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{{short description|British weekly magazine of humour and satire}} {{Short description|British weekly satirical magazine, 1841–2002}}
{{about|the British magazine|other publications|Punch (disambiguation)#Periodicals{{!}}Punch § Periodicals}} {{about|the British magazine|other publications|Punch (disambiguation)#Periodicals{{!}}Punch § Periodicals}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}} {{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox magazine {{Infobox magazine
| title = Punch | title = Punch, or The London Charivari
| image_file = Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png | image_file = Punch volume 1 cover (1841).png
| image_size = 200px | image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Cover of the first ''Punch, or The London Charivari'', depicts Punch hanging a caricatured ], 1841 (see ] for enlarged detail) | image_caption = Cover of the first ''Punch, or The London Charivari'', depicts Punch hanging a caricatured ], 1841 (see ] for enlarged detail).
| company = | company =
| paid_circulation = | paid_circulation =
| unpaid_circulation = | unpaid_circulation =
| total_circulation = | total_circulation =
| circulation_year = | circulation_year =
| frequency = Weekly | frequency = Weekly
| language = English | language = English
| category = Politics, culture, humour, satire | category = Politics, culture, humour and satire
| editor = | editor =
| editor_title = Editor | editor_title = Editor
| founder = ], ] | founder = {{ubl|]|]}}
| founded = 1841 | founded = 1841
| firstdate = 17 July 1841 | firstdate = 17 July 1841
| lastdate = 1992 | lastdate = 2002
| political = | political =
| country = United Kingdom | country = United Kingdom
| based = London | based = London
| website = {{URL|http://www.punch.co.uk/}} | website = {{URL|http://www.punch.co.uk/}}
}} }}


'''''Punch; or, The London Charivari''''' was a British weekly magazine of humour and ] established in 1841 by ] and wood-engraver ]. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "]" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. '''''Punch, or The London ]''''' was a British weekly magazine of ] and ] established in 1841 by ] and wood-engraver ]. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "]" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at ''Punch'' included ] who, from 1850, was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years. The editors took the anarchic puppet Mr Punch, of ], as their mascot—the character appears in many magazine covers—with the character also an inspiration for the magazine's name.
After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002. With its satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene, ''Punch'' became a household name in Victorian Britain. Sales of 40,000 copies a week by 1850 rose above 100,000 by 1910. After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.


== History == == History ==
''Punch'' was founded on 17 July 1841 by ] and wood-engraver ], on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and ]. It was subtitled ''The London Charivari'' in homage to ]'s French satirical humour magazine '']''.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=14}} Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of ]; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "] is nothing without lemon". Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 "Almanack" issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties the magazine was sold to ], both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for ] and ]. ''Punch'' was founded on 17 July 1841 by ] and wood-engraver ], on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and ]. It was subtitled ''The London Charivari'' in homage to ]'s French satirical humour magazine '']''.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=14}} Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of ]; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "] is nothing without lemon".<ref>{{cite news |title='The First Cartoonist': Linley Sambourne and Punch Magazine |url=https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/museums/first-cartoonist-linley-sambourne-and-punch-magazine |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.gov.uk and}}</ref>
Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 ''Almanack'' issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to ], both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for ] and ].


===Cartoon terminology=== ===Cartoon terminology===
], ''Substance and Shadow'' (1843), published as ''Cartoon, No. 1'']]
The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in ''Punch'' in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or {{lang|it|cartone}} in Italian. ''Punch'' humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the ''Punch'' cartoons led to the term's widespread use.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=15}} The term "]" to refer to comic drawings was first used in ''Punch'' in 1843, when the ] were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or {{lang|it|cartone}} in Italian. ''Punch'' humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the ''Punch'' cartoons led to the term's widespread use.{{sfn|Appelbaum|Kelly|1981|p=15}}


