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| {{Simpsons character |
{{short description|The Simpsons character}} | ||
| {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} | |||
| image= ]| | |||
| {{Infobox character | |||
| name=Lionel Hutz| | |||
| | name = Lionel Hutz | |||
| gender=]| | |||
| | series = ] | |||
| hair=Brown| | |||
| | image = Lionel Hutz.jpg | |||
| age=Unknown| | |||
| | first = "]" (1991) | |||
| job=], Shoe repairer, and ]| | |||
| | last = "]" (1997) | |||
| relatives='''Ex-wife:''' ]| | |||
| | creator = {{Plainlist| | |||
| appearance="]"| | |||
| * ] | |||
| voiceactor=]| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]}} | |||
| | designer = Matt Groening | |||
| | voice = ] | |||
| | home = ] | |||
| | occupation = {{Plainlist| | |||
| * ] (Main) | |||
| * Shoe repair expert | |||
| * Real estate broker | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| }} | |||
| '''Lionel Hutz''', voiced by ], is a ] ] from '']''. Although he is known for being an ], he is also a ], agent, ], unauthorized ], ], cobbler, and possibly a ]. Hutz's first appearance was the second-season episode "]", and his final speaking role was in the ninth season's "]." | |||
| '''Lionel Hutz''' is a fictional character in the American animated sitcom '']''. He was voiced by ], and his first appearance was in the ] episode "]". Hutz is a stereotypical shady ] lawyer in ], with questionable competence and ethics. Nevertheless, he is often hired by ]. Following Hartman's death at the hands of his wife Brynn on May 28, 1998, Hutz was retired; his final speaking role was five months earlier, in the ] episode "]", and has since occasionally cameoed in the background. | |||
| ==Role in ''The Simpsons''== | |||
| He is an inept ] and as quoted by ] as a "]" whom the Simpsons nonetheless repeatedly hired as their lawyer (a fact remarked on by ] in a typically self-aware aside). His legal practice, located in a ], was named "]" He often tried to entice potential clients with free gifts, including a "smoking monkey" doll and a business card that "turns into a sponge when you put it in water". In '']'', a sign advertising his law firm offered an "Out-of-court settlement in 30 minutes or your pizza is FREE!". | |||
| ===Personality=== | |||
| Hutz was characterized as both an incompetent lawyer with little to no knowledge of the actual law<ref>From "]": | |||
| Lionel Hutz is an ] ] and, according to ], a "]" whom the Simpsons nonetheless hire as their lawyer in multiple episodes (a fact remarked on by ] in a typically self-aware aside), mostly because Hutz is the only legal counsel the Simpsons can afford.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Burns' Heir |episode-link=Burns' Heir |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Richdale, Jace; Kirkland, Mark |network=Fox |airdate=April 14, 1994 |season=5 |number=18}}</ref> His legal practice, shown to be located in a ], is named "]" and also offers "expert shoe repair." He often tries to entice potential clients with gifts, including a "smoking monkey" doll, a pen that looks like a cigar, an exotic faux-pearl necklace, a business card that "turns into a sponge when you put it in water,"<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart Gets Hit by a Car |episode-link=Bart Gets Hit by a Car |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Kirkland, Mark |network=Fox |airdate=April 14, 1994 |season=2 |number=10}}</ref> and even an almost-full ] he had been drinking himself. John G. Browning of the '']'' describes the character of Hutz as a literal ambulance chaser: "Hutz typifies the sleazy lawyer. He exaggerates his academic credentials ('I've attended ], ], ], ], the ], the ]')" and is "the very worst in legal marketing".<ref name="southeast texas record">{{cite web|url=https://setexasrecord.com/stories/510608291-legally-speaking-d-oh-what-the-simpsons-teaches-us-about-the-law|title=Legally Speaking: D'oh! What 'The Simpsons' teaches us about the law|first=John G.|last=Browning|newspaper=Southeast Texas Record | location=Beaumont, Texas | date=August 15, 2007 | access-date=October 20, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| :Hutz: And so, ladies and gentleman of the jury I rest my case. | |||
| :]: Hmmm. Mr. Hutz, do you know that you're not wearing any pants? | |||
| :Hutz: DAAAA!! I move for a bad court thingy. | |||
