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{{Short description|Republic in Central Europe between 1990 and 1992}}{{No footnotes|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
|native_name = Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika<br>Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name = Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
| conventional_long_name = Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
|common_name=Czech and Slovakia
| native_name = {{native name|cs|Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika}}<br/>{{native name|sk|Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika}}
|continent = Europe
| common_name = Czechoslovakia
|status = Federation
| status = Federation
|government_type = Republic
| p1 = Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
|year_start = 1990
| flag_p1 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|event_start = ]
| s1 = Czech Republic
|date_start = April 23
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg
|year_end = 1992
| s2 = Slovakia
|event_end = ]
| flag_s2 = Flag of Slovakia.svg
|date_end = December 31
|p1 = Czechoslovak Socialist Republic | image_flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
|flag_p1 = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg | flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia
|s1 = Czech Republic | image_coat = Herb Czechosłowacji (1990-1992).svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | symbol = Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia
| image_map = Czechoslovak Federative Republic (1992).jpg
|s2 = Slovakia
| capital = ]
|flag_s2 = Flag of Slovakia.svg
| largest_city = capital
|image_flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
| national_motto = "Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí"{{nbsp|2}}<small>(]/])</small><br/>"Veritas vincit"{{nbsp|2}}<small>(])<br/>"Truth prevails"<br/>(1990&ndash;1992)</small>
|flag = Flag of Czechoslovakia
| national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|cs|]|nolink=yes}} |{{raise|0.35em|{{small|''Where my home is''}}}}|{{center|]}} }}
|image_coat = CoA CSFRc.svg
"{{lang|sk|]}}"<br />{{raise|0.1em|({{Langx|en|"Lightning Over the Tatras"}})}}<br />{{center|]}}
|symbol = Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia
| official_languages = ]{{·}}]
|image_map = LocationCzechoslovakia(1945-1992).png
| government_type = ] ]
|capital = Prague
| title_leader = ]
|latd=50|latm=05|latNS=N|longd=14|longm=28|longEW=E|
| leader1 = ]
|national_motto = ''Veritas Vincit''<br>(]: "Truth prevails")
| year_leader1 = 1989&ndash;1992
|national_anthem = '']'' and '']''
| leader2 =
|common_languages = ], ]
|currency = ] | year_leader2 =
| title_deputy = ]
|leader1 = Václav Havel
| deputy1 = ]
|year_leader1 = 1989-1992
| year_deputy1 = 1989&ndash;1992
|title_leader = ]
|deputy1 = Jan Stráský | deputy2 = ]
|year_deputy1 = 1992 | year_deputy2 = 1992
| era = ]
|title_deputy = ]
| event_start = ]
|stat_year1 = 1992
| year_start = 1990
|stat_area1 = 127900
| date_start = 23 April
|stat_pop1 = 15600000
| event_end = ]
| year_end = 1992
| date_end = 31 December
| legislature = ]
| house1 = ]
| house2 = ]
| currency = ]
| cctld = ]
| calling_code = 42
}} }}


'''Czech and Slovak Federal Republic''' (]/]: '''Česká a Slovenská Federativní / Federatívna Republika, ČSFR''') was the official name of ] from April ] until ] ], when the country was dissolved into ] and ]. After the ] in ], ] adopted the official short-lived country name '''Czech and Slovak Federative Republic''' ({{langx|cs|Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika}}, {{langx|sk|Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika}}; '''''ČSFR''''') during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was ] into the ] and the ].


== Adoption of the name == == Adoption of the name ==
After the ] discussions started on how to change the communist name of the state, ] (''Československá socialistická republika'', ČSSR).


{{See also|Hyphen War}}
While a return to the pre-1960 form ''Československá republika'' (''Czechoslovak Republic'') seemed obvious, Slovak politicians objected that the traditional name subsumed Slovakia's equal stature too much. The first compromise was Constitutional Law 81/1990, which acknowledged the state's nature explicitly as ''Československá federativní republika'' ('''Czechoslovak Federal Republic''') in Czech and was passed on 29 March 1990 (coming into force on the same day) only after an agreement on the Slovak form as ''Česko-slovenská federatívna republika'', to be explicitly codified by a future law on state symbols. This was met with general disapproval and another round of haggling, dubbed "the ]" (''pomlčková válka / vojna'') after Slovaks' wish to insert a ] into the name á la ], refused by aggrieved Czechs as too reminiscent of such practice during the "Second Republic" mutilated by the ] and slipping toward fascism and final dismemberment. The resultant compromise after much behind-the-scenes negotiation was the '''Czech and Slovak Federal Republic''' (Constitutional Law 101/1990, passed on 20 April and in force since its declaration on ]; unlike the previous one, it also explicitly listed both Czech and Slovak version and stated they were equal).