===Artistry=== ===Artistry===
The illustrator ] designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though ] designed what became the magazine's ] in 1849. Artists who published in ''Punch'' during the 1840s and 50s included ], ], ] and ]. This group became known as "The ''Punch'' Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving ] in 1843.<ref name=vicweb/> ''Punch'' authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called '']'' (est.1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from '']''.<ref name=vicweb/> Illustrator ] designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though ] designed what became the magazine's ] in 1849. Artists who published in ''Punch'' during the 1840s and 1850s included ], Doyle, ], and ]. This group became known as "The ''Punch'' Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving ] in 1843.<ref name=vicweb/> ''Punch'''s authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called '']'' (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from '']''.<ref name=vicweb/>

] contributed nineteen drawings to ''Punch'' and is recognised as its first woman contributor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spielman|first=M|title=The History of 'Punch'|year=1895|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coode, Helen Hoppner|url=https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|url-status=live|website=Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132137/https://dvpp.uvic.ca/prs_2620.html|archive-date=Mar 27, 2023}}</ref>


===Liberal competition=== ===Liberal competition===
In the 1860s and 1870s, conservative ''Punch'' faced competition from upstart liberal journal '']'', but after about 1874, ''Fun''&apos;s fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "Round tables" in competition with each other.<ref>See (copy downloaded 13 October 2006). {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the 1860s and '70s, conservative ''Punch'' faced competition from upstart liberal journal '']'', but after about 1874, ''Fun'''s fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.<ref>See (copy downloaded 13 October 2006). {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
⚫ ], originally published in 1895]]


===Gaining a market and relations with other papers=== ===Gaining a market and relations with other papers===
After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, ''Punch'' became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. '']'' and the Sunday paper '']'' used small pieces from ''Punch'' as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. ''Punch'' shared a friendly relationship with not only ''The Times'' but journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the '']'', which published a fifty-three page illustrated article on ''Punch's'' first two volumes. Historian ] writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...''Punch'' had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, ] itself".<ref>See Altick, Richard. ''Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851'' (], 1997), 17.</ref> After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, ''Punch'' became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. '']'' and the Sunday paper '']'' used small pieces from ''Punch'' as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. ''Punch'' shared a friendly relationship with not only ''The Times'', but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the '']'', which published a 53-page illustrated article on ''Punch's'' first two volumes. Historian ] writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...''Punch'' had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, ] itself".<ref>See Altick, Richard. ''Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851'' (], 1997), 17.</ref>


⚫ ], 1895<ref>''Punch'', 9 November 1895, p. 222</ref></div>]]
Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and 1850s, ''Punch'' was the success story of a ] weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. ''Punch'' enjoyed an audience including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ''Punch'' gave several phrases to the ], including ], and the "]" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by ]). Several British humour classics were first serialised in ''Punch'', such as the '']'' and '']''. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the artistic roster included ], ], ], and ].<ref name=vicweb>, Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, ]; Faculty of Education, ], ].</ref> Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were ], ], ] who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968, Kenneth Mahood and ]. Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, ''Punch'' was the success story of a ] weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. ''Punch'' enjoyed an audience including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ''Punch'' gave several phrases to the ], including ], and the "]" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by ]). Several British humour classics were first serialised in ''Punch'', such as the '']'' and '']''. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included ], ], ], and ].<ref name=vicweb>, Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, ]; Faculty of Education, ], ].</ref> Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were ], ], ] (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and ].


Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication. Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.<ref name="mle">John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, ''Magazine Editing: In Print and Online''. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|1136642072}} (p. ƒƒ32).</ref>


''Punch'' was widely emulated worldwide and was popular in the colonies. The colonial experience, especially in India, influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniel's ''Punch'' cartoons of the 1857 ] led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. Colonial India was frequently caricatured in ''Punch'' and was an important source of knowledge of India for British readers.<ref>Ritu G. Khanduri. . 2014. Cambridge University Press</ref> ''Punch'' was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the ]. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced ''Punch'' and its iconography. Tenniel's ''Punch'' cartoons of the 1857 ] led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in ''Punch'' and was an important source of knowledge on ] for British readers.<ref>Ritu G. Khanduri. . 2014. Cambridge University Press</ref>


=== Later years === === Later years ===
] of ] driving an early car]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->

⚫ ''Punch'' material was collected in book formats from the late nineteenth century, which included ''Pick of the Punch'' annuals with cartoons and text features, ''Punch and the War'' (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and ''A Big Bowl of Punch'' – which was republished a number of times. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on ''Punch'' contributions.


