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{{short description|Biblical figure, son of Noah}}
'''Shem''' ('''שֵׁם''' "renown; prosperity; name", ] '''Šem''', ] '''Šēm'''; ] '''Σημ''', '''Sēm'''; '''{{lang|ar|سام}}''') was one of the ] in the ]. He is most popularly regarded as the eldest son, though some traditions regard him as the second son. Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother Japheth, but with sufficient ambiguity in each to have yielded different translations. The verse is translated in the ] as "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of '''Japheth the elder''', even to him were children born.". However, the ] gives, "Also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, and the '''older brother of Japheth''', children were born."
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shem
| alt =
| image = Shem02.jpg
| caption = Portrait from '']'' (1553) by ]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation =
| parents =
| family = ] and ] (brothers)
| father = ]
| children = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]
}}
] and ]'' by ] {{ca}} 1900. Shem is on the far right with stereotypically Asian features.]]


He is mentioned in ] 5:32, 6:10; 7:13; 9:18,23,26-27; 10; 11:10; also in ] 1:4. '''Shem''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɛ|m}}; {{langx|he|שֵׁם}} ''Šēm''; {{langx|ar|سَام|Sām}}){{Efn|{{langx|el|Σήμ}} ''Sḗm''; ]: ሴም, ''Sēm''}} is one of the ] in the ] (] 5–11<ref>Genesis 5:32, 6:10; 7:13; 9:18, 23, 26–27; 10; 11:10</ref> and ] 1:4).


The children of Shem are ], ], ], ] and ], in addition to unnamed daughters. ], the patriarch of ], ], and ], is one of the descendants of Arphaxad.
Genesis 11:10 records that Shem was 100 years old at the birth of to Arpachshad two years after the flood, making him 98 at the time of the flood; and that he lived for another 500 years after this, making his age at death 600 years. With such numbers, calculations such as those of ] would suggest that Shem was still alive when ] was born.


In ] and ] tradition he was considered to be the ancestor of the ],<ref name="Medieval 1983, pp. 375-90">{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Reynolds |date=October 1983 |title=Medieval ''Origines Gentium'' and the Community of the Realm |journal=] |location=] |publisher=] |volume=68 |issue=224 |pages=375–390 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02193.x |jstor=24417596}}</ref><ref name="Ivane Javakhishvili 1950, pp. 130">] (1950), ''Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East''. ], pp. 130–135 (in ]).</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kidd |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Kidd |year=2004 |orig-date=1999 |title=British Identities Before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2EIlJISeUMC&pg=PA28 |location=] |publisher=] |isbn=0-521-62403-7 |pages=28–31}}</ref> and he gives his name to the title "]" formerly given to West Asian peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/who-are-the-semites/|title=Who Are the Semites?}}</ref>
The children of Shem were ], ], ], ] and ], in addition to daughters. In the ], Luke lists the genealogy of ] from Adam through Shem, ] and ].


Islamic literature describes Shem as one of the believing sons of ]. Some sources even identify Shem as a prophet in his own right and that he was the next prophet after his father.<ref>Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). "Shem". In the ''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism''. p. 301</ref>
Shem was the progenitor of the south-western nations of ], being the father of Elam (]), ] (]), ] or Arpachaxad (according to ], ]), from whom descended the ] and ], ] (]) and ] (]). </br>
], {{circa|100 AD}}); Shem's sons are in green.]]


==In the Bible==
Terms like "Shemites" and "sons" of an ]ous "father" in general, are not supported outside of religious studies by modern historical scholarship. In the ] (and in the ]), the earliest attempts at arriving at an ] that would explain the contemporary sense that there were relative similarities and differences among neighboring or distant tribes, was expressed in terms of ]; an approach reflected in terms like "Semite" and "Hamite". Neither "]" nor "Hamite" are broadly used now, and are sometimes perceived as offensive, because of their "]" connotations.