Since 1960, Czechoslovakia's official name had been the ] (''Československá socialistická republika'', ČSSR). In the aftermath of the ], newly elected ] ] announced that "Socialist" would be dropped from the country's official name.
Note that the name breaks the rules of Czech and Slovak ] which does not use ] for proper names' second and further words (see above), nor adjectives derived from them. Thus the correct form would be "Česká a slovenská federat... republika" but Slovaks, having got a word of their own, refused to be deprived of a majuscule, while "Česká a Slovenská f. r." would imply a conjunction of two national republics, each having "federal" in its name; English-style capitalization of every word was adopted to hide this.


Conventional wisdom suggested that the country would resume the name used from 1919 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1960, '''Czechoslovak Republic''' (''Československá republika''). However, Slovak politicians objected that the traditional name subsumed Slovakia's equal status in the federal state too much. The first compromise was Constitutional Law 81/1990, which changed the country's name to '''Czechoslovak Federative Republic''' ({{langx|cs|Československá federativní republika}}, {{langx|sk|Česko-slovenská federatívna republika}}; ''ČSFR''), explicitly acknowledging the federal nature of the state. It was passed on 29 March 1990 (coming into force on the same day) only after an informal agreement on the Slovak form which would be explicitly codified by a future law on state symbols. This was met with general disapproval and another round of haggling, dubbed "the ]" (''pomlčková válka/vojna'') after Slovaks' wish to insert a ] into the name (''Česko-Slovensko''). However, aggrieved Czechs vehemently opposed it as too reminiscent of such practice during the ] (when the official name was "Czecho-Slovak Republic"—which had also been used from 1938 to 1939)—when the country had been mutilated by the ] and was slipping toward ] at the hands of ] a year later. The resultant compromise, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation, was Constitutional Law 101/1990, passed on 20 April and in force since its declaration on 23 April. The law changed the country's name to "Czech and Slovak Federative Republic"; unlike the previous one, it also explicitly listed both versions and stated they were equal.
Few people were happy with the name, however it came into use quickly. Czecho-Slovak tensions, of which this was an early sign, soon became manifest in matters of greater immediate importance which made the country's name a comparatively minor issue and at the same time even more impossible to change, so it stayed until the final ].


The name breaks the rules of Czech and Slovak ], which do not generally use ] for descriptive words such as "federative" and "republic", nor for adjectives derived from proper nouns. Both rules were broken at once as a compromise.
=== Timeline ===
{{Cs-timeline}}


While few people were happy with the name, it came into use quickly. Czech and Slovak tensions, of which this was an early sign, soon became manifest in matters of greater immediate importance which made the country's name a comparatively minor issue and at the same time even more impossible to change, so the name remained.
==See also==
* ]


The ] remained in force up to 1 January 1993. It was also heavily amended to remove its Communist character. Work on a permanent constitution was still underway at the time of the ].
==External link==
* when adopting 81/1990 (in Czech and Slovak)


== See also ==

* ]

==References==

*{{cite web |title=Constitutional Act No. 81/1990 Coll. |url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1990-81 |website=Zákony Prolidi |access-date=1 November 2021}}
*{{cite web |title=Constitutional Act No. 101/1990 Coll. |url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1990-101 |website=Zákony Prolidi |access-date=1 November 2021}}

== External links ==

* {{in lang|cs|sk}} when adopting 81/1990.