⚫ ''Punch'' material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included ''Pick of the Punch'' annuals with cartoons and text features, ''Punch and the War'' (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and ''A Big Bowl of Punch'' – which was republished a number of times. Many ''Punch'' cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on ''Punch'' contributions.
''Punch'' magazine ceased publishing in 1992.<ref name="mle">John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw,
''Magazine Editing: In Print and Online''. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|1136642072}} (p.32).</ref>


In early 1996 the businessman ] bought the rights to the name, and ''Punch'' was relaunched later that year.<ref name="mle" /><ref> Warren Hodge, '']'', 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> It was reported that the new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at '']'', which had published many items critical of Fayed. ''Punch'' never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002 it was announced that it would once more cease publication.<ref name="mle" /> Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end. In early 1996, businessman ] bought the rights to the name, and ''Punch'' was relaunched later that year.<ref name="mle" /><ref> Warren Hodge, '']'', 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at '']'', which had published many items critical of Fayed. ''Punch'' never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication.<ref name="mle" /> Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.


Whereas the earlier version of ''Punch'' prominently featured the clownish character ] (Punch of ]) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected ''Punch'' did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a punch in the eye. Whereas the earlier version of ''Punch'' prominently featured the clownish character ] (Punch of ]) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected ''Punch'' did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a boxing blow.


===''Punch'' table=== ===''Punch'' table===
In 2004 much of the archive was acquired by the ], including the ''Punch'' table. The long oval Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's longtime writers, artists and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including ] and ]. ] declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own. In 2004, much of the archives was acquired by the ], including the ''Punch'' table. The long, oval, Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's long-term writers, artists, and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including ] and ] (then ]). ] declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own.


== Gallery of selected early covers == == Gallery of selected early covers ==
{{Gallery {{Gallery
|caption= |caption=
|lines=3
|width=200 |width=200
|File:Punch volume 1 cover illustration (1841).png|Detail of Punch hanging the ] from first cover in 1841 |File:Punch volume 1 cover illustration (1841).png|Detail of Punch hanging the ] from first cover in 1841
Line 97: Line 98:
* ] (1969–1977) * ] (1969–1977)
* ] (1978–1987) * ] (1978–1987)
* David Taylor (1988) * ] (1988)
* ] (1989–1992) * ] (1989–1992)
* Peter McKay (September 1996 – 1997) * Peter McKay (September 1996 – 1997)
Line 124: Line 125:
* Eric Burgin * Eric Burgin
* Richard Burnie * Richard Burnie
* ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/clivecollins/biography|title=Biography: Clive Collins - The British Cartoon Archive |work=University of Kent|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/clivecollins/biography|title=Biography: Clive Collins – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307195707/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/clivecollins/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ]
* ] <ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214075039/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/news.php?id=41828 |date=14 February 2016 }} Retrieved February 2016</ref> * ]<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214075039/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/news.php?id=41828 |date=14 February 2016 }} Retrieved February 2016</ref>
⚫ * ] (who also illustrated ]' Christmas books)
* Paul Crum (])
⚫ * ] (who also illustrated ]'s Christmas books)
* Stan Eales * Stan Eales
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Noel Ford<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordcartoon.com/|title=Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio|work=Ford Cartoons|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> * Noel Ford<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordcartoon.com/|title=Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio|work=Ford Cartoons|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807124735/http://www.fordcartoon.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Peter Fraser * Peter Fraser
* ]
* ]
* ] (creator of ]) * ] (creator of ])
* ] * ]
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* William Hewison * William Hewison
* ] * ]
* ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/leslie-gilbertillingworth/biography|title=Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth - The British Cartoon Archive |work=University of Kent|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/leslie-gilbertillingworth/biography|title=Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034903/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/leslie-gilbertillingworth/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] * ] (Joshua Charles Armitage)
* ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/johnjensen/biography|title=Biography: John Jensen - The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/johnjensen/biography|title=Biography: John Jensen – The British Cartoon Archive|work=University of Kent|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082747/https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/artists/johnjensen/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] * ]
* ] aka PONT
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Raymond Lowry * Raymond Lowry
* ] (also the author of ]) * ] (also the author of '']'')
* Kenneth Mahood * Kenneth Mahood
* Norman Mansbridge
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Ed McLachlan * ]
* ] * ]
* ].<ref name="adb">{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last=Campbell |first=Jean |year=1986 |id2=minns-benjamin-edwin-7601 |title=Benjamin Edwin Minns |accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> * ].<ref name="adb">{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |last=Campbell |first=Jean |year=1986 |id2=minns-benjamin-edwin-7601 |title=Benjamin Edwin Minns |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 164: Line 169:
* Frederick Pegram * Frederick Pegram
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]<ref name="Spielman">{{cite book|last=Spielmann|first=Marion Harry|title=The history of "Punch", Volume 1|year=1895|publisher=Cassell and company, limited|page=412|url=https://books.google.com/?id=o5o4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+History+of+Punch%22+Phillips}}</ref> * ]<ref name="Spielman">{{cite book|last=Spielmann|first=Marion Harry|title=The history of "Punch", Volume 1|year=1895|publisher=Cassell and company, limited|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o5o4AAAAIAAJ|quote=The History of Punch Phillips.}}</ref>
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |title=David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist |date=21 June 2007 |newspaper=] |accessdate=24 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102060108/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |archivedate=2 January 2008 }}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |title=David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist |date=21 June 2007 |newspaper=] |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102060108/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2686799.ece |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref>
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]<ref name=raven>{{cite web|url=http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/biog/?bid=Ravhill&initial=R|title=The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill|publisher= ]|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> * ]<ref name=raven>{{cite web|url=http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/correspondence/people/biog/?bid=Ravhill&initial=R|title=The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill|publisher= ]|access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>
* ] * ]
* Albert Rusling * Albert Rusling
Line 176: Line 182:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (who also illustrated '']'') * ]
* ] (who also illustrated '']'')
* ]
* Robert Sherriffs * Robert Sherriffs
* C. A. Shepperson * ]
* William Sillince * William Sillince
* ] * ]
Line 189: Line 197:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Starr Wood
}} }}
]


