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| <noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Crimes against humanity under communist regimes|2=Talk:Crimes against humanity under Communist regimes#Requested move 14 August 2019 }} | |||
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| </noinclude>{{Original research|date=June 2018}} | |||
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| '''Crimes against humanity''' have occurred under various ] regimes. Actions such as ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ],<ref name="Kemp-Welch A">Kemp-Welch pp42</ref> ], ], and the deliberate starvation of people such as during the ] and the ] have been described as ].<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven">Rosefielde pp6</ref><ref name="Karlsson, Klas-Göran">Karlsson pp5</ref> The 2008 ] stated that crimes committed in the name of Communism should be assessed as crimes against humanity. Very few people have been tried for these crimes, although Cambodia has prosecuted members of the ]<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-united-nations-tribunal.html</ref> and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have passed laws that have led to the prosecution of several perpetrators for crimes against the Baltic peoples. They were tried for crimes committed during the ] in 1940 and 1941, and during the reoccupation after the war. There were also trials for attacks that the ] (NKVD) carried out against the ].<ref name="Naimark, Norman M.">Naimark pp25</ref> | |||
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| ==Cambodia== | |||
| }} | |||
| There is a scholarly consensus that the ] which was carried out by the ] under the leadership of ] in what became known as ] was a crime against humanity.<ref name="Totten, Samuel">Totten pp359</ref> Legal scholars Antoine Garapon, David Boyle and sociologist ] and professor of Political Science ] all believe that the actions of the ] can best be described as a crime against humanity rather than ].<ref name="Semelin, Jacques">Semelin pp344</ref> In 1997 the co prime ministers of Cambodia sought help from the United Nations in seeking justice for the crimes perpetrated by the communists during the years from 1975 to 1979. During the month of June that same year Pol Pot was taken prisoner during an internal power struggle within the Khmer Rouge and offered up to the international community. However, no country was willing to seek his ].<ref name="Lattimer, Mark. Sands, Philippe.">Lattimer pp214</ref> The policies enacted by the Khmer Rouge led to the deaths of one quarter of the population in just four years.<ref name="Jones, Adam 188">Jones pp188</ref> | |||
| ==Romania== | |||
| In a speech before Parliament, President of Romania ] stated that "the criminal and illegitimate ] committed massive human rights violations and crimes against humanity, killing and persecuting as many as two million people between 1945 and 1989"<ref name=Shawl>{{cite web|last=Shawl|first=Jeannie|title=Romania president says Communist regime committed crimes against humanity|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/12/romania-president-says-communist.php|publisher=Jurist.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312125452/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/12/romania-president-says-communist.php|archivedate=12 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Clej>{{cite news |last=Clej|first=Petru|title=Romania exposes communist crimes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6190931.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=18 December 2006}}</ref> The speech was based on the 660 page report of a Presidential Commission headed by ], a professor at the ]. The report also said that “the regime exterminated people by assassination and deportation of hundreds of thousands of people,” and highlighted the ].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news | |||
| | last =Smith | first =Craig S. | title =Romanian Leader Condemns Communist Rule |work=New York Times | |||
| | date =19 December 2006 | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/19/world/europe/19romania.html | accessdate =12 September 2011 }}</ref> Gheorghe Boldur-Lăţescu has also said that the Piteşti Experiment was a crime against humanity,<ref name="Boldur-Lăţescu, Gheorghe">Boldur-Lăţescu pp22</ref> and Dennis Deletant has described it as | |||
| {{quote|An experiment of a grotesque originality .... (which) employed techniques of psychiatric abuse designed not only to inculcate terror into opponents of the regime but also to destroy the personality of the individual. The nature and the enormity of the experiment ... set Romania apart from the other Eastern European regimes.<ref name="DD">{{cite book | |||
| | last =Deletant | |||
| | first =Dennis | |||
| | title =Ceauşescu and the Securitate: coercion and dissent in Romania, 1965–1989 | |||
| | year =1995 | |||
| | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XmmilITRkxYC | |||
| | isbn= 978-1-56324-633-3 | |||
| | pages = 29–33 | |||
| }}</ref>}} | |||
| ==Yugoslavia== | |||