===Genesis 10===
However, the adjectival forms "]" and "]," are more accepted, though the vague term 'Hamitic' dropped out of mainstream academic use in the ]. "]" remains an indispensable technical term for, in particular, the ], as a subset of the ], which show the common linguistic heritage of ], ], ], ], ], and ] languages.
Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother ], but with sufficient ambiguity to have yielded different English translations. The verse is translated in the ] as: "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of ], the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born."<ref name=Gen10-21-KJV>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|10:21 KJV|KJV}}</ref> However, the ] gives: "Also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, and the older brother of Japheth, children were born".<ref name=Gen10-21-NASB>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|10:21 NASB|NASB}}</ref>


According to Genesis 10:22–31 (]):
Semitic is also used in the fixed phrase "]" to refer to racial, ethnic or cultural prejudice exclusively aiming Jews.
:''22'' The sons of Shem: Elam, and Asshur, and Arpachshad, and Lud, and Aram. ''23'' And the sons of Aram: Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. ''24'' And Arpachshad begot Shelah; and Shelah begot Eber. ''25'' And unto Eber were born two sons; the name of the one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan. ''26'' And Joktan begot Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah; ''27'' and Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah; ''28'' and Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba; ''29'' and Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan. ''30'' And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest toward Sephar, unto the mountain of the east. ''31'' These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. ''32'' These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations; and of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.<ref name=Gen10-21-31-JPSAV>{{cite book|title=The Holy Scriptures |location=Philadelphia|publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America|year=1917|chapter=Genesis 10:22–31 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/Bible_(Jewish_Publication_Society_1917)/Genesis}}</ref>


===Genesis 11===
According to some Jewish traditions (E.g., B. ] Nedarim 32b; ] 46:7; Genesis Rabbah 56:10; Leviticus Rabbah 25:6; Numbers Rabbah 4:8.), Shem is believed to have been ], King of Salem whom Abraham is recorded to have met after the battle of the four kings.
Genesis 11:10 records that Shem was 100 years old at the birth of ], two years after the ]; and that he lived for another 500 years after this, making his age at death 600 years.


Excerpts from Genesis 11:10–27—(''Jewish Publication Society'' translation of 1917):
Shem was also one of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker's two sons in James Joyce's novel, "]."
:'Shem was a hundred years old, and begot Arpachshad two years after the flood. ... Arpachshad lived five and thirty years, and begot Shelah. ''13'' And Arpachshad lived after he begot Shelah ... Shelah lived thirty years, and begot Eber. ... Eber lived four and thirty years, and begot Peleg. ... Peleg lived thirty years, and begot Reu. ... Reu lived two and thirty years, and begot Serug. '... Serug lived thirty years, and begot Nahor. ... Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and begot Terah. ... Terah lived seventy years, and begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran. ... and Haran begot Lot.


==In later Jewish sources==
Incidentally, the name would also be reused by the ] promotion ], which named its spinoff league '''SEM''' (albeit originally "SHEM") in a deliberate reference to the son of Noah (whose story is directly referenced in NOAH's name and logo as well).
The 1st-century historian ] told a legendary, non-scriptural account that Shem's five sons were the progenitors of the nations of ], ], ], ], and ]ine, respectively.<ref>Flavius Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'', trans. William Whiston (University of Cambridge, 1737): book 1, ch. 6, v. 4; online at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-1.html</ref>


According to some Jewish traditions (e.g., ] ] 32b; ]h 46:7; Genesis Rabbah 56:10; ] 25:6; ] 4:8.), Shem is believed to have been ], King of Salem, whom Abraham is recorded to have met after the ].{{Cn|date=November 2022}}
== Genealogies according to "Book of Jahser"==


A book claiming to be the lost "]" that appeared around ], and is widely regarded as a forgery, provides some names not found in any other source. Some have reconstructed more complete genealogies based on this information as follows: A rabbinic document that surfaced in the 17th century, claiming to be the lost ], provides some names not found in any other source.{{huh|date=December 2019}}


=={{anchor|Sam}} In Islam==
Shem. Also Sem. Literal meanings are named or renown (father of the Semitic races - Shemites). The sons of Shem were:
===Sunni Islam===
Shem is regarded by scholars to be the successor to Noah, receiving prophetic knowledge, enlightenment, and leadership of his people. Shem was also one of the people whom ] resurrect as a sign to the ].<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Ibn Kathir, ''Story of Jesus''</ref> Early Islamic historians like ] and ] always included Shem's name in the genealogy of ].<ref>Ibn Ishāq, ''Sīrat Rasūl Allāh'', tr. A. Guillaume (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 3</ref>