===Authors=== ===Authors===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 214: Line 226:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ] (under pseudonym N. W.)
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
Line 222: Line 236:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
}} }}


== Influence == == Influence ==
]
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2018}}
''Punch'' was influential in British colonies around the world, and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with ''Punch'' imitators appearing in Cairo, Yokohama, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.<ref>Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook {{ISBN|978-3-642-28607-0}}</ref> ''Punch'' was influential throughout the ], and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with ''Punch'' imitators appearing in Cairo, Yokohama, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.<ref>Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook {{ISBN|978-3-642-28607-0}}</ref>


A Canadian version, ''Punch in Canada'', was launched on 1 January 1849. The magazine was published by Thomas Blades de Walden, a dilapidated member of one of the great aristocratic families of England, and an associated of the officers of the garrison stationned in Toronto.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevrefils |first=Yves |date=1985 |title=John Henry Walker (1831-1899), Artisan-Graveur |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42616346 |journal=Journal of Canadian Art History / Annales d'histoire de l'art Canadien |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=180 |jstor=42616346 |issn=0315-4297}}</ref> According to John Henry Walker, a wood engraver working for Punch, the magazine was doing well. However the production ceased abruptly in 1850<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=CanuckleGame |number=1705575383519666349 |title=Canuckle #496: PUNCH ... |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925182741/https://twitter.com/CanuckleGame/status/1705575383519666349 |archive-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> when De Walden and Charles Dawson Shanly ''fled'' to New York.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=Dominic |date=2012 |title=Les collections d'imprimés et les fonds d'archives de banq : des ressources importantes pour l'histoire de la caricature et de la satire graphique québécoises avant 1960 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/rbanq/2012-n4-rbanq0257/1012099ar/ |journal=Revue de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec |language=fr |issue=4 |pages=96–109 |doi=10.7202/1012099ar |issn=1920-0250}}</ref>
*''Punch'' gave its name to the ]-based satirical ] weekly '']'' (1877–1936), which, in turn, inspired dozens of other "Punch" periodicals in ].

