglia's work was influenced by earlier works of Fausto Veranzio and Bartolomeo Cassio. It influenced the Croatian circle of lexicographers (among them Franciscans Divković, Toma Babić and Lovro Šitović), both in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His work is integral to development and standardization of Croatian modern language.

Works

  • Thesaurus linguae Illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum. In quo verba Illyrica Italice, et Latine redduntur, Romae: et sumptibus Sacrae congregationis de propaganda fide impressum, Loreto, apud Paulum et Io. Baptistam Seraphinum, 1649 (Thesaurus of Croatian or a Croatian Dictionary, in Which Croatian Words Are Translated into Italian and Latin) (Ancona, 1651). Blago jezika slovinskoga ili Slovnik u Komu izgovarajuse rjeci slovinske Latinski, i Diacki.
  • Bogoljubno razmiscgljanje od ocenascja Pokupgljeno iz kgniga Svetoga Tomme od Aquina Nauciteglja Anghjelskoga (God-Loving Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer Taken from the Books of St Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, Bratislava, 1642)

Printing of the "Thesaurus" was started by Serafini brothers in Loreto in 1649, and completed by O. Beltrano in Ancona in 1651.

References

  1. "Quando a Peschici gli slavi ... erano di casa" (in Italian). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  2. "IV.3". Italica.rai.it. Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  3. in Serbocroatian: Pještica
  4. Cod. Dipl. Tremiti, document n.47
  5. ^ «Ser Antonio de Stephano de Ragusio et Ser Marco de Johanne fanno costruire in società una nave de la portata de carra 250. Ditta costruzione debia avvenire in terra Peschice. La dispesa sarà di ducati 500» Cod. Dipl. Barl., 1570 vol. 10, n.28>
  6. ^ “In Peschice de Gargano si costruisce una nave pro parte Johannis de Natali de Ragusio, Baroli commorantis”. Il calefatore è Marinus de Ragusio.Cod. Dipl. Barl., 1570 vol. 10, n. 380>
  7. ^ (in Italian)3. RAI International Online - Lingue diverse dall’italiano in Italia Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
  8. (in Croatian) Vjesnik Inoslav Bešker: Hrvatski korijeni Peschichija, Nov 3, 1998
  9. (in Italian) Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza" - P. Giannone, Vita scritta da lui medesimo Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  10. The civil and religious experience of Peter Giannone G. Recuperati, 2005
  11. (in Italian) Pietro Giannone Opere Vol. 46, Tomo I
  12. ^ (in Croatian) IHJJ - About Jakov Mikalja Archived 2007-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
  13. IHJJ - Scanned page Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
  14. Darija Gabrić-Bagarić, "Dijalektna podloga riječnika Blago jezika slovinskoga..." Rasprave instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, kn.26 (2000), 45-58

Bibliography

External links

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