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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder {{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = | honorific-prefix =
| name = William Drummond | name = William Drummond
| honorific-suffix = | honorific-suffix =
| image = | image =
| caption = | caption =
| order = | order =
| office = ] | office = ]
| term_start = 1664 | term_start = 1664
| term_end = 1667 | term_end = 1667
| succeeded = ] | succeeded = ]
| birth_date = 1617 | birth_date = 1617
| birth_place = ] | birth_place = ]
| death_date = 1677 | death_date = 1677 (aged 59/60)
| death_place = ] | death_place = ]
| birthname = | birthname =
| spouse = Sarah Drummond | spouse = ]
| children = | children =
| alma_mater = | alma_mater =
| occupation = ], Sheriff and Administrator (governor of North Carolina) | occupation = ], Sheriff and Administrator (governor of North Carolina)
| religion = | religion =
}} }}
'''William Drummond''' (born ca.1617, died 1677) was the first ] of ] settlement in the ] and a participant in ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kimberly|first1=Maria|title=William Drummond (d. 1677)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Drummond_William_d_1677|publisher=]/] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> '''William Drummond''' (born {{circa|1617}}, died January 20, 1677) was a Scottish indentured servant in ] who became the first ] of ] settlement in the ], but alienated Virginia governor ], became a ringleader of ] and was executed after his capture.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kimberly|first1=Maria|title=William Drummond (d. 1677)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Drummond_William_d_1677|publisher=]/] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{cite book | last=McCartney | first=Martha W. | title=Jamestown people to 1800 : landowners, public officials, minorities, and native leaders | publisher=Genealogical Pub. Co | publication-place=Baltimore, Md. | date=2012 | isbn=978-0-8063-1872-1 | oclc=812189309}}</ref>


==Early life and career== ==Immigration to Virginia and family life==
Drummond was born in ] and came to Virginia in 1637 as an indentured servant to Theodore Moye.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/drummond|title=William Drummond|publisher= NC Office of Archives and History, 2005|accessdate=July 15, 2012}}</ref> He was an indentured servant to Stephen Webb in 1639. Drummond was born in ] and came to Virginia in 1637 as an indentured servant to Theodore Moyes. By 1639, Moyes sold his contract to another planter, Stephen Webb, whom some characterize as an "abusive master", from whom Drummond and several others ran away. Apprehended, tried and found guilty by the local court, Drummond had his indenture extended and received a whipping, but survived the experience. After his indenture expired, Drummond rented a parcel from Governor William Berkeley within the ] and became a successful planter and real estate investor.<ref>Frank E. Gizzard Jr. and D. Boyd Smith, Jamestown Colony: a Political, Social and Cultural History (ABC Clio Press 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-85109-637-4}}) p. 61</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://ncpedia.org/biography/governors/drummond|title=William Drummond|publisher= NC Office of Archives and History, 2005|accessdate=July 15, 2012}}</ref>


⚫ By 1662, he had married ], who that year patented a half acre she had inherited from mariner Edward Prescott. Sarah also bore at least five children during her marriage with Drummond, as she cited in litigation following his execution, as discussed below.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Heroines of Virginia|journal=William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 1, 1906|volume=3|series=1|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-1915736|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>
He rose to the positions of ] and ] of ]. He discovered a large, circular lake in the center of the ] in 1655, now named ].


==Career==
In 1664, Drummond was chosen to be governor of the Albemarle County colony (which would eventually become ]) by Virginia Governor ] at the request of Berkeley's fellow ] of the colony. Drummond summoned the first legislative assembly in Carolina in 1665. ] succeeded him as governor.


By May 1656, Drummond owned a town lot in Jamestown, which he sold to John Barber in December 1664, not long after the Virginia General Assembly decided to subsidize the construction of brick houses in the colony's capital. Ultimately, the Drummonds owned one of the finest brick houses in Jamestown.<ref name="auto">McCartney p. 145</ref> During the 1660s, while in Carolina as discussed below, Drummond also patented 4,750 acres in ], as well as bought 600 acres and laid claim to an additional 500 acres in that northern section of Tidewater Virginia. Drummond also acquired 1,200 acres on the east side of the Chickahominy River in Virginia (near its confluence with Warrany Creek), and expanded that parcel in 1674. He also bought from Mathew Edloe 700 acres in James City County in 1668 and patented 960 acres in Lower Norfolk County (which became ]) in 1672.<ref name="auto"/> In 1672, Drummond, ] and ] received payment in advance after agreeing to construct a 250 foot long fort at Jamestown, but Page soon died and both Drummond and Hone were hauled before the General Court and ordered to replace defective bricks as well as complete the contract. Drummond failed to respond to a summons issued by sheriff Francis Kirkman, a friend of Virginia Governor ].<ref name="auto"/>
⚫ He had at least five children with his wife Sarah Drummond.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Heroines of Virginia|journal=William and Mary Quarterly|date=July 1, 1906|volume=3|series=1|page=41|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-1915736|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>