⚫ *] humor magazine the '']'' derived its name from this magazine.
*''Punch'' gave its name to the ]-based satirical ] weekly '']'' (1877–1936), which, in turn, inspired dozens of other "Punch" periodicals in India.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Dubrow|first=Jennifer|title=From newspaper sketch to "novel": The writing and reception of "Fasana-e Azad" in North India, 1878–1880|year=2011|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/8a00b19503d55244286469b43c98f453|publisher=Departments of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago|type=PhD thesis|page=vi}}</ref>
⚫ *Australia's '']'' was inspired by the ] original.
⚫ *] humour magazine the '']'' derived its name from this magazine.
*Charles Wirgman's ''Japan Punch'' (1862–1865, 1865–1887) was based on ''Punch'' and went on to inspire elements of modern ].
⚫ *Australia's '']'' was inspired by the London original.
⚫ *''China Punch'', established in 1867 in colonial Hong Kong, was the first humor magazine in greater China. It was followed in 1871 in treaty-port Shanghai by ''Puck, or the Shanghai Charivari''<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16|chapter = 'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China|title = Asian Punches| pages=389–422|series = Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|year = 2013|last1 = Rea|first1 = Christopher G.| isbn=978-3-642-28606-3}}</ref><ref>Christopher G. Rea, "‘He’ll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting’: Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", ''Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair'', edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389-422.</ref>
*Charles Wirgman's '']'' (1862–1865, 1865–1887) was based on ''Punch'' and went on to inspire elements of modern '']''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Periodical Press in Treaty-Port Japan: Conflicting Reports from Yokohama, 1861-1870|last=Munson|first=Todd S|publisher=Leiden : BRILL|year=2012|isbn=9789004243132|pages=93–127}}</ref>
⚫ *''Punch'' along with founder Henry Mayhew were included in ]'s non-Discworld novel '']''
⚫ *''China Punch'', established in 1867 in ], was the first humour magazine in greater China. It was followed in 1871 in treaty-port Shanghai by ''Puck, or the Shanghai Charivari.''<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16|chapter = 'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China|title = Asian Punches| pages=389–422|series = Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context|year = 2013|last1 = Rea|first1 = Christopher G.| isbn=978-3-642-28606-3}}</ref><ref>Christopher G. Rea, {{"'}}He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", ''Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair'', edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389–422.</ref>
⚫ *''Punch'' along with founder Henry Mayhew were included in ]'s non-Discworld novel ''].''


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]
*], cartoons by ]. *'']'', cartoons by ]
*]


== Notes == == Notes ==
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{{Refbegin}} {{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book *{{cite book
|ref=harv
|last1=Appelbaum |last1=Appelbaum
|first1=Stanley |first1=Stanley
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|first2=Richard Michael |first2=Richard Michael
|title=Great Drawings and Illustrations from Punch, 1841–1901: 192 Works by Leech, Keene, Du Maurier, May and 21 Others |title=Great Drawings and Illustrations from Punch, 1841–1901: 192 Works by Leech, Keene, Du Maurier, May and 21 Others
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp0XWWxKTKoC |url=https://archive.org/details/greatdrawingsill00appe
|url-access=registration
|year=1981 |year=1981
|publisher=Courier Dover Publications |publisher=Courier Dover Publications
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== External links == == External links ==
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{{commons category|Punch, or the London Charivari}} {{commons category|Punch, or the London Charivari}}
{{wikiquote}} {{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|Punch|''Punch''}} {{wikisource|Punch|''Punch''}}
* "''Punch'', or, ''The London Charivari'', 1841". Science in the 19th Century Periodical. Retrieved 29 September 2013 from http://www.sciper.org/browse/PU_desc.html * "''Punch'', or, ''The London Charivari'', 1841". Science in the 19th Century Periodical. Retrieved 29 September 2013 from http://www.sciper.org/browse/PU_desc.html
* {{Internet Archive author |search=( title:Punch AND mediatype:texts ) |dname=''Punch'' magazine}} * {{Internet Archive author |search=(title:Punch AND mediatype:texts) |dname=''Punch'' magazine}}
* at ] (plain text and HTML) * at ] (plain text and HTML)
* *
* Hathi Trust. , fulltext * Hathi Trust. , fulltext
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* , Official site of Punch Limited * , Official site of Punch Limited
* at ] * at ]
* , site with 600 of Leech's sketches * , site with 600 of Leech's sketches
* , a ''Punch'' article decoded. * , a ''Punch'' article decoded.
* , a ''Punch'' cartoon analyzed. * , a ''Punch'' cartoon analyzed.
* *