===Shi'a Islam===
* Elam "eternity" (sons were Shushan, Machul and Harmon) - (], ])
In a ] tradition Imam ] has narrated to his companions that ] visited ] close to the time of his death, relaying God's message: "Oh Noah! Your prophethood has expired and your days are complete, so look to the Great Name, the inheritance and effects of the knowledge of prophethood, and hand these over to your son, Sam (Shem), for I do not leave the Earth except that there is a knowledgeable one by which obedience to Me (God) can be recognized..."<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=al-Kulayni |first1=Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb |title=Al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=Islamic Seminary Incorporated |location=NY |isbn=9780991430864 |edition=Volume 8 }}</ref>


==In Gnosticism==
* Asshur "a step" or "strong" (sons were Mirus and Mokil) - (] and Northern ]);
The ], which contains ideas unique to other ] scriptures,<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Marvin|author-last1=Meyer|author-link1=Marvin Meyer|author-first2=Willis|author-last2=Barnstone|author-link2=Willis Barnstone|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=]|chapter=The Paraphrase of Shem|quote=The document defies any obvious classification: though gnostic, it shares few features with other Sethian literature|date=June 30, 2009|isbn=9780834824140|page=438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXf8jPbHA14C&q=Shem%20document}}</ref> states that Shem was the first being on Earth. Unlike traditional ] literature, ] is not seen as the father of the followers of Gnosticism, rather it is Shem, who receives a divine revelation from a spiritual savior named Derkedeas. Shem later helps bring his universal teaching of ] to humanity before the ] attempt to destroy the world with a ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=]|author2=]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=]|chapter=The Paraphrase of Shem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEFmwEACAAJ|date=June 30, 2009|isbn=9781590306314 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>


==In Mandaeism==
* Arphaxad "I shall fail" (sons were Shelach, Anar and Ashcol) - (Chaldeans, Southern ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and related groups);
{{See also|Sam Ziwa}}
In ] scriptures such as the ] and ], Shem is referred to as ''Šum'' (or Shum; pronounced in ] as ''Šom'' (Shom)).<ref name="Häberl 2022">{{cite book | last=Häberl | first=Charles | url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781800856271 | title=The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire | location=Liverpool | publisher=Liverpool University Press | date=2022 | isbn=978-1-80085-627-1 | page=10| doi=10.3828/9781800856271 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> Shem is sometimes considered to be the progenitor of the ] and a prophet.<ref name=BSN>{{cite web|author=Brikhah S. Nasoraia|title=Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion|year=2012|url=http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf |page=45}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran|publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press|year=1937 |page=186}}</ref>


==Family tree==
* Lud "strife" (sons were Pethor and Bizayon) - (Ludim, Lubim, Ludians, Ludu, ], Chubs, ], and other related groups in ] and ]);
{{See also|Abraham's family tree}}


The following family tree contains information from the ], without data from any other sources.
* Aram "exalted" (sons were Uz, Chul, Gather and Mash) - (], ], ], other related groups), and remnant groups throughout ], the ], and ].

{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | SHM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SHM=Shem}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| ELA | | ASH | | ARP | | LUD | | | | | | ARA | | | | | | |ELA=]|ASH=]|ARP=]|LUD=]|ARA=] }}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | SHE | | UZZ | | HUL | | GET | | MAS |SHE=]|UZZ=]|HUL=]|GET=]|MAS=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | EBE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EBE=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | PEL | | JOK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PEL=]|JOK=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | REU | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |REU=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |!| | | JOK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JOK=]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | Srg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Srg=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | NAH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||NAH=]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | | | | | | TER | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |TER=]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart| | Abm |~| Srh | | Nhr | | Hrn | | | | | | | | | | | | |Srh=]|Abm=''']'''|Hgr=]|Nhr=]|Hrn=]}}
{{chart/end}}

==In popular culture==
], from the first ] version of ]'s '']'' (] 1472), identifies the three known continents (], ] and ]) as respectively populated by descendants of ''Sem'' (Shem), ''Iafeth'' (Japheth) and ''Cham'' (]).]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Actor
!Note
|-
|1928
|]
|]
|Second role
|-
|1936
|]
|]
|All-black cast
|-
|1966
|'']''
|Peter Heinze
|
|-
|1988
|'']''
|]
|Named as 'Sam'
|-
|1999
|] (miniseries)
|]
|
|-
|2007
|]
|]
|Animation film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" |]
|] (juvenile)
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|] (adult)
|-
|2015
|]
|]
|
|}