Following his daughter's marriage to ], the eldest son of tavernkeeper and powerful planter ], Drummond held local offices in Jamestown and surrounding James City County, including as a ], ] of ], bailiff of the Quarter Court and sergeant at arms of the ] (which met at designated times in Jamestown).<ref>Grizzard p. 61</ref> However, Drummond also clashed with several powerful planters, including ] and Bryan Smith.<ref name="auto"/>
⚫ ==Death==
Drummond returned to Virginia in 1667 and later supported ] during ] against the government of Governor Berkeley. After Bacon was defeated, Drummond was found guilty of treason and rebellion against the king. Governor Berkeley had Drummond executed on January 20, 1677.


In 1664, Governor Berkeley chose Drummond (who had visited the Albemarle County colony in 1653) as his emissary to the then-ungoverned colony (which would eventually become ]), as requested by Berkeley's fellow ] for that colony. Drummond became the new colony's first governor and summoned the first legislative assembly in Carolina in 1665. However, he criticized Berkeley's policies toward the Carolina colony, so Berkeley dismissed him and appointed ] to succeed him as governor.<ref>Grizzard pp. 61-62</ref> During Drummond's time as governor, he and several others went hunting in the ] and became lost; Drummond was the expedition's only survivor. In 1665 Drummond discovered the water source for the Great Dismal Swamp, which lies at its center and is now called ] in his honor.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62">Grizzard p. 62</ref> 19th century historian John W. Moore characterized Drummond as a man who deserved respect and confidence, based on his plain and prudent lifestyle and concern for the people he governed.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/>
==Legacy==

⚫ Drummond discovered a large, circular lake in the center of the ] in 1655. The lake was named after him, and is called ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project|title=The Ocean Highway: New Brunswick, New Jersey to Jacksonville, Florida|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064565875;view=1up;seq=144|year=1938|publisher=Works Progress Administration|page=88}}</ref>
The 1677 inventory of Drummond's estate indicated that he owned three slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimberly |first=Maria |title=William Drummond (d. 1677) |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/drummond-william-d-1677/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Bacon's Rebellion, execution and litigation==
Drummond returned to Virginia in 1667 and later supported ] during ] against Governor Berkeley's government. Bacon may have half expected Drummond to convince people in the Albemarle colony to also rise against Governor Berkeley, but the Carolinians had no interest in the Virginia conflict and even if they did, could have provided negligible help to that rebellion.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/> On September 19, 1676, as Bacon's followers burned Jamestown, Drummond set his own house ablaze, although he also rescued government records by moving them from the statehouse.

In fact, Bacon was captured during a secret night meeting with Drummond and tavernkeeper Richard Lawrence, another follower with a leadership record.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/> After Bacon died of illness, Drummond and Lawrence attempted to rally his followers, but were defeated.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/> Drummond attempted to escape toward the Dismal Swamp, but was hunted down in the Chickahominy Swamp by Capt. Swann and others. Six days later he was tried before Governor Berkeley at the house of Berkeley's supporter ].

⚫ ==Death and legacy==
After finding Drummond guilty of treason and rebellion against the king in a rapid trial at the house of his supporter ], Governor Berkeley had Drummond hanged near Jamestown on January 20, 1677.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/> Based on the treason conviction, Governor Berkeley confiscated Drummond's property before he sailed to England (where he died). However, Drummond's widow (and executor of his estate) Sarah, initially supported (with her five children) by Bacon's allies, demanded that Lady Berkeley returned the property.<ref name="Grizzard p. 62"/> After Lady Berkeley refused, litigation evolved on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>McCartney pp. 145-146</ref> Contemporary accounts of the rebellion were written by Governor Berkeley, as well as by Ann Dunbar Cotton, the wife of John Cotton who lived on Queen's Creek in ] near Jamestown. Ironically, Drummond patented some land based on paying for the transatlantic passage of both Cottons. Ann Cotton may also have written and elegiac poem honoring Bacon.<ref>Grizzard pp. 62-63</ref>