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{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punch (magazine)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Punch (magazine)}}
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Latest revision as of 17:34, 22 December 2024

British weekly satirical magazine, 1841–2002 This article is about the British magazine. For other publications, see Punch § Periodicals.

Punch, or The London Charivari
Cover of the first Punch, or The London Charivari, depicts Punch hanging a caricatured Devil, 1841 (see gallery below for enlarged detail).
CategoriesPolitics, culture, humour and satire
FrequencyWeekly
Founder
Founded1841
First issue17 July 1841
Final issue2002
CountryUnited Kingdom
Based inLondon
LanguageEnglish
Websitewww.punch.co.uk

Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. Artists at Punch included John Tenniel who, from 1850, was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years. The editors took the anarchic puppet Mr Punch, of Punch and Judy, as their mascot—the character appears in many magazine covers—with the character also an inspiration for the magazine's name.

With its satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene, Punch became a household name in Victorian Britain. Sales of 40,000 copies a week by 1850 rose above 100,000 by 1910. After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.

History

Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari. Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon".

Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 Almanack issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.

Cartoon terminology

John Leech, Substance and Shadow (1843), published as Cartoon, No. 1

The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in Punch in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or cartone in Italian. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the term's widespread use.

Artistry

Illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 1850s included John Leech, Doyle, John Tenniel, and Charles Keene. This group became known as "The Punch Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843. Punch's authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from Household Words.

Helen Hoppner Coode contributed nineteen drawings to Punch and is recognised as its first woman contributor.

Liberal competition

In the 1860s and '70s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, but after about 1874, Fun's fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.

Gaining a market and relations with other papers

After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, Punch became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. The Times and the Sunday paper News of the World used small pieces from Punch as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. Punch shared a friendly relationship with not only The Times, but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the Westminster Review, which published a 53-page illustrated article on Punch's first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...Punch had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself".

"True Humility": Bishop: "I'm afraid you've got a bad egg, Mr Jones"; Curate: "Oh, no, my Lord, I assure you! Parts of it are excellent!"
George du Maurier, 1895

Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, Punch was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. Punch enjoyed an audience including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward FitzGerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by George du Maurier). Several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould, and Phil May. Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and Norman Thelwell.

Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.

Punch was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the British Empire. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniel's Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in Punch and was an important source of knowledge on the subcontinent for British readers.

Later years

1896 cartoon by John Tenniel of Father Christmas driving an early car

Punch material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included Pick of the Punch annuals with cartoons and text features, Punch and the War (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and A Big Bowl of Punch – which was republished a number of times. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on Punch contributions.

In early 1996, businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the rights to the name, and Punch was relaunched later that year. The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at Private Eye, which had published many items critical of Fayed. Punch never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication. Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.

Whereas the earlier version of Punch prominently featured the clownish character Punchinello (Punch of Punch and Judy) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected Punch did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a boxing blow.

Punch table

In 2004, much of the archives was acquired by the British Library, including the Punch table. The long, oval, Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's long-term writers, artists, and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including James Thurber and Charles III (then Prince of Wales). Mark Twain declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own.

Gallery of selected early covers

Contributors

Editorial meeting of Punch magazine in the late 19th century

Editors

Cartoonists

John Tenniel's "Our New 'First Lord' at Sea" for the 13 October 1877 issue
Victorian prostitutes, Punch 1857

Authors

Influence

A whole-page cartoon from Punch in Canada, volume 1 issue 6 (31 March, 1849), by its founder John H. Walker

Punch was influential throughout the British Empire, and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with Punch imitators appearing in Cairo, Yokohama, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.