{{Czechoslovakia timeline}}

{{coord|50|05|N|14|28|E|type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Czech And Slovak Federative Republic}}
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]
] ]
]
]
]


]
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Latest revision as of 13:27, 26 October 2024

Republic in Central Europe between 1990 and 1992
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Czech and Slovak Federative RepublicČeská a Slovenská Federativní Republika (Czech)
Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika (Slovak)
1990–1992
Flag of Czechoslovakia Flag Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia Coat of arms
Motto: "Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí"  (Czech/Slovak)
"Veritas vincit"  (Latin)
"Truth prevails"
(1990–1992)
Anthem:  "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"
(English: "Lightning Over the Tatras")
Location of Czechoslovakia
Capitaland largest cityPrague
Official languagesCzech · Slovak
GovernmentFederal parliamentary republic
President 
• 1989–1992 Václav Havel
Prime Minister 
• 1989–1992 Marián Čalfa
• 1992 Jan Stráský
LegislatureFederal Assembly
• Upper houseChamber of Nations
• Lower houseChamber of People
Historical eraVelvet Revolution
• Constitutional change 23 April 1990
• Dissolution 31 December 1992
CurrencyCzechoslovak koruna
Calling code42
Internet TLD.cs
Preceded by Succeeded by
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Czech Republic
Slovakia

After the Velvet Revolution in late-1989, Czechoslovakia adopted the official short-lived country name Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech: Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika, Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika; ČSFR) during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

Adoption of the name

See also: Hyphen War

Since 1960, Czechoslovakia's official name had been the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Československá socialistická republika, ČSSR). In the aftermath of the Velvet Revolution, newly elected President Václav Havel announced that "Socialist" would be dropped from the country's official name.

Conventional wisdom suggested that the country would resume the name used from 1919 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1960, Czechoslovak Republic (Československá republika). However, Slovak politicians objected that the traditional name subsumed Slovakia's equal status in the federal state too much. The first compromise was Constitutional Law 81/1990, which changed the country's name to Czechoslovak Federative Republic (Czech: Československá federativní republika, Slovak: Česko-slovenská federatívna republika; ČSFR), explicitly acknowledging the federal nature of the state. It was passed on 29 March 1990 (coming into force on the same day) only after an informal agreement on the Slovak form which would be explicitly codified by a future law on state symbols. This was met with general disapproval and another round of haggling, dubbed "the hyphen war" (pomlčková válka/vojna) after Slovaks' wish to insert a hyphen into the name (Česko-Slovensko). However, aggrieved Czechs vehemently opposed it as too reminiscent of such practice during the Second Czechoslovak Republic (when the official name was "Czecho-Slovak Republic"—which had also been used from 1938 to 1939)—when the country had been mutilated by the Munich Agreement and was slipping toward its final dismemberment at the hands of Nazi Germany a year later. The resultant compromise, after much behind-the-scenes negotiation, was Constitutional Law 101/1990, passed on 20 April and in force since its declaration on 23 April. The law changed the country's name to "Czech and Slovak Federative Republic"; unlike the previous one, it also explicitly listed both versions and stated they were equal.

The name breaks the rules of Czech and Slovak orthography, which do not generally use capitalization for descriptive words such as "federative" and "republic", nor for adjectives derived from proper nouns. Both rules were broken at once as a compromise.

While few people were happy with the name, it came into use quickly. Czech and Slovak tensions, of which this was an early sign, soon became manifest in matters of greater immediate importance which made the country's name a comparatively minor issue and at the same time even more impossible to change, so the name remained.

The 1960 Constitution remained in force up to 1 January 1993. It was also heavily amended to remove its Communist character. Work on a permanent constitution was still underway at the time of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

See also

References

External links

Timeline of Czechoslovak statehood
Pre-1918 1918–1938 1938–1945 1945–1948 1948–1989 1989–1992 1993–
Bohemia
Moravia
Silesia
Austrian Empire First Republic Sudetenland Third Republic Fourth Republic
1948–1960
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1960–1990
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
1990–1992
Czech Republic
Second
 Republic

1938–1939
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1939–1945
Slovakia Kingdom of Hungary Slovak Republic
1939–1945
Slovakia
Southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ukraine
Subcarpathian Ruthenia Zakarpattia Oblast
1944 / 1946 – 1991
Zakarpattia Oblast
1991–present
Austria-Hungary Czechoslovak government-in-exile

ČSR; boundaries and government established by the 1920 constitution.
Annexed by Nazi Germany.
ČSR; included the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
Annexed by Hungary (1939–1945).

ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the Ninth-of-May Constitution following the 1948 coup.
ČSSR; from 1969, after the Prague Spring, consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic (ČSR) and Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR).
Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.
Oblast of Ukraine.

50°05′N 14°28′E / 50.083°N 14.467°E / 50.083; 14.467

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