By 1693, Drummond's son and heir, William Drummond Jr., was the (paid) sergeant-at-arms for the Virginia General Assembly, as well as a justice of the peace for James City County. He purchased a lot in Jamestown in 1701, which descended to his son, William Drummond III, who sold it to Edward Champion Travis in 1753.<ref>McCartney p. 146</ref>

⚫ The large, circular lake in the center of the ] was named ] to honor his 1655 discovery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project|title=The Ocean Highway: New Brunswick, New Jersey to Jacksonville, Florida|series=American guide series |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064565875;view=1up;seq=144|year=1938|publisher=Works Progress Administration|page=88}}</ref>

Archeologists at Jamestown have also excavated fellow conspirator ] house in Jamestown.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historicjamestowne.org/archaeology/map-of-discoveries/drummonds-house/ | title=Drummond's House &#124; Historic Jamestowne }}</ref>


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
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* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109190816/http://www.ncmarkers.com/Markers.aspx?sp=Markers&sv=A-13 |date=9 November 2018 }}


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Latest revision as of 17:14, 26 October 2024

William Drummond
1st Proprietary Governor of Albemarle Sound
In office
1664–1667
Succeeded bySamuel Stephens
Personal details
Born1617
Scotland
Died1677 (aged 59/60)
Colony of Virginia
SpouseSarah Drummond
OccupationJustice of the Peace, Sheriff and Administrator (governor of North Carolina)

William Drummond (born c. 1617, died January 20, 1677) was a Scottish indentured servant in Virginia who became the first colonial governor of Albemarle Sound settlement in the Province of Carolina, but alienated Virginia governor William Berkeley, became a ringleader of Bacon's Rebellion and was executed after his capture.

Immigration to Virginia and family life

Drummond was born in Scotland and came to Virginia in 1637 as an indentured servant to Theodore Moyes. By 1639, Moyes sold his contract to another planter, Stephen Webb, whom some characterize as an "abusive master", from whom Drummond and several others ran away. Apprehended, tried and found guilty by the local court, Drummond had his indenture extended and received a whipping, but survived the experience. After his indenture expired, Drummond rented a parcel from Governor William Berkeley within the Governor's Land and became a successful planter and real estate investor.

By 1662, he had married Sarah Drummond, who that year patented a half acre she had inherited from mariner Edward Prescott. Sarah also bore at least five children during her marriage with Drummond, as she cited in litigation following his execution, as discussed below.

Career

By May 1656, Drummond owned a town lot in Jamestown, which he sold to John Barber in December 1664, not long after the Virginia General Assembly decided to subsidize the construction of brick houses in the colony's capital. Ultimately, the Drummonds owned one of the finest brick houses in Jamestown. During the 1660s, while in Carolina as discussed below, Drummond also patented 4,750 acres in Westmoreland County, Virginia, as well as bought 600 acres and laid claim to an additional 500 acres in that northern section of Tidewater Virginia. Drummond also acquired 1,200 acres on the east side of the Chickahominy River in Virginia (near its confluence with Warrany Creek), and expanded that parcel in 1674. He also bought from Mathew Edloe 700 acres in James City County in 1668 and patented 960 acres in Lower Norfolk County (which became Norfolk County) in 1672. In 1672, Drummond, Mathew Page I and Theophilus Hone received payment in advance after agreeing to construct a 250 foot long fort at Jamestown, but Page soon died and both Drummond and Hone were hauled before the General Court and ordered to replace defective bricks as well as complete the contract. Drummond failed to respond to a summons issued by sheriff Francis Kirkman, a friend of Virginia Governor William Berkeley.

Following his daughter's marriage to Samuel Swann, the eldest son of tavernkeeper and powerful planter Thomas Swann, Drummond held local offices in Jamestown and surrounding James City County, including as a Justice of the Peace, High Sheriff of James City County, bailiff of the Quarter Court and sergeant at arms of the Virginia General Assembly (which met at designated times in Jamestown). However, Drummond also clashed with several powerful planters, including Theodorick Bland and Bryan Smith.