| :Judge: You mean a ]? | |||
| :Hutz: Right!! That's why you're the judge and I'm the law-talking guy. | |||
| :Judge: You mean the lawyer? | |||
| :Hutz: Right.</ref> | |||
| and an unethical individual in general; for instance, in the season 4 episode '']'' he described the following as his auto accident: | |||
| :. . . I kinda ran over his dog. Well, replace the word "kinda" with "repeatedly" and the word "dog" with the word "son". | |||
| Hutz was a ]; also in ''Marge in Chains'', he hastily left the courtroom after handling a bottle of ] in order to consult his ], musician ]. | |||
| Hutz is characterized as both a grossly incompetent lawyer and an unethical individual in general. This is supported in his first appearance in "]", an episode which also demonstrates his greed as he wants half of the Simpsons' settlement money. Hutz is disliked and mistrusted by both Marge and Lisa. In "Bart Gets Hit by a Car", Marge ultimately testifies against Hutz for hiring ], a ] with a shady reputation, and for making Bart lie about his injuries. Hutz's incompetence and greed are also noted by his rival, the more competent ]. In the episode "]" Hutz describes the following as his "problem" with Judge Snyder: <blockquote>Well, he's had it in for me ever since I kinda ran over his dog. Well, replace the word "kinda" with the word "repeatedly" and the word "dog" with "son".</blockquote> | |||
| It should be noted, however, that Hutz did win at least one case for the Simpsons, representing ] in his case against ] and the Frying Dutchman restaurant over its "All You Can Eat" offer. While the ] tried to show that Homer's eating was far beyond what could reasonably be expected out of an all-you-can-eat offer, Hutz won by putting Marge on the stand and having her reveal the desperate actions she and Homer took after they were kicked out of the restaurant. Captain McAllister was then forced to ] with Homer. | |||
| Hutz is characterized as a recovering alcoholic. In one episode he offers Marge a celebratory "belt of ]" at 9:30 in the morning, remarking that he had not slept in days. In the same episode, he hastily leaves the courtroom after handling a bottle of ] in order to consult his ], ]. He then gives his closing statement, unaware that he is not wearing any pants, and thinks that ] was "the black guy on '']''". Beyond practicing law, he also tries his hand at selling ], reasoning that it was a natural move as most of his clients ended up losing their homes anyway.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Realty Bites |episode-link=Realty Bites |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Greaney, Dan; Scott III, Swinton O. |network=Fox |airdate=December 7, 1997 |season=9 |number=9}}</ref> Out of desperation for work, he has resorted to ]. Hutz, left in charge of the children for longer than he was hired, nods off in a sitting position; he produces a switchblade upon awakening suddenly. He burns all of his personal documentation in the Simpsons fireplace, claiming that "Lionel Hutz" no longer exists and he is now "Miguel Sanchez".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marge on the Lam |episode-link=Marge on the Lam |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Canterbury, Bill; Kirkland, Mark |network=Fox |airdate=December 4, 1993 |season=5 |number=6}}</ref> His other alias is "Dr. Nguyen Van Phuoc". Hutz's incompetence and financial desperation sometimes lead him to resort to rooting through dumpsters, claiming it is client-related.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Springfield Connection |episode-link=The Springfield Connection |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Collier, Jonathan; Kirkland, Mark |network=Fox |airdate=May 7, 1995 |season=6 |number=23}}</ref> Hutz was briefly married to ], although this storyline is not shown in an episode and instead mentioned in "].” In “],” Hutz attempts to get his hands on the Bouvier sisters’ Aunt Gladys' inheritance. When he was caught forging Gladys' signature by Marge and Lisa, Hutz was forced to properly read the will and give Marge's family Gladys' inheritance. Hutz has also been known to use a phone booth as an office. | |||
| Beyond the law, he also tried his hand at selling ] in "]." Hutz was briefly married to ], although this storyline was not shown in an episode. When Homer hired him to babysit the Simpson children, he had renamed himself '''Miguel Sanchez''' following some trouble that prompted him to change his identity. At some point, he apparently went by the alias '''Dr. Nguyen Van Thoc'''. | |||
| Hutz does not seem to care about ]; in "]" he represents clients in a lawsuit against the producers of a local production of '']'' for not giving them any roles in the play, although he had a role himself. | |||
| The character was retired after Hartman's murder in 1998, as well as his other main character ]. Since the Simpson family frequently appears in court,<ref>Often enough for Lisa, in "]," to be on a first-name basis with a ].</ref> other characters have represented the Simpsons in legal matters since the retirement. For example, in "]", the equally-incompetent ] stepped in (in a twist of irony, Gil was introduced in "Realty Bites", Hartman's last appearence as Hutz). ] has also served as the family's attorney. Lionel Hutz still appears in clip shows and flashbacks, as well as crowd scenes, but only in non-speaking roles. | |||
| Another display of his incompetence takes place in "]" when, while representing a ] waiter who is accusing ]'s nephew Freddy of battery, he is surprised when the opposing counsel mentions that Hutz's client is an immigrant (despite the client's French accent). Hutz then demands that his client tell him everything from then on. Browning wrote that his "courtroom skills leave something to be desired"; in the episode "Marge in Chains", he motions for a "bad court thingy", to which the judge replies "You mean a mistrial?", and then refers to himself as the "law-talking guy".<ref name="southeast texas record"/><ref name="chains">"]"</ref> | |||
| ==Appearances== | |||
| Season 2 | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| ===Cases won=== | |||
| Season 3 | |||
| Although Hutz loses most of his cases in the episodes in which he appears, he does win several cases for the Simpsons. In "]", he represented Bart when the latter was suspected of the supposed murder of ], and the charges were dropped when Skinner revealed himself to be alive. In "]", he represents Homer in his case against the ] and the Frying Dutchman restaurant over its "All You Can Eat" offer ("The most blatant case of fraudulent advertising since my suit against the film '']''").<ref>{{cite episode |title=New Kid on the Block |episode-link=New Kid on the Block |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=O'Brien, Conan; Archer, Wes |network=Fox |airdate=November 12, 1992 |season=4 |number=8}}</ref> He also wins a case for Bart in "]", by proving that ] was created by an old man named Chester J. Lampwick—though the deciding factor of the case is mainly proven by Bart's footwork to collect the crucial piece of evidence, rather than Hutz's competence. Hutz initiates the trial with zero credible evidence.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Day the Violence Died |episode-link=The Day the Violence Died |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Archer, Wesley |network=Fox |airdate=March 17, 1996 |season=7 |number=18}}</ref> In "]", Hutz successfully sues ] after Bart consumes a jagged metal Krusty-O from a box of cereal, resulting in an inflamed appendix. After winning the case, Hutz gives Bart only $500 of the $100,000 settlement.<ref>{{cite episode| title='Round Springfield |episode-link='Round Springfield |series=The Simpsons |series-link=The Simpsons |credits=O'Brien, Conan; Archer, Wes |network=Fox |airdate=April 30, 1995 |season=6 |number=22}}</ref> In "]", Hutz wins a case against ], who was mayor at that time, for electoral fraud, although Bart and Lisa once again found all the supporting evidence. | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| The only other case technically won by Hutz was in "]", where he represents Homer against ] (who, in a twist, is revealed to resemble ]). In a purportedly-deleted scene for this episode, as subsequently seen in "]", Hutz's slogan is "Cases won in 30 minutes or your ] is free". After he thinks he has lost the case, he gives the Simpsons their pizza. However, Marge informs him that they did win. Then, he tells them that the box was empty anyway. In the video game '']'', billboards can be seen around Downtown Springfield promoting Hutz's free pizza offer. | |||
| Season 4 | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| ==Creation and retirement== | |||
