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| '''Foreign influence on Chinese martial arts''', or more specifically, ], is endorsed by the traditional ] claims and the claims of a majority of martial arts historians. Both versions agree that the foreign influence was vital on Shaolin temple's approach to ''institutionalized martial arts''. <ref></ref><ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit </ref> | |||
| The origins of Asian ] are diverse and scattered, having roots in various regions of Asia. Various ] ] reference the study of animal movements as inspiration for martial arts techniques. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ==Prehistory== | |||
| In an article by published in the ''New York Times'' Travel section in 1983, Christopher Wren asserts that organised martial traditions predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries.<ref name="NYTIMES"></ref> | |||
| The evolution of the martial arts has been described by historians in the context of countless historical battles. Building on the work of ] (], ]), Rudgley argues that ], as well as the martial arts of the ], ] and ] peoples, all have "roots in the prehistoric era and to a common ] ancestral people who inhabited north-eastern Asia."<ref>{{cite book | last = Rudgley | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Rudgley | title = The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age | orig-year = 1999 | year = 2000 | publisher = Simon & Schuster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Laughlin | first=William S. | author-link=William S. Laughlin | year=1961 | publication-date=2004 | contribution=Acquisition of Anatomical Knowledge by Ancient Man | editor-last=Washburn | editor-first=Sherwood L | editor-link=Sherwood Washburn | title=Social Life of Early Man | publication-place=London | publisher=Routledge | pages=150–175 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last=Marsh | first=Gordon H. | last2=Laughlin | first2=William S. | author2-link=William S. Laughlin | year=1956 | title=Human Anatomical Knowledge among the Aleutian Islanders | periodical=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=38–78 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt}}</ref> | |||
| ==India== | |||
| ==The Indian influence== | |||
| {{further|Indian martial arts}} | |||
| <!-- Unsourced image removed: ] --> | |||
| ''Dhanurveda'', a section found in the ] (1700 BC - 1100 BC) contains references to martial arts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Psychophysical Acting: An Intercultural Approach After Stanislavski|page=66|publisher=Routledge|author1=Phillip B. Zarrilli |author2=Peter Hulton }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|page=182|author1=Denise Cush |author2=Catherine A. Robinson |author3=Michael York |publisher=Psychology press}}</ref> Around the 3rd century BC, the ] taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in martial arts, while various ] finger movements were taught in ] Buddhism. These elements of ], as well as finger movements in the ''nata'' dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts.<ref name=Svinth>J. R. Svinth (2002). ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref><ref>The Bodhisattva Warriors : The Origin, Inner Philosophy, History, and Symbolism of the Buddhist Martial Art within India and China, by Terence Dukes (1994). Publisher: Yorkindo Beach, Me. {{ISBN|0877287856}}</ref><ref>The Spiritual Legacy of Shaolin Temple: Buddhism, Daoism, and the Energetic Arts - Page 78 by Andy James. Published 2004. Wisdom Publications. 179 pages. {{ISBN|0861713524}}</ref> | |||
| ===Establishment of the Shaolin temple under Batuo=== | |||
| The ]n ] master '''Buddhabhadra''' ({{zh-cp |c=跋陀 |p='''Bátuó'''}}) was the founding abbot and patriarch<ref>Faure, Bernard. , Princeton University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-691029-02-4 </ref> of the ].<ref> The founder of Shaolinsi</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| According to the ''Deng Feng County Recording'' (''Deng Feng Xian Zhi''), Bátuó came to China in 464 CE to preach ]. | |||
| Thirty-one years later, in 495, the Shaolin Monastery was built by the order of ] for Batuo's preaching.<ref></ref> The temple originally consisted of a round dome used as a shrine and a platform where Indian and Chinese monks translated Indian Buddhist scriptures into native Chinese languages. <ref> Legacy of Shaolin Fighting Monks by Salvatore Canzonieri</ref> | |||
| ] were an important influence in the development of a number of modern ], particularly within the ] (countries outside ] influenced by ] and religion) of ]. Examples include Indo-Malay ],<ref>Draeger, Donn F. (1992). ''Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia''. pg 23. Tuttle Publishing</ref> Burmese ], ] and ],<ref>Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts pg 155. Kodansha International.</ref> Filipino ] and ],<ref>Mark V. Wiley (1994). ''Filipino Martial Arts: Serrada Escrima'' pg21. Tuttle Publishing</ref> Thai ]<ref name=DraegerComp>Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. Kodansha International.</ref> and Cambodian ]. Indian martial arts also influenced the various forms of ], namely ] from ], ] from ], ] from ], ] from ] and ] from ].<ref name=DraegerComp/> | |||
| ===Bodhidharma=== | |||
| ], who is credited with the establishment of the ] and ] sects of Buddhism, <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref> arrived in ] during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple. | |||
| ==China== | |||
| Excerpts from author ''Simmone Kuo'''s ''Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan'' <ref>Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone Kuo</ref> are mentioned below :- | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese martial arts}} | |||
| Chinese boxing can be reliably traced back to the ] (1122-255 BC).<ref name="Draeger">{{cite book |last = Draeger & Smith |title = Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts |year = 1969 |isbn =978-0-87011-436-6 |pages = 15 }}</ref> During the ], the literature mentions displays of archery, fencing and wrestling by nobles. Warfare between rival states was conducted according to Confucian chivalry (deference to rank, attacking in turn, food sent to hungry enemies). During the ], warfare grew bloodier and common men were expected to have skill in personal attack (chi-chi).<ref name="Draeger"/> | |||
| Shaolin monastery records state that two of its very first monks, Huiguang and Sengchou, were expert in the martial arts years before the arrival of Bodhidharma.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Canzonieri, Salvatore |date=February–March 1998 | title = History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity | journal = Han Wei Wushu | volume = 3 | issue = 9 }}</ref> The martial arts '']'' and ''] Quan'' predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries<ref>{{cite journal | first = Salvatore | last = Canzonieri | title = The Emergence of the Chinese Martial Arts | journal = Han Wei Wushu | issue = 23 }}</ref> as does shǒubó (手搏). | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| Finding that the sedentary life often left the monks weak both in body and mind, Ta Mo decided to encourage physical discipline as well as meditation. He taught streching exercises from the Indian tradition of Yoga with which he was familiar. On their part, the Chinese monks were reminded of the native fighting techniques from their youth. A group of eighteen particulary dedicated monks then developed and refined a system of streching exercises and movements of what is now the core of Shao-lin Chuan, the source for all subsequent martial arts, including Tai Chi Chuan. The Chinese revere the eighteen monks to this day and venerate them as Lohans. | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| ] may have spread to China via the ] in the early 5th or 6th centuries of the common era and thus influenced ]. Elements from ], like the ], ], and the fierce ] were ] into protectors of ]; these mythical figures from the ]s figure prominently in ], ] and ] fighting.<ref>Wells, Marnix, and Naizhou Chang. Scholar Boxer: Chang Naizhou's Theory of Internal Martial Arts and the Evolution of Taijiquan. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, 2004, p. 23</ref> The religious figures from ] also figure in the movement and fighting techniques of Chinese martial arts.<ref>Wells, ''Scholar Boxer,'' p. 200</ref> Various styles of kung fu are known to contain movements that are identical to the ] hand positions used in ] and ], both of which derived from India.<ref>Johnson, Nathan J. Barefoot Zen: The Shaolin Roots of Kung Fu and Karate. York Beach, Me: S. Weiser, 2000, p. 48</ref> Similarly, the 108 pressure points in Chinese martial arts are believed by some to be based on the marmam points of Indian ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Subramaniam Phd. | first = P., (general editors) Dr. Shu Hikosaka, Asst. Prof. Norinaga Shimizu, & Dr. G. John Samuel, (translator) Dr. M. Radhika | title = Varma Cuttiram வர்ம சுத்திரம்: A Tamil Text on Martial Art from Palm-Leaf Manuscript | year = 1994 | publisher = Institute of Asian Studies | location = Madras | pages = 90 & 91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Reid Phd. | first = Howard, Michael Croucher | title = The Way of the Warrior: The Paradox of the Martial Arts | year = 1991 | publisher = Outlook Press | location = New York | isbn = 0879514337| pages = 58–85}}</ref> | |||
| This view is endorsed in many forms by the martial arts community and the Shaolin temple authorities alike. Grandmaster ], 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes <ref> Grandmaster ]'s Homepage</ref>:- | |||
| The predominant telling of the diffusion of the martial arts from India to China involves a 5th-century prince turned into a ] named ] who is said to have traveled to ], sharing his own style and thus creating ].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cephas, Shawn|date=Winter 1994|title=The Root of Warrior Priests in the Martial Arts|journal=]}}</ref> According to ], the Monk's creation of Shaolin arts "...marked a watershed in the history of kungfu, because it led to a change of course, as kungfu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense."<ref>Wong, Kiew Kit. ''The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment''. Tuttle martial arts. Boston, Mass: Tuttle, 2002, p. 13</ref> | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| ].]] | |||
| About 150 years later in CE 527 the great Bodhidharma, a prince-turned-monk, came from India to teach Zen at the Shaolin Monastery. Since then the Shaolin Monastery has become the fountainhead of Zen Buddhism, which is a major school of. Mahayana Buddhism. | |||
| The association of Bodhidharma with martial arts is attributed to Bodhidharma's own ], though its authorship has been disputed by several modern historians such as Tang Hao,<ref>{{cite book | author = Tang Hao 唐豪 | title = Shàolín Wǔdāng kǎo 少林武當考 | orig-year = 1930 | year = 1968 | publisher = Qílín tushu | location = Hong Kong 香港 | language = zh}}</ref> Xu Zhen and ].<ref name=Matsuda>{{cite book | author = Matsuda Ryuchi 松田隆智 | author-link = Ryuchi Matsuda | title = Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 | year = 1986 | publisher = Danqing tushu | location = Taipei 臺北 | language = zh}}</ref> The oldest known available copy of the Yi Jin Jing was published in 1827<ref name=Matsuda/> and the composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. According to Matsuda, none of the contemporary texts written about the Shaolin martial arts before the 19th century, such as Cheng Zongyou's ''Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method'' or Zhang Kongzhao's ''Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods'', mention Bodhidharma or credit him with the creation of the Shaolin martial arts. The association of Bodhidharma with the martial arts only became widespread after the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel ''The Travels of Lao Ts'an'' in ''Illustrated Fiction Magazine''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Henning | first=Stanley | title=Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan | journal=Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii | volume=2 | issue=3 | year=1994 | pages=1–7 | url=http://seinenkai.com/articles/henning/il&t.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621110700/http://seinenkai.com/articles/henning/il&t.pdf| url-status=usurped| archive-date=June 21, 2007|format=PDF }}.</ref> | |||
| Bodhidharma left behind as a legacy three great sets of exercise, namely Eighteen Lohan Hands, Sinew Metamorphosis and Marrow Cleansing. Eighteen Lohan Hands became the forerunner of Shaolin Kungfu, and Sinew Metamorphosis the forerunner of Shaolin Chi Kung. "Bone Marrow" in Chinese medical terms is not just the bone marrow in Western terms, but figuratively refers to the nerves. The great Bodhidharma is honoured and worshipped as the First Patriarch of the Shaolin arts, as well as of Zen Buddhism. | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| The discovery of arms caches in the monasteries of ] during government raids in 446 AD suggests that Chinese monks practiced martial arts prior to the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery in 497.<ref name=Henning2>{{cite journal | author = Henning, Stanley | year = 1999b | title = Martial Arts Myths of Shaolin Monastery, Part I: The Giant with the Flaming Staff | journal = Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii | volume = 5 | issue = 1 }}</ref> Moreover, Chinese monasteries, not unlike those of Europe, in many ways were effectively large landed estates, that is, sources of considerable wealth which required protection that had to be supplied by the monasteries' own manpower.<ref name=Henning2/> | |||
| Chinese martial arts, like martial arts of ] and India, have existed before the arrival of Bodhidharma. Bodhidharma's status in martial arts is due to his role in the ''institutionalization'' of Chinese martial arts, presumably by introducing excercises, meditation, discipline, newer techniques etc. to the native fighting methods during his tenure at the Shaolin monastery. <ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref> | |||
| ] (1839-1892)]] | |||
| It has also been suggested that these techniques which are the foundation for many martial arts today were never originally intended to be utilized as methods of fighting but were a manner in which the monks could attain enlightenment while preserving their bodies' health. <ref> The five holy mountains</ref><ref> Our Martial Arts History and Tradition: A Brief History Of Kempo by Prof. J. Roe</ref> Bodhidharma preached the notion of martial virtue "MartialArts are intended to promote spiritual development, not fighting." <ref> | |||
| Systematic study and training in ancient Chinese discipline of Shaolin Kung Fu Wushu for holistic health and self-defense, including the study of various aspects of Eastern philosophy and religions - International Curriculum Proposal </ref> The extensive development of these techniques by the Chinese monks over centuries led to modern day Shaolin Kung Fu. | |||
| ==Japan== | |||
| Bodhidharma is associated with the idea that spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence are an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment. | |||
| {{main article|Japanese martial arts}} | |||
| Such an approach to enlightenment ultimately | |||
| The historical origin of Japanese martial arts can be found in the warrior traditions of the ] and the ] that restricted the use of weapons by members of the non-warrior classes. Originally, samurai were expected to be proficient in many weapons, as well as unarmed combat, and attain the highest possible mastery of combat skills, for the purpose of glorifying either themselves or their lord. Over time, this purpose gave way to a philosophy of achieving spiritual goals by striving to perfect their martial skills.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Psychoanalysis and Eastern Thought|page=169|publisher=Suny press|first=John |last =Suler}}</ref> | |||
| proved highly attractive to the ] class in Japan, who made | |||
| ] their way of life, following their encounter with the | |||
| martial-arts-oriented Zen ] introduced to Japan by | |||
| ] in the ]. | |||
| ==Korea== | |||
| ===The Shaolin Temple mural=== | |||
| {{Main article|Korean martial arts}} | |||
| The Shaolin Temple in China contains fresco murals from the 17th century which depict dark-skinned (not black but similar in skin tone to Indians) monks teaching Chinese monks fighting forms. On the mural that survived three fires between 1644 to 1927, it says when translated from Chinese into Japanese script ''"Tenjiku Naranokaku"'' translating as ''"the fighting techniques to train the body which come from India."'' <ref> India and China </ref> | |||
| Wrestling, called ], and ] are the oldest forms of unarmed fighting in Korea. Besides being used to train soldiers, these were also popular among villagers during festivals, for dancing, mask performance and sport-fighting. The ancient Koreans did develop their own comprehensive system of unarmed weapon-based combat, but they had a preference for bows and arrows. It appears that during the ] dynasty, (37 BC – 668 AD) subak (empty-handed fighting), swordsmanship, bow and arrow, spear-fighting and horse riding were practiced. | |||
| In 1593, Korea received help from ] to win back ] from the Japanese. During one of the battles, the Koreans learned about a martial art manual titled ] (紀效新書), written by the Chinese military strategist ]. ] (1567–1608) took a personal interest in the book, and ordered his court to study the book. This led to the creation of the ] (무예제보, Hanja: 武藝諸譜) in 1599 by Han Gyo, who had studied the use of several weapons with the Chinese army. Soon this book was revised in the Muyejebo Seokjib and in 1759, the book was revised and published at the ] (Hangul: 무예신보, Hanja: 武藝新譜).<ref>Kim, Wee-hyun. "Muyedobo T'ongji: Illustrated Survey of the Martial arts." Korea Journal 26:8 (August 1986): 42-54.</ref> | |||
| ==Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece: Proposed foreign influences on India== | |||
| ] tombs are shown in the picture.]] | |||
| Many historians have theorised that Indian arts were influenced by other civilizations as well. Early martial arts can be traced to ] and ]. <ref> </ref> There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the ] and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase, with much commerce being handled by the ''"middlemen merchants from Dilmun"''. <ref>Neyland, R.S. (1992) “The seagoing vessels on Dilmun seals”, in D.H. Keith & T.L. Carrell (ed.), ''Underwater archaeology proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference at Kingston, Jamaica 1992'' pp. 68-74. Tucson (AZ): Society for Historical Archaeology.</ref> Ancient Egypt had trading relations with India. <ref> Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt. Publication: Popular-Science.Net. Date: April 1, 2004</ref><ref> New Proof Of Ancient India's Flourishing Trade With Rome by Anand Parthasarathy</ref> ] was in contact with India before ]. The Greek ] system was practiced by Alexander the Great's army.<ref> History and backgroud of Pankration</ref> It has been suggested that over time, concepts in primitive martial arts spread east to India, where they fell on fertile ground and began their development in relationship to ], ], and ], and were eventually transmitted to China.<ref> The Roots of Martial Arts</ref><ref> Martial Arts-Basic History by Rick Gill</ref> | |||
| In 1790, these two books formed the basis, together with other Korean, Chinese, and Japanese martial art manuals, of the richly illustrated ] (Hangul: 무예도보통지, Hanja: 武藝圖譜通志). The book does not refer to Taekkyon, but shows influences from Chinese and Japanese fighting systems. It deals mostly with armed combat like sword fighting, double-sword fighting, spear fighting, stick fighting, and so on. | |||
| ==Extent of acknowledgement of the foreign influence== | |||
| Like the ] or the ], <ref> The Neo-Orthodoxy of Donald Bloesch by W. Gary Crampton | |||
| </ref><ref> Bible and Revelation</ref><ref> The Real History of Islam by Dr. Michael Lamb</ref> the foreign influence on Chinese martial arts has also been subjected to historical revisionism. However, these attempts have been rejected by the larger martial arts community including authors, practitioners, major news institutions and martial arts institutions. | |||
| == Indonesia == | |||
| ===Conflicting theories=== | |||
| {{ |
{{main article|Indonesian martial arts}} | ||
| The Indonesian natives began to develop and formulate various style of combat and self-defence systems. Archaeological findings revealed that the origins of ] dates back to the sixth century, to the times of the ] empire on Sumatra and also the 13th century ] empire in East Java. Artifacts showed that this unique combat system had been used consistently through Indonesia’s history.<ref name="Wonderful">{{cite web |title=Silek Harimau Minangkabau: the True Martial Art of West Sumatra |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/467/padang/article/74/silek-harimau-minangkabau-seni-bela-diri-minangkabau |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708113338/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/467/padang/article/74/silek-harimau-minangkabau-seni-bela-diri-minangkabau |archive-date=8 July 2015 }}</ref> | |||
| Many accounts of Bodhidharma's life are largely legendary. <ref> Concise Encyclopedia Brittanica Article on Bodhidharma</ref> A minority of historians within the martial arts community have attempted to present various theories, conflicting in nature, in order to revise history associated with Bodhidharma. | |||
| ==Philippines== | |||
| Historian Matsuda Ryuchi dates the Yi Jin Jing, a text often associated with Bodhidharma, to 1827. <ref>{{cite book | author = Matsuda Ryuchi 松田隆智 | authorlink = Ryuchi Matsuda | title = Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 | year = 1986 | publisher = Danqing tushu | location = Taipei 臺北 | language = Chinese}}</ref> His claim is rejected by another historian Lin Boyuan, whose research dates it to 1624. <ref>Lin 1996:183</ref> | |||
| {{Main article|Filipino martial arts}} | |||
| Filipino martial arts are considered hybrid systems which incorporates elements from both ] and eastern martial arts. Its origins are Asian and come from a period wherein the various prehispanic Philippine states; ], ], ] and ]ates warred with each other, therefore producing a rich martial tradition with hundreds of schools as numerous as there are Filipino ethnic groups. It then incorporated Western elements when the Spaniards arrived from Mexico and they unified these prehispanic states unto one Filipino identity and thus, infused the Filipino martial arts with ] styles of combat. | |||
| During the Spanish period, Chinese and Japanese converts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-Japanese-Church-ready-to-celebrate-Takayama-Ukon,-samurai-of-Christ-28785.html|title=The Japanese Church ready to celebrate Takayama Ukon, "samurai of Christ" - Asia News|work=asianews.it}}</ref><references group="Notes" /> to Christianity who fled to the Philippines away from their homeland's persecution, also enriched Filipino martial arts with their own styles. The ] (Launched from India) and the ] also shaped Filipino martial arts up to a certain extent. Although the martial arts fell into disuse during the artillery-intensive ] and ], it became practical again during the ] especially to Guerillas. | |||
| Ling Tingkan concluded that the author of the Yì Jīn Jīng must have been an ''"ignorant village master."'' This claim has also been rejected by | |||
| Lin Boyuan who attributes the ''Yì Jīn Jīng'' to the ] priest Zining writing in 1624. <ref>Lin 1996:183</ref> | |||
| ==Vietnam== | |||
| Historian ] presents a version claiming that Bodhidharma did not exist at all, he is an entirely fictional creation, a proposal which conflicts with revisionist versions as presented by Matsuda Ryuchi, Lin Boyuan and Ling Tingkan. <ref>In his "Notes on some artists of the Six Dynasties and the Tang," ] asserts that all accounts of Bodhidharma are legendary.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main article|Vietnamese martial arts}} | |||
| Vietnamese martial arts are influenced by efforts to defend the country from foreign threats . The most influential in the country's martial arts is China with its thousand-year occupation of Vietnam. But through thousands of years of internal, civil strife: dynastic changes (]), foreign conquests, warlordism and guerrilla tactics, the Vietnamese martial artists used what they learned from their neighbors and evolved a unique form of martial arts. | |||
| The martial arts were used by Vietnamese kings to train their troops and to defend the country against enemies. In addition to the army, family clans and Buddhist temples cultivated a variety of styles to defend themselves.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} | |||
| Most accounts of martial arts history have credited the foreign influence, <ref> A Historical Prespective: The Origins of Kwon Bup, Chuan Fa, Kempo, Kuntao by Ian A. Cyrus, 9th Dan, Headmaster, Choson Kwon Bup International Chosondo Federation</ref> disregarding the conflicting theories. | |||
| ===The views from the martial arts community=== | |||
| Martial arts authors across the world, including June Lordi, <ref> Tai Chi by June Lordi</ref> Charles C. Goodin, <ref> Daruma: Determination and Zen training in Budo by Charles C. Goodin</ref> Hidetaka Nishiyama, <ref> Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand Fighting | |||
| By Richard C. Brown, Hidetaka Nishiyama </ref> Cezar Borkowski, <ref> The Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts | |||
| By Cezar Borkowski, Marion Manzo</ref> Simmone Kuo, <ref> Long Life, Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone L. Kuo</ref><ref> Yin-Yang in Tai-Chi Chuan and Daily Life by Simmone Kuo</ref> Robin L. Rielly, <ref> Karate for Kids by Robin L. Rielly</ref> Howard Reid, <ref> The Book of Soft Martial Arts: Finding Personal Harmony with Chi Kung, Hsing I, Pa Kua and T'ai Ch'i by Danny Connor and Howard Reid</ref> Liow Kah Joon and Kah Joon Liow, <ref> A Musical Journey: from the Great Wall of China to the water towns of Jiangnan by liow kah Joon, Kah Joon Liow</ref> Annellen M Simpkins and C Alexander Simpkins, <ref> Zen in Ten: Easy Lessons for Spiritual Growth by C. Alexander Simpkins, Annellen M. Simpkins</ref> Bruce Thomas, <ref> Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: A Biography by Bruce Thomas</ref> Thomas D. Seabourne and Yeon Hwan Park, <ref> Tae Kwon Do Techniques & Tactics by Thomas D. Seabourne, Yeon Hwan Park</ref> Steve De Masco, <ref> An American's Journey to the Shaolin Temple by Steve De Masco</ref> Stephen Kuei, <ref> Beginning Qigong: Chinese secrets for health and longevity by Stephen Kuei, Stephen Comee</ref> Pat Zukeran, <ref> Martial Arts by Pat Zukeran</ref><ref>Patrick Zukeran: The Origins and Popularity of the Martial Arts</ref> | |||
| Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes, <ref>Enter the Dragon? Wrestling with the martial arts phenomenon. Part I: The historical-philosophical backdrop by Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes</ref> Christopher Wren, ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref> Pete Hessler, <ref> Drinking Up Life In a Chinese Teahouse by Pete Hessler. Published: May 18, 1997</ref> | |||
| Prof. J. Roe, P. E. Katzer, <ref>History of Shotokan Karate by P. E. Katzer</ref> Joyotpaul Chaudhari, <ref> 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri | |||
| </ref> Dr. William Durbin <ref> The History of Teaching Methods used in the Martial Arts by Dr. William Durbin</ref> and Tony Sims <ref> Kempo Jitsu – Pre 1900 Martial Art System by Tony Sims</ref> have rejected the claims that that Chinese martial arts are independent of any foreign influence whatsoever. | |||
| The claims that that Chinese martial arts are independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including ], <ref> Breathing In and Breathing Out | |||
| In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi | |||
| </ref> ], <ref> Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna</ref> ], <ref>The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment | |||
| by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref> ], <ref>Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura</ref> ], <ref> Origins of Jiu-Jitsu at Carlosmachado.net</ref> and ]. <ref> History of Jiu-Jitsu</ref> | |||
| In addition, reputed organizations such as the ], <ref> How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC</ref> the ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref><ref> Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983</ref> ], <ref> Journey to self-discovery</ref><ref> Art most ancient by Karthi Sekar </ref><ref> The story of Bodhidharma</ref><ref> Zen and the art of storytelling</ref> and the ] <ref> Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel</ref> to name a few, have also rejected the claims that that Chinese martial arts are independent of any foreign influence. | |||
| Claims that that Chinese martial arts are independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by prestigious martial arts institutions, <ref> The history of Brazillian Jiu Jitsu - Gracie Barra</ref><ref> Phoenix International | |||
| Academy of Mixed Martial Arts</ref> including the ], <ref> The History of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu at Gracie Barra</ref> ], <ref> The History of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</ref> ] <ref> The beginning: Florida Federation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</ref> and the Shaolin temple. <ref> History Facts: The Founder Of Shaolinsi</ref> | |||
| ==Effect of stature within the Buddhist religion== | |||
| It must be also be noted that Bodhidharma was a religious figure. A measure of conflicting accounts, traditional and modern in nature, surrounds religious figures, including ], <ref>A Life of Jesus by Howard Nicholson Brown</ref><ref>On the trial of Jesus: on the Trial of Jesus 2a Stj 1 by Paul Winter</ref><ref>] <ref>Boddhisatva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature by H. Dayal</ref><ref>The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism by Hans Wolfgang</ref> and ]. <ref>The Succession to Mohammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate by Wilferd Madelung</ref><ref>A Force Profonde: The Power, Politics, and Promise of Human Rights by Edward A. Kolodziej</ref> However the conflicting accounts, traditional or modern, in case of religion are usually made insignificant in comparision by views commonly held by the vast majority. | |||
| In case of Bodhidharma, it is generally believed: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| Bodhidharma (c. 6th century CE) was the ] ] traditionally credited as the founder both of ] and ] sects of Buddhism. He is commonly associated with the ] school of the ]. It is generally agreed that he was a ] monk—possibly from ]—who journeyed to ] during the ] (502–557), from which he subsequently relocated northwards. | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
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| {{martial arts}} | |||
| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"><references /></div> | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *Introduction of Red Pine, translator; The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma. North Point Press, New York. (1987) | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Origins of Asian martial arts}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 05:01, 21 December 2024
The origins of Asian martial arts are diverse and scattered, having roots in various regions of Asia. Various Asian martial arts reference the study of animal movements as inspiration for martial arts techniques.
Prehistory
The evolution of the martial arts has been described by historians in the context of countless historical battles. Building on the work of Laughlin (1956, 1961), Rudgley argues that Mongolian wrestling, as well as the martial arts of the Chinese, Japanese and Aleut peoples, all have "roots in the prehistoric era and to a common Mongoloid ancestral people who inhabited north-eastern Asia."
India
Further information: Indian martial artsDhanurveda, a section found in the Vedas (1700 BC - 1100 BC) contains references to martial arts. Around the 3rd century BC, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in martial arts, while various mudra finger movements were taught in Yogacara Buddhism. These elements of yoga, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts.
Indian martial arts were an important influence in the development of a number of modern Asian martial arts, particularly within the Indian cultural sphere (countries outside India influenced by Indian culture and religion) of Southeast Asia. Examples include Indo-Malay silat, Burmese banshay, naban and bando, Filipino escrima and kali, Thai krabi krabong and Cambodian bokator. Indian martial arts also influenced the various forms of Indochinese kickboxing, namely Muay Thai from Thailand, Muay Lao from Laos, Tomoi from Malaysia, Pradal Serey from Cambodia and Lethwei from Myanmar.
China
Main article: Chinese martial artsChinese boxing can be reliably traced back to the Zhou dynasty (1122-255 BC). During the Spring and Autumn period, the literature mentions displays of archery, fencing and wrestling by nobles. Warfare between rival states was conducted according to Confucian chivalry (deference to rank, attacking in turn, food sent to hungry enemies). During the Warring States period, warfare grew bloodier and common men were expected to have skill in personal attack (chi-chi).
Shaolin monastery records state that two of its very first monks, Huiguang and Sengchou, were expert in the martial arts years before the arrival of Bodhidharma. The martial arts Shuāi Jiāo and Sun Bin Quan predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries as does shǒubó (手搏).
Indian martial arts may have spread to China via the transmission of Buddhism in the early 5th or 6th centuries of the common era and thus influenced Shaolin Kungfu. Elements from Indian philosophy, like the Nāga, Rakshasa, and the fierce Yaksha were syncretized into protectors of Dharma; these mythical figures from the Dharmic religions figure prominently in Shaolinquan, Chang quan and staff fighting. The religious figures from Dharmic religions also figure in the movement and fighting techniques of Chinese martial arts. Various styles of kung fu are known to contain movements that are identical to the Mudra hand positions used in Hinduism and Buddhism, both of which derived from India. Similarly, the 108 pressure points in Chinese martial arts are believed by some to be based on the marmam points of Indian varmakalai.
The predominant telling of the diffusion of the martial arts from India to China involves a 5th-century prince turned into a monk named Bodhidharma who is said to have traveled to Shaolin, sharing his own style and thus creating Shaolinquan. According to Wong Kiew Kit, the Monk's creation of Shaolin arts "...marked a watershed in the history of kungfu, because it led to a change of course, as kungfu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense."
The association of Bodhidharma with martial arts is attributed to Bodhidharma's own Yi Jin Jing, though its authorship has been disputed by several modern historians such as Tang Hao, Xu Zhen and Matsuda Ryuchi. The oldest known available copy of the Yi Jin Jing was published in 1827 and the composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. According to Matsuda, none of the contemporary texts written about the Shaolin martial arts before the 19th century, such as Cheng Zongyou's Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method or Zhang Kongzhao's Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods, mention Bodhidharma or credit him with the creation of the Shaolin martial arts. The association of Bodhidharma with the martial arts only became widespread after the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel The Travels of Lao Ts'an in Illustrated Fiction Magazine.
The discovery of arms caches in the monasteries of Chang'an during government raids in 446 AD suggests that Chinese monks practiced martial arts prior to the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery in 497. Moreover, Chinese monasteries, not unlike those of Europe, in many ways were effectively large landed estates, that is, sources of considerable wealth which required protection that had to be supplied by the monasteries' own manpower.
Japan
Main article: Japanese martial artsThe historical origin of Japanese martial arts can be found in the warrior traditions of the samurai and the caste system that restricted the use of weapons by members of the non-warrior classes. Originally, samurai were expected to be proficient in many weapons, as well as unarmed combat, and attain the highest possible mastery of combat skills, for the purpose of glorifying either themselves or their lord. Over time, this purpose gave way to a philosophy of achieving spiritual goals by striving to perfect their martial skills.
Korea
Main article: Korean martial artsWrestling, called Ssireum, and Taekkyon are the oldest forms of unarmed fighting in Korea. Besides being used to train soldiers, these were also popular among villagers during festivals, for dancing, mask performance and sport-fighting. The ancient Koreans did develop their own comprehensive system of unarmed weapon-based combat, but they had a preference for bows and arrows. It appears that during the Goguryeo dynasty, (37 BC – 668 AD) subak (empty-handed fighting), swordsmanship, bow and arrow, spear-fighting and horse riding were practiced.
In 1593, Korea received help from China to win back Pyongyang from the Japanese. During one of the battles, the Koreans learned about a martial art manual titled Ji Xiao Xin Shu (紀效新書), written by the Chinese military strategist Qi Jiguang. King Seonjo (1567–1608) took a personal interest in the book, and ordered his court to study the book. This led to the creation of the Muyejebo (무예제보, Hanja: 武藝諸譜) in 1599 by Han Gyo, who had studied the use of several weapons with the Chinese army. Soon this book was revised in the Muyejebo Seokjib and in 1759, the book was revised and published at the Muyesinbo (Hangul: 무예신보, Hanja: 武藝新譜).
In 1790, these two books formed the basis, together with other Korean, Chinese, and Japanese martial art manuals, of the richly illustrated Muyedobotongji (Hangul: 무예도보통지, Hanja: 武藝圖譜通志). The book does not refer to Taekkyon, but shows influences from Chinese and Japanese fighting systems. It deals mostly with armed combat like sword fighting, double-sword fighting, spear fighting, stick fighting, and so on.
Indonesia
Main article: Indonesian martial artsThe Indonesian natives began to develop and formulate various style of combat and self-defence systems. Archaeological findings revealed that the origins of Pencak Silat dates back to the sixth century, to the times of the Srivijaya empire on Sumatra and also the 13th century Majapahit empire in East Java. Artifacts showed that this unique combat system had been used consistently through Indonesia’s history.
Philippines
Main article: Filipino martial artsFilipino martial arts are considered hybrid systems which incorporates elements from both western and eastern martial arts. Its origins are Asian and come from a period wherein the various prehispanic Philippine states; Rajahnates, Kingdoms, Sultanates and Lakanates warred with each other, therefore producing a rich martial tradition with hundreds of schools as numerous as there are Filipino ethnic groups. It then incorporated Western elements when the Spaniards arrived from Mexico and they unified these prehispanic states unto one Filipino identity and thus, infused the Filipino martial arts with European styles of combat.