| ] writes that as the head of a "highly ] and oppressive" dictatorship, ] wielded tremendous power in Yugoslavia, with his dictatorial rule administered through an elaborate bureaucracy which routinely suppressed human rights.{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} The main victims of this repression were known and alleged Stalinists during the first years, such as ] and ], but during the following years even some of the most prominent among Tito's collaborators were arrested. On 19 November 1956 ], perhaps the closest of Tito's collaborator and widely regarded as Tito's possible successor, was arrested because of his criticism against Tito's regime. The repression did not exclude intellectuals and writers, such as ] who was arrested and sent to jail in January 1956 for writing poems considered anti-Titoist. Broz Tito made dramatical bloody repression and several massacres of ] after second world war: | |||
| <ref name=Cohen>{{cite book|title=Group Psychotherapy and Political Reality: A Two-Way Mirror|last1=Cohen|first1=Bertram D.|last2=Ettin|first2=Mark F.|last3=Fidler|first3=Jay W.|year=2002|publisher=International Universities Press|isbn=0-8236-2228-2|page=193}}</ref><ref name=Andjelic>{{cite book|last=Andjelic|first=Neven|title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy|publisher=Frank Cass|year=2003|page=36|isbn=0-7146-5485-X}}</ref><ref name=Tierney>{{cite book|title=Accommodating National Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law|last=Tierney|first=Stephen|year=2000|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=90-411-1400-9|page=17}}</ref> | |||
| <ref> page 156 <<Most of the mass killings were carried out from May to July 1945; among the victims were mostly | |||
| the “returned” (or “home-captured”) Home guards and prisoners from other Yugoslav provinces. In | |||
| the following months, up to January 1946 when the Constitution of the Federative People’s Republic | |||
| of Yugoslavia was passed and OZNA had to hand the camps over to the organs of the Ministry of the | |||
| Interior, those killings were followed by mass killing of Germans, Italians and Slovenes suspected of | |||
| collaborationism and anti-communism. Individual secret killings were carried out at later dates as well. | |||
| The decision to “annihilate” opponents must had been adopted in the closest circles of Yugoslav | |||
| state leadership, and the order was certainly issued by the Supreme Commander of the Yugoslav Army | |||
| Josip Broz – Tito, although it is not known when or in what form.>></ref> | |||
| Tito's Yugoslavia remained a tightly controlled police state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EY_xAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73&dq=Tito's+Yugoslavia+was+a+tightly+controlled+police+state#v=onepage&q=Tito's%20Yugoslavia%20was%20a%20tightly%20controlled%20police%20state&f=false|title=Tell it to the world, Eliott Behar|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4597-2380-1}}</ref> According to ], outside the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia had more ] than all of the rest of Eastern Europe combined.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=36}} Tito's secret police was modelled on the Soviet KGB. Its members were ever-present and often ],{{sfn|Corbel|1951|pp=173–174}} with victims including middle-class intellectuals, liberals and democrats.{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=1391}} Yugoslavia was a signatory to the ], but scant regard was paid to some of its provisions.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=37}} | |||
| ==North Korea== | |||
| {{see| Human experimentation in North Korea|Human rights in North Korea|Prisons in North Korea}} | |||
| Three victims of the ] in ] unsuccessfully attempted to bring ] to justice with the aid of the Citizens Coalition for Human Rights of abductees and North Korean Refugees. In December 2010 they filed charges in ].<ref name="North Korea Gulags">{{cite news |title=Gulag survivors demand trial of Kim Jong-il for crimes against humanity|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Gulag-survivors-demand-trial-of-Kim-Jong-il-for-crimes-against-humanity-17499.html|newspaper=Asia News|date=2 January 2010}}</ref> The NGO group ] has stated that the ] appears to be specifically designed to kill a large number of people who are labelled enemies or have a differing political belief.<ref name="Jones, Adam 216">Jones pp216</ref> | |||
| ==China under Mao Zedong== | |||
| ] was the Chairman of the ], which took control of ] in 1949, until his death in September 1976. During this time, he instituted several reform efforts, the most notable of which were the ], and the ]. In January 1958, Mao launched the 5-year plan, the latter part of which was known as the Great Leap Forward. The plan was intended to expedite production and heavy industry as a supplement to economic growth, similar to the soviet model, and the defining factor behind Mao's "Chinese" Marxist policies. | |||
| Mao spent ten months touring the country in 1958 in order to gain support for the Great Leap Forward and inspect the progress that had already been made. What this entailed was the humiliation, public castigation and torture of all who questioned the leap. The five-year-plan first instituted the division of farming communities into communes. The Chinese National Programme for Agricultural Development (NPAD) began to accelerate its drafting plans for the countries industrial and agricultural outputs. The drafting plans were initially successful as the Great Leap Forward divided the Chinese workforce and production soared (albeit briefly).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pPxwn6EvR4C|title=Mao's Crusade: Politics and Policy Implementation in China's Great Leap Forward|last=Chan|first=Alfred L.|date=2001-06-07|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191554018|page=13|language=en}}</ref> Eventually the planners developed even more ambitious goals, such as replacing the draft plans for 1962 with those for 1967, and the industries developed supply bottlenecks but they could not meet the growth demands. Rapid industrial development came in turn with a swelling of urban populations. In 1959 due to the furthering of collectivization, heavy industry production and the stagnation of the farming industry that did not keep up with the demands of population growth in combination with a year of unfortunate weather in farming areas, only 170 million tons of grain were produced, far below the actual amount of grain which the population needed. Mass starvation ensued, and it was made even worse in 1960, when only 144 million tons of grain were produced, a total amount which was 26 million tons lower than the total amount of grain that was produced in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/china-1900-to-1976/the-great-leap-forward/|title=The Great Leap Forward - History Learning Site|website=History Learning Site|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> The government instituted rationing, but between 1958 and 1962, it is estimated that at least 10 million people died of starvation. The famine did not go unnoticed, Mao was fully aware of the major famine that was sweeping the countryside but rather than try to fix the problem, he blamed it on counterrevolutionaries who were “hiding and dividing grain…”<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC|title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century|last=Valentino|first=Benjamin A.|date=2005-12-08|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0801472733|pages=127–132|language=en}}</ref> Mao even symbolically decided to abstain from eating meat in honor of those who were suffering.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| Due to ], there were many reports of ] and horrific stories included that of a farmer from ] who was forced to kill and eat his own child. When questioned about it, he said he did it "out of mercy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://china-underground.com/2012/11/23/a-tragic-episode-of-cannibalism-during-the-famine-of-the-great-leap-forward-graphic-content/|title=A tragic episode of cannibalism during the famine of the Great Leap Forward (Graphic Content)|website=China Underground|access-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> An original estimate of the final death toll ranged from 15-40 million. According to ], a chair professor of humanities at the ] and the author of Mao’s Great Famine, a book which details the Great leap forward and the consequences of the strong armed implementation of the economic reform, the total number of people who were killed in the famine which lasted from 1958 to 1962 ran upwards of 45 million. Of those who were killed in the famine, 6-8% of them were often ]d first and then prematurely killed by the government. 2% of them committed ] and 5% of them died in Mao’s ] which were built to hold those who were labelled “].”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frankdikotter.com/books/maos-great-famine/synopsis.html|title=Synopsis|website=www.frankdikotter.com|access-date=2016-04-14}}</ref> In a '']'' article, Dikötter also references severe punishments for slight infractions such as being buried alive for stealing a handful of grain or losing an ear and being branded for digging up a potato.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-1962|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|date=2010-10-01|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=9780802779281|page=88|language=en}}</ref> Higher up the chain of command, a chairman in an executive meeting in 1959 expressed apathy with regard to the widespread suffering “When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.”<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
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| * ] | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| '''Notes''' | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| '''Bibliography''' | |||
| * Jones, Adam (2010) ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction'' Routledge {{ISBN|978-0-415-48618-7}} | |||
| * Karlsson, Klas-Göran and Schoenhals, Michael. ''Crimes against humanity under communist regimes'' Forum for Living History. 2008. {{ISBN|978-91-977487-2-8}} | |||
| * Kemp-Welch A. ''Poland under Communism: a Cold War history'' ] 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-521-71117-3}} | |||
| * Lattimer, Mark and Sands, Philippe. (2003) ''Justice for Crimes Against Humanity'' Hart Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-84113-413-0}} | |||
| * Naimark, Norman M. {2010} ''Stalin's genocides'' Princeton University Press {{ISBN|978-0-691-14784-0}} | |||
| * Rosefielde, Steven. ''Red Holocaust'' ] 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77757-5}} | |||
| * Semelin, Jacques ''Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide'' ] (2009) {{ISBN|978-0-231-14283-0}} | |||
| * Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; and Charny, Israel W. (2004) ''Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts'' Routledge {{ISBN|978-0-415-94430-4}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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