In 1664, Governor Berkeley chose Drummond (who had visited the Albemarle County colony in 1653) as his emissary to the then-ungoverned colony (which would eventually become North Carolina), as requested by Berkeley's fellow Lords Proprietor for that colony. Drummond became the new colony's first governor and summoned the first legislative assembly in Carolina in 1665. However, he criticized Berkeley's policies toward the Carolina colony, so Berkeley dismissed him and appointed Samuel Stephens to succeed him as governor. During Drummond's time as governor, he and several others went hunting in the Great Dismal Swamp and became lost; Drummond was the expedition's only survivor. In 1665 Drummond discovered the water source for the Great Dismal Swamp, which lies at its center and is now called Lake Drummond in his honor. 19th century historian John W. Moore characterized Drummond as a man who deserved respect and confidence, based on his plain and prudent lifestyle and concern for the people he governed.

The 1677 inventory of Drummond's estate indicated that he owned three slaves.

Bacon's Rebellion, execution and litigation

Drummond returned to Virginia in 1667 and later supported Nathaniel Bacon during Bacon's Rebellion against Governor Berkeley's government. Bacon may have half expected Drummond to convince people in the Albemarle colony to also rise against Governor Berkeley, but the Carolinians had no interest in the Virginia conflict and even if they did, could have provided negligible help to that rebellion. On September 19, 1676, as Bacon's followers burned Jamestown, Drummond set his own house ablaze, although he also rescued government records by moving them from the statehouse.

In fact, Bacon was captured during a secret night meeting with Drummond and tavernkeeper Richard Lawrence, another follower with a leadership record. After Bacon died of illness, Drummond and Lawrence attempted to rally his followers, but were defeated. Drummond attempted to escape toward the Dismal Swamp, but was hunted down in the Chickahominy Swamp by Capt. Swann and others. Six days later he was tried before Governor Berkeley at the house of Berkeley's supporter James Bray.

Death and legacy

After finding Drummond guilty of treason and rebellion against the king in a rapid trial at the house of his supporter James Bray, Governor Berkeley had Drummond hanged near Jamestown on January 20, 1677. Based on the treason conviction, Governor Berkeley confiscated Drummond's property before he sailed to England (where he died). However, Drummond's widow (and executor of his estate) Sarah, initially supported (with her five children) by Bacon's allies, demanded that Lady Berkeley returned the property. After Lady Berkeley refused, litigation evolved on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Contemporary accounts of the rebellion were written by Governor Berkeley, as well as by Ann Dunbar Cotton, the wife of John Cotton who lived on Queen's Creek in York County near Jamestown. Ironically, Drummond patented some land based on paying for the transatlantic passage of both Cottons. Ann Cotton may also have written and elegiac poem honoring Bacon.

By 1693, Drummond's son and heir, William Drummond Jr., was the (paid) sergeant-at-arms for the Virginia General Assembly, as well as a justice of the peace for James City County. He purchased a lot in Jamestown in 1701, which descended to his son, William Drummond III, who sold it to Edward Champion Travis in 1753.

The large, circular lake in the center of the Great Dismal Swamp was named Lake Drummond to honor his 1655 discovery.

Archeologists at Jamestown have also excavated fellow conspirator Richard Lawrence's house in Jamestown.

References

  1. Kimberly, Maria. "William Drummond (d. 1677)". Encyclopedia Virginia/Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. McCartney, Martha W. (2012). Jamestown people to 1800 : landowners, public officials, minorities, and native leaders. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8063-1872-1. OCLC 812189309.
  3. Frank E. Gizzard Jr. and D. Boyd Smith, Jamestown Colony: a Political, Social and Cultural History (ABC Clio Press 2007, ISBN 978-1-85109-637-4) p. 61
  4. "William Drummond". NC Office of Archives and History, 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  5. "Heroines of Virginia". William and Mary Quarterly. 1. 3: 41. 1 July 1906. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  6. ^ McCartney p. 145
  7. Grizzard p. 61
  8. Grizzard pp. 61-62
  9. ^ Grizzard p. 62
  10. Kimberly, Maria. "William Drummond (d. 1677)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  11. McCartney pp. 145-146
  12. Grizzard pp. 62-63
  13. McCartney p. 146
  14. Federal Writers' Project (1938). The Ocean Highway: New Brunswick, New Jersey to Jacksonville, Florida. American guide series. Works Progress Administration. p. 88.
  15. "Drummond's House | Historic Jamestowne".

External links

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