A Canadian version, Punch in Canada, was launched on 1 January 1849. The magazine was published by Thomas Blades de Walden, a dilapidated member of one of the great aristocratic families of England, and an associated of the officers of the garrison stationned in Toronto. According to John Henry Walker, a wood engraver working for Punch, the magazine was doing well. However the production ceased abruptly in 1850 when De Walden and Charles Dawson Shanly fled to New York.

  • Punch gave its name to the Lucknow-based satirical Urdu weekly Awadh Punch (1877–1936), which, in turn, inspired dozens of other "Punch" periodicals in India.
  • University of Pennsylvania humour magazine the Pennsylvania Punch Bowl derived its name from this magazine.
  • Australia's Melbourne Punch was inspired by the London original.
  • Charles Wirgman's Japan Punch (1862–1865, 1865–1887) was based on Punch and went on to inspire elements of modern manga.
  • China Punch, established in 1867 in Hong Kong, was the first humour magazine in greater China. It was followed in 1871 in treaty-port Shanghai by Puck, or the Shanghai Charivari.
  • Punch along with founder Henry Mayhew were included in Terry Pratchett's non-Discworld novel Dodger.

See also

Notes

  1. Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, p. 14.
  2. "'The First Cartoonist': Linley Sambourne and Punch Magazine". The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.gov.uk and. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  3. Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, p. 15.
  4. ^ Punch, or the London Charivari (1841–1992) — A British Institution, Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, Victorian Web; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
  5. Spielman, M (1895). The History of 'Punch'. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. "Coode, Helen Hoppner". Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023.
  7. See Schoch, Richard, Performing Bohemia (2004) (copy downloaded 13 October 2006).
  8. See Altick, Richard. Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851 (Ohio State University Press, 1997), 17.
  9. Punch, 9 November 1895, p. 222
  10. ^ John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, Magazine Editing: In Print and Online. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 1136642072 (p. ƒƒ32).
  11. Ritu G. Khanduri. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. 2014. Cambridge University Press
  12. Whack! Whack! Whack! Reborn Punch Pounded Warren Hodge, The New York Times, 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  13. "Biography: Clive Collins – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  14. henleystandard.co.uk Archived 14 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 2016
  15. "Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio". Ford Cartoons. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  16. "Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  17. "Biography: John Jensen – The British Cartoon Archive". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  18. Campbell, Jean (1986). "Benjamin Edwin Minns". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  19. ^ "The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  20. Spielmann, Marion Harry (1895). The history of "Punch", Volume 1. Cassell and company, limited. p. 412. The History of Punch Phillips.
  21. "David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist". The Independent. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  22. Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook ISBN 978-3-642-28607-0
  23. Chevrefils, Yves (1985). "John Henry Walker (1831-1899), Artisan-Graveur". Journal of Canadian Art History / Annales d'histoire de l'art Canadien. 8 (2): 180. ISSN 0315-4297. JSTOR 42616346.
  24. @CanuckleGame (23 September 2023). "Canuckle #496: PUNCH ..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023 – via Twitter.
  25. Hardy, Dominic (2012). "Les collections d'imprimés et les fonds d'archives de banq : des ressources importantes pour l'histoire de la caricature et de la satire graphique québécoises avant 1960". Revue de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (in French) (4): 96–109. doi:10.7202/1012099ar. ISSN 1920-0250.
  26. Dubrow, Jennifer (2011). From newspaper sketch to "novel": The writing and reception of "Fasana-e Azad" in North India, 1878–1880 (PhD thesis). Departments of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago. p. vi.
  27. Munson, Todd S (2012). The Periodical Press in Treaty-Port Japan: Conflicting Reports from Yokohama, 1861-1870. Leiden : BRILL. pp. 93–127. ISBN 9789004243132.
  28. Rea, Christopher G. (2013). "'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China". Asian Punches. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. pp. 389–422. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16. ISBN 978-3-642-28606-3.
  29. Christopher G. Rea, "'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389–422.

Works cited

External links

Categories: