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{{short description|Emperor of India from 1806 to 1837}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty {{Infobox royalty
| name = Akbar II | name = Akbar II
| title = King of Delhi<br/> ]<br />]
| title = Mughal Emperor
| image = Akbar Shah II of India.jpg | image = Akbar Shah II of India.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Akbar Shah II, {{circa|1827}}
| succession = 18th ] | succession = ]
| reign = 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
| coronation = 19 November 1806 at ], ] | reign = 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
| coronation = 19 November 1806
⚫ | predecessor= ]
| successor =] | predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| birth_date = {{birth-date|22 April 1760}}
| birth_name = Mirza Akbar
⚫ | birth_place =], ]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1837|09|28|1760|04|22|df=yes}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1760|04|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = ], ], ]
| death_place = ], ]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1837|09|28|1760|04|22|df=yes}}
|spouse 1 = Lal Bai
⚫ | death_place = Delhi, ]
|spouse 2 = Selaa'h-un-Nissa
| spouse = Mumtaz Mahal<ref name="Majumdar1939">{{cite book | editor = Jatindra Kumar Majumdar | date = 1939 | title = Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859 | publisher = Art Press | pages = xxxiii| isbn = 9788170410645}}</ref><br>Anwar Mahal<ref name="Congress1958">{{cite book | author = Indian History Congress | date = 1958 | title = Proceedings, Volume 20 | publisher = Indian History Congress | pages = 316}}</ref><br>Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref>
|spouse 3 = Gumani Khanum
| issue = 14 sons including
| issue = 14 sons including ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>8 daughters
Mirza Firuz Bakht <br/>]<br/> Mirza Buland Bakht <br/>
| full name ='Abu Nasir Mu'in ud-din Muhammad Akbar Shah II
]<br/>]<br/>]<br>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>Mirza Jahan Khushru<ref name="GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS"> {{cite web| url=http://blog.chughtaimuseum.com/?p=10834| title=GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS| date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
| father = ]
<br/>8 daughters
⚫ | mother = Qudsia Begum
| full name = Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
| religion = ]
⚫ | father = ]
| image_size =
⚫ | mother = Qudsia Begum
| spouses =
| signature = Seal of Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II.jpg
⚫ | house = ]
| signature_type = Seal
| burial_place = ]
| religion = ] {{small|(])}}
⚫ |}}
⚫ | dynasty = ]
| era dates = 18th and 19th centuries
| regnal name = Akbar Shah II
| house = ]
| burial_place = ], Delhi, India
⚫ }}
{{Mughal}}


'''Akbar II''' (22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as '''Akbar Shah II''', was the penultimate ] of ]. He reigned from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of ] and the father of ]. '''Akbar II''' ({{IPA|fa|ak.baɾ}}; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as '''Akbar Shah II''', was the nineteenth ] from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of ] and the father of ], who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.


Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing ] influence in India through the ]. He sent ] as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company (EIC) discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the Company's coins to this effect were deleted. Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the ]. He sent ] as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.


Akbar II is credited with starting the ] festival ].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} His grave lies next to the ] of 13th century Sufi saint ] at ]. Akbar II was credited with starting the ] festival ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 8 |first1=TNN / |title=Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity {{!}} Varanasi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/akbar-dara-shikoh-had-set-examples-of-hindu-muslim-unity/articleshow/17526760.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akbar and his religious policy |url=http://www.ijssh.org/vol6/660-B00018.pdf}}</ref> His grave lies next to the ] of 13th-century Sufi saint ] at ].


==Early life== ==Early life==
] (c. 1800)]] ] (c. 1800)]]


Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor ] at ], ], while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the ], the prince was made ] with the title of ''Wali Ahd Bahadur'', after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of ] until 1799. When the renegade ] Ghulam Qadir captured ], the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to ] dance together along with other Mughal princes and princesses. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When ] fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of ''Akbar Shah II'', and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father ], till January 1788. Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor ] at ], ], while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the ], the prince was made ] with the title of ''] Bahadur'', after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the ] leader ] captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to ] dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When ] fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of ''Akbar Shah II'', and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father ], till January 1789.


==Reign== ==Reign==
]
]]]
], struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.]]
]
]

], Delhi|alt=]] ], Delhi|alt=]]


Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the ] in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially ], to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name. Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the ] in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially ], to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name.


The British encouraged the Nawab of ] and the ] of ] to take royal titles in order to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the ] did so. The British encouraged the Nawab of ] and the ] to take royal titles to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the ] did so.


He is also known to have bestowed the title ''Nawab'' over the ] and ]. He is also known to have bestowed the title ''Nawab'' upon the ] and ].


Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail. Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.


His grave lies, next to the ] of the 13th century, Sufi saint, ] at ], ] in a marble enclosure, along with that of ] (]) and ]. The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the ] near the ] of the 13th century Sufi saint, ] at ], Delhi. The Mughal emperors ], (]) and ] are also buried here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024165136 |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven |pages=63 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref>


<gallery> <gallery>
File:Ghulam Murtaza Khan The Delhi Darbar of Akbar II.jpg|Akbar II holding audience on the Peacock Throne. File:Ghulam Murtaza Khan The Delhi Darbar of Akbar II.jpg|Akbar II holding audience on the Peacock Throne.
File:Silver rupee coin of Akbar Shah II.jpg|Silver Rupee coin of Akbar II. File:Silver rupee coin of Akbar Shah II.jpg|Silver Rupee coin of Akbar II.
File:Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835 San Diego Museum of Art.jpg|Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835. File:Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835 San Diego Museum of Art.jpg|Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835
File:Akbar Shah II and his four sons.jpg| Akbar Shah II and his four sons
File:Elephant and driver, probably from the Mughal Emperor's stable with a hunting howdar, including pistol, bows and a rifle.jpg|] carrying bows and pistols.
File:Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II (reigned 1806-1837), with British Resident Charles Metcalfe 181644.JPG|Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II, with British Resident Charles Metcalfe, by Udey Ram
File:Watercolour painting on paper of a procession of a prince.jpg|] parade
File:Painting of Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II.png|Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II
File:Mounted standard-bearers of Akbar Shah II.png|Mounted standard-bearers in the procession of Akbar II
</gallery> </gallery>


==Descendants== ==Descendants==
] the lion (]) and the sacred tree of ] often confused with the ].]] ], struck in 1835, featuring ] the lion (]) and the sacred tree of ]]]


After the mutiny, cousins of ], son of ], son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince ], the heir apparent was himself killed in battle. Many princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in ] and ] since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor ] were exiled to Rangoon in ]. After the mutiny, cousins of ], son of ], son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince ], the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near ]. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in ], ] and ] since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor ] were exiled to Rangoon in ].


==See also== ==See also==
Line 78: Line 89:
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
⚫ {{Commonscat-inline}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Whitehead|first=Richard Bertram|author-link=R. B. Whitehead|date=1929|title=Akbar II as Pretender: A Study in Anarchy|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=259–272|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00082149 |issn=0035-869X|jstor=25193883|s2cid=163201364 }}

⚫ {{Commons category-inline}}


{{s-start}} {{s-start}}
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Latest revision as of 03:26, 5 November 2024

Emperor of India from 1806 to 1837

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Akbar II
King of Delhi
Badshah
Shahanshah-e-Hind
Portrait of Akbar Shah II, c. 1827
Emperor of Hindustan
Reign19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
Coronation19 November 1806
PredecessorShah Alam II
SuccessorBahadur Shah II
BornMirza Akbar
(1760-04-22)22 April 1760
Mukundpur, Rewa State, Maratha Confederacy
Died28 September 1837(1837-09-28) (aged 77)
Delhi, Mughal Empire
BurialMoti Masjid, Delhi, India
SpouseMumtaz Mahal
Anwar Mahal
Lal Bai
Issue14 sons including

Mirza Firuz Bakht
Bahadur Shah II
Mirza Buland Bakht
Mirza Jahangir
Mirza Jahan Shah
Mirza Nali
Mirza Babur
Mirza Salim
Mirza Nazim Shah
Mirza Jahan Khushru


8 daughters
Names
Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
Era dates
18th and 19th centuries
Regnal name
Akbar Shah II
HouseHouse of Babur
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherShah Alam II
MotherQudsia Begum
ReligionSunni Islam (Hanafi)
SealAkbar II's signature
Mughal emperors
Babur 1526–1530
Humayun (first reign) 1530–1540
Humayun (second reign) 1555–1556
Akbar I 1556–1605
Jahangir I 1605–1627
Shahriyar (de facto) 1627–1628
Shah Jahan I 1628–1658
Aurangzeb (Alamgir I) 1658–1707
Azam Shah 1707
Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) 1707–1712
Jahandar Shah 1712–1713
Farrukh-Siyar 1713–1719
Rafi-ud-Darajat 1719
Rafi-ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II) 1719
Muhammad Shah 1719–1748
Ahmad Shah 1748–1754
Alamgir II 1754–1759
Shah Jahan III 1759–1760
Shah Alam II (first reign) 1760–1788
Mahmud Shah (Shah Jahan IV) 1788
Shah Alam II (second reign) 1788–1806
Akbar II 1806–1837
Bahadur Shah II 1837–1857

Akbar II (Persian pronunciation: [ak.baɾ]; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as Akbar Shah II, was the nineteenth Mughal emperor from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of Shah Alam II and the father of Bahadur Shah II, who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.

Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the East India Company. He sent Ram Mohan Roy as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and issuing coins in his name. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.

Akbar II was credited with starting the Hindu–Muslim unity festival Phool Walon Ki Sair. His grave lies next to the dargah of 13th-century Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli.

Early life

The crown prince seated next to his blinded father Shah Alam II (c. 1800)

Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor Shah Alam II at Mukundpur, Satna, while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the Red Fort, the prince was made Crown prince with the title of Wali Ahd Bahadur, after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the Rohilla leader Ghulam Qadir captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to nautch dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When Shah Jahan IV fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of Akbar Shah II, and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father Shah Alam II, till January 1789.

Reign

Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.
Silver Rupee of the Bhopal state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.
Jade bowl inscribed with the name of the emperor
The tombs of Akbar II and his father Shah Alam II in Zafar Mehal, Mehrauli, Delhi

Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the Red Fort in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially Lord Hastings, to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name.

The British encouraged the Nawab of Oudh and the Nizam of Hyderabad to take royal titles to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the Nawab of Awadh did so.

He is also known to have bestowed the title Nawab upon the Nawab of Tonk and Nawab of Jaora.

Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.

The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the Moti Masjid near the dargah of the 13th century Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, Delhi. The Mughal emperors Bahadur Shah I, (Shah Alam I) and Shah Alam II are also buried here.

  • Akbar II holding audience on the Peacock Throne. Akbar II holding audience on the Peacock Throne.
  • Silver Rupee coin of Akbar II. Silver Rupee coin of Akbar II.
  • Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835 Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835
  • Akbar Shah II and his four sons Akbar Shah II and his four sons
  • Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II, with British Resident Charles Metcalfe, by Udey Ram Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II, with British Resident Charles Metcalfe, by Udey Ram
  • Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II
  • Mounted standard-bearers in the procession of Akbar II Mounted standard-bearers in the procession of Akbar II

Descendants

An East India Company Double Mohur, struck in 1835, featuring Ali the lion (Sher-e-Ali) and the sacred tree of Karbala

After the mutiny, cousins of Mirza Mughal, son of Bahadur Shah Zafar, son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince Mirza Mughal, the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near Delhi gate. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in Burma, Bengal and Deccan since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor Bahadur Shah II were exiled to Rangoon in Burma.

See also

References

  1. Jatindra Kumar Majumdar, ed. (1939). Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859. Art Press. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 9788170410645.
  2. Indian History Congress (1958). Proceedings, Volume 20. Indian History Congress. p. 316.
  3. Syed Mahdi Husain (2006). Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi. Aakar Books. p. 36. ISBN 9788187879916.
  4. "GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS". 15 April 2020.
  5. Dec 8, TNN / (8 December 2012). "Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity | Varanasi News – Times of India". The Times of India.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. "Akbar and his religious policy" (PDF).
  7. Dadlani, Chanchal B. (2018). From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire. New Haven . p. 63. ISBN 978-0-300-23317-9. OCLC 1024165136.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

Media related to Akbar II at Wikimedia Commons

Akbar II Timurid dynastyBorn: 1760 Died: 1837
Regnal titles
Preceded byShah Alam II Mughal Emperor
1806–1837 		Succeeded byBahadur Shah II
Mughal Empire
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