==See also== ==See also==
*] * ]
*]
*]
*]
{{Adam to David}}


==Notes==
]
{{notelist|30em}}
]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
: {{cite book |last1=Kishik |first1=David |title=The Book of Shem: On Genesis before Abraham |year=2018 |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmLtAEACAAJ|isbn=9781503606760}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Shem}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Sem (Shem)}}

{{Sons of Noah}}
{{Adam to David}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Noah's Ark}}
{{Muslim saints}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Shem}}
]
] ]
]
]
] ]
]
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Latest revision as of 18:58, 22 December 2024

Biblical figure, son of Noah For other uses, see Shem (disambiguation).
Shem
Portrait from Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum (1553) by Guillaume Rouillé
ChildrenElam
Ashur
Arphaxad
Lud
Aram
FatherNoah
FamilyJapheth and Ham (brothers)
Shem, Ham and Japheth by James Tissot c. 1900. Shem is on the far right with stereotypically Asian features.

Shem (/ʃɛm/; Hebrew: שֵׁם Šēm; Arabic: سَام, romanized: Sām) is one of the sons of Noah in the Bible (Genesis 5–11 and 1 Chronicles 1:4).

The children of Shem are Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud and Aram, in addition to unnamed daughters. Abraham, the patriarch of Jews, Christians, and Muslims, is one of the descendants of Arphaxad.

In medieval and early modern European tradition he was considered to be the ancestor of the peoples of Asia, and he gives his name to the title "Semites" formerly given to West Asian peoples.

Islamic literature describes Shem as one of the believing sons of Noah. Some sources even identify Shem as a prophet in his own right and that he was the next prophet after his father.

Geographic identifications for the Sons of Noah (Flavius Josephus, c. 100 AD); Shem's sons are in green.

In the Bible

Genesis 10

Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother Japheth, but with sufficient ambiguity to have yielded different English translations. The verse is translated in the King James Version as: "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born." However, the New American Standard Bible gives: "Also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, and the older brother of Japheth, children were born".

According to Genesis 10:22–31 (Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917):

22 The sons of Shem: Elam, and Asshur, and Arpachshad, and Lud, and Aram. 23 And the sons of Aram: Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. 24 And Arpachshad begot Shelah; and Shelah begot Eber. 25 And unto Eber were born two sons; the name of the one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan. 26 And Joktan begot Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah; 27 and Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah; 28 and Obal, and Abimael, and Sheba; 29 and Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab; all these were the sons of Joktan. 30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest toward Sephar, unto the mountain of the east. 31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. 32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations; and of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

Genesis 11

Genesis 11:10 records that Shem was 100 years old at the birth of Arphaxad, two years after the flood; and that he lived for another 500 years after this, making his age at death 600 years.

Excerpts from Genesis 11:10–27—(Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917):

'Shem was a hundred years old, and begot Arpachshad two years after the flood. ... Arpachshad lived five and thirty years, and begot Shelah. 13 And Arpachshad lived after he begot Shelah ... Shelah lived thirty years, and begot Eber. ... Eber lived four and thirty years, and begot Peleg. ... Peleg lived thirty years, and begot Reu. ... Reu lived two and thirty years, and begot Serug. '... Serug lived thirty years, and begot Nahor. ... Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and begot Terah. ... Terah lived seventy years, and begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran. ... and Haran begot Lot.

In later Jewish sources

The 1st-century historian Flavius Josephus told a legendary, non-scriptural account that Shem's five sons were the progenitors of the nations of Elam, Assyria, Chaldea, Lydia, and Levantine, respectively.

According to some Jewish traditions (e.g., B. Talmud Nedarim 32b; Genesis Rabbah 46:7; Genesis Rabbah 56:10; Leviticus Rabbah 25:6; Numbers Rabbah 4:8.), Shem is believed to have been Melchizedek, King of Salem, whom Abraham is recorded to have met after the Battle of the Four Kings.

A rabbinic document that surfaced in the 17th century, claiming to be the lost Book of Jasher, provides some names not found in any other source.

In Islam

Sunni Islam

Shem is regarded by scholars to be the successor to Noah, receiving prophetic knowledge, enlightenment, and leadership of his people. Shem was also one of the people whom Allah resurrect as a sign to the Children of Israel. Early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included Shem's name in the genealogy of Muhammad.

Shi'a Islam

In a Shiite tradition Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq has narrated to his companions that Jibrael visited Noah close to the time of his death, relaying God's message: "Oh Noah! Your prophethood has expired and your days are complete, so look to the Great Name, the inheritance and effects of the knowledge of prophethood, and hand these over to your son, Sam (Shem), for I do not leave the Earth except that there is a knowledgeable one by which obedience to Me (God) can be recognized..."

In Gnosticism

The Paraphrase of Shem, which contains ideas unique to other Gnostic scriptures, states that Shem was the first being on Earth. Unlike traditional Sethian literature, Seth is not seen as the father of the followers of Gnosticism, rather it is Shem, who receives a divine revelation from a spiritual savior named Derkedeas. Shem later helps bring his universal teaching of secret knowledge to humanity before the forces of darkness attempt to destroy the world with a great flood.

In Mandaeism

See also: Sam Ziwa

In Mandaean scriptures such as the Ginza Rabba and Qulasta, Shem is referred to as Šum (or Shum; pronounced in Modern Mandaic as Šom (Shom)). Shem is sometimes considered to be the progenitor of the Mandaeans and a prophet.

Family tree

See also: Abraham's family tree

The following family tree contains information from the Hebrew Bible, without data from any other sources.

Shem
ElamAshurArpachshadLudAram
SalahUzHulGetherMash
Eber
PelegJoktan
Reu
Almodad
Sheleph
Hazarmaveth
Jerah
Hadoram
Uzal
Diklah
Obal
Abimael
Sheba
Ophir
Havilah
Jobab
Serug
Nahor
Terah
AbrahamSarahNahorHaran

In popular culture

This T and O map, from the first printed version of Isidore's Etymologiae (Augsburg 1472), identifies the three known continents (Asia, Europe and Africa) as respectively populated by descendants of Sem (Shem), Iafeth (Japheth) and Cham (Ham).
Year Film Actor Note
1928 Noah's Ark Malcolm Waite Second role
1936 The Green Pastures Ray Martin All-black cast
1966 The Bible: In the Beginning... Peter Heinze
1988 Stowaways on the Ark Stefan Gossler Named as 'Sam'
1999 Noah's Ark (miniseries) Mark Bazeley
2007 Noah's Ark Oscar Cheda Animation film
2014 Noah Gavin Casalegno (juvenile)
Douglas Booth (adult)
2015 The Ark Michael Fox

See also

Notes

  1. Greek: Σήμ Sḗm; Ge'ez: ሴም, Sēm

References

  1. Genesis 5:32, 6:10; 7:13; 9:18, 23, 26–27; 10; 11:10
  2. Reynolds, Susan (October 1983). "Medieval Origines Gentium and the Community of the Realm". History. 68 (224). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell: 375–390. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02193.x. JSTOR 24417596.
  3. Javakhishvili, Ivane (1950), Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East. Tbilisi, pp. 130–135 (in Georgian).
  4. Kidd, Colin (2004) . British Identities Before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 0-521-62403-7.
  5. "Who Are the Semites?".
  6. Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). "Shem". In the Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. p. 301
  7. Genesis 10:21 KJV
  8. Genesis 10:21 NASB
  9. "Genesis 10:22–31". The Holy Scriptures. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1917.
  10. Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston (University of Cambridge, 1737): book 1, ch. 6, v. 4; online at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-1.html
  11. Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Story of Jesus
  12. Ibn Ishāq, Sīrat Rasūl Allāh, tr. A. Guillaume (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 3
  13. al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb (2015). Al-Kafi (Volume 8 ed.). NY: Islamic Seminary Incorporated. ISBN 9780991430864.
  14. Meyer, Marvin; Barnstone, Willis (June 30, 2009). "The Paraphrase of Shem". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. p. 438. ISBN 9780834824140. The document defies any obvious classification: though gnostic, it shares few features with other Sethian literature
  15. Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (June 30, 2009). "The Paraphrase of Shem". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. ISBN 9781590306314. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  16. Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 10. doi:10.3828/9781800856271 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  17. Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion" (PDF). p. 45.
  18. Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. p. 186.

Bibliography

Kishik, David (2018). The Book of Shem: On Genesis before Abraham. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503606760.

External links

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