During the Spanish period, Chinese and Japanese converts to Christianity who fled to the Philippines away from their homeland's persecution, also enriched Filipino martial arts with their own styles. The British Occupation of Manila (Launched from India) and the Moro Wars also shaped Filipino martial arts up to a certain extent. Although the martial arts fell into disuse during the artillery-intensive Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War, it became practical again during the Japanese occupation especially to Guerillas.
Vietnam
Vietnamese martial arts are influenced by efforts to defend the country from foreign threats . The most influential in the country's martial arts is China with its thousand-year occupation of Vietnam. But through thousands of years of internal, civil strife: dynastic changes (dynasties), foreign conquests, warlordism and guerrilla tactics, the Vietnamese martial artists used what they learned from their neighbors and evolved a unique form of martial arts.
The martial arts were used by Vietnamese kings to train their troops and to defend the country against enemies. In addition to the army, family clans and Buddhist temples cultivated a variety of styles to defend themselves.
References
- Rudgley, Richard (2000) . The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. Simon & Schuster.
- Laughlin, William S. (1961). "Acquisition of Anatomical Knowledge by Ancient Man". In Washburn, Sherwood L (ed.). Social Life of Early Man. London: Routledge (published 2004). pp. 150–175..
- Marsh, Gordon H.; Laughlin, William S. (1956). "Human Anatomical Knowledge among the Aleutian Islanders". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 38–78.
- ] harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREF (help)
- Phillip B. Zarrilli; Peter Hulton. Psychophysical Acting: An Intercultural Approach After Stanislavski. Routledge. p. 66.
- Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Psychology press. p. 182.
- J. R. Svinth (2002). A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports. Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences.
- The Bodhisattva Warriors : The Origin, Inner Philosophy, History, and Symbolism of the Buddhist Martial Art within India and China, by Terence Dukes (1994). Publisher: Yorkindo Beach, Me. ISBN 0877287856
- The Spiritual Legacy of Shaolin Temple: Buddhism, Daoism, and the Energetic Arts - Page 78 by Andy James. Published 2004. Wisdom Publications. 179 pages. ISBN 0861713524
- Draeger, Donn F. (1992). Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia. pg 23. Tuttle Publishing
- Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts pg 155. Kodansha International.
- Mark V. Wiley (1994). Filipino Martial Arts: Serrada Escrima pg21. Tuttle Publishing
- ^ Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. Kodansha International.
- ^ Draeger & Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6.
- Canzonieri, Salvatore (February–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu. 3 (9).
- Canzonieri, Salvatore. "The Emergence of the Chinese Martial Arts". Han Wei Wushu (23).
- Wells, Marnix, and Naizhou Chang. Scholar Boxer: Chang Naizhou's Theory of Internal Martial Arts and the Evolution of Taijiquan. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, 2004, p. 23
- Wells, Scholar Boxer, p. 200
- Johnson, Nathan J. Barefoot Zen: The Shaolin Roots of Kung Fu and Karate. York Beach, Me: S. Weiser, 2000, p. 48
- Subramaniam Phd., P., (general editors) Dr. Shu Hikosaka, Asst. Prof. Norinaga Shimizu, & Dr. G. John Samuel, (translator) Dr. M. Radhika (1994). Varma Cuttiram வர்ம சுத்திரம்: A Tamil Text on Martial Art from Palm-Leaf Manuscript. Madras: Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 90 & 91.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Reid Phd., Howard, Michael Croucher (1991). The Way of the Warrior: The Paradox of the Martial Arts. New York: Outlook Press. pp. 58–85. ISBN 0879514337.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Cephas, Shawn (Winter 1994). "The Root of Warrior Priests in the Martial Arts". Kung Fu Magazine.
- Wong, Kiew Kit. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment. Tuttle martial arts. Boston, Mass: Tuttle, 2002, p. 13
- Tang Hao 唐豪 (1968) . Shàolín Wǔdāng kǎo 少林武當考 (in Chinese). Hong Kong 香港: Qílín tushu.
- ^ Matsuda Ryuchi 松田隆智 (1986). Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 (in Chinese). Taipei 臺北: Danqing tushu.
- Henning, Stanley (1994). "Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan" (PDF). Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii. 2 (3): 1–7. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007..
- ^ Henning, Stanley (1999b). "Martial Arts Myths of Shaolin Monastery, Part I: The Giant with the Flaming Staff". Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii. 5 (1).
- Suler, John. Contemporary Psychoanalysis and Eastern Thought. Suny press. p. 169.
- Kim, Wee-hyun. "Muyedobo T'ongji: Illustrated Survey of the Martial arts." Korea Journal 26:8 (August 1986): 42-54.
- "Silek Harimau Minangkabau: the True Martial Art of West Sumatra". Wonderful Indonesia. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- "The Japanese Church ready to celebrate Takayama Ukon, "samurai of Christ" - Asia News". asianews.it.
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