| Season 5 | |||
| ] was first suggested for the role of Lionel Hutz by Simpsons writer ], who liked Hartman's "great, strong voice." Writer ] described Hutz as a "combination of overconfidence and incompetence. He never doubted his ability in the courtroom for some reason, even though he had no idea what was going on."<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Mike |date=2014 |title=You Might Remember Me: The Life and Times of Phil Hartman |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |pages=158–161 |isbn=9781250027962}}</ref> | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| After Hartman's death in 1998,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/TV/9805/28/hartman/|title=Phil Hartman, wife die in apparent murder-suicide|access-date=June 8, 2007|date=May 28, 1998|publisher=]}}</ref> Hutz was going to be recast with ], but the character was retired along with ], Hartman's other recurring character.<ref name=inter>{{cite interview|last=Groening|first=Matt|subject-link = Matt Groening| interviewer = ]| title = Fresh Air| publisher = ]| work = ]| url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4249835| location = Philadelphia| date = December 29, 2004| access-date = April 9, 2008}}</ref> The last episode to feature Hutz speaking was the ] "]". | |||
| Season 6 | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| ==Reception== | |||
| Season 7 | |||
| '']'' named Hutz as one of their 15 favorite fictional television and film lawyers.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20189419_15,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412064434/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20189419_15,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 12, 2008|title=Best TV/Movie Lawyers: 15 Legal Eagles We'd Hire|access-date=April 9, 2008|date=April 9, 2008|magazine=]}}</ref> His characterization as an ambulance chaser who is only concerned with money has been viewed as part of a trend away from more noble depictions of lawyers in literature, such as ], and towards more critical depictions of lawyers and the United States legal system.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| | last = Ho | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| | first = Kevin K. | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| | date = 2003 | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| | title = "The Simpsons" and the Law: Revealing Truth and Justice to the Masses | |||
| | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1bw8d13j | |||
| | journal = UCLA Entertainment Law Review | |||
| | volume = 10 | |||
| | issue = 2 | |||
| | doi = 10.5070/LR8102027049 | |||
| | access-date = March 13, 2020 | |||
| | doi-access= free | |||
| }}</ref> Hutz has also been examined as an example of a fictional depiction of a member of the ] in popular culture.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last = Ellis | |||
| | first = Nick | |||
| | date = September 2008 | |||
| | title = 'What the Hell is That?': The Representation of Professional Service Markets in The Simpsons | |||
| | journal = Organization | |||
| | volume = 15 | |||
| | issue = 5 | |||
| | pages = 705–723 | |||
| | doi = 10.1177/1350508408093649 | |||
| | hdl= 2381/4675 | |||
| | s2cid = 145106730 | |||
| | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10082879 | |||
| | hdl-access= free | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| Season 9 | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| == |
==External links== | ||
| {{portal|The Simpsons|Animation|Television|Comedy}} | |||
| <references/> | |||
| * on ] | |||
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Latest revision as of 20:15, 21 November 2024
The Simpsons characterFictional character
| Lionel Hutz | |
|---|---|
| The Simpsons character | |
 | |
| First appearance | "Bart Gets Hit by a Car" (1991) |
| Last appearance | "Realty Bites" (1997) |
| Created by | |
| Designed by | Matt Groening |
| Voiced by | Phil Hartman |
| In-universe information | |
| Occupation |
|
| Home | Springfield |
Lionel Hutz is a fictional character in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. He was voiced by Phil Hartman, and his first appearance was in the season two episode "Bart Gets Hit by a Car". Hutz is a stereotypical shady ambulance chasing lawyer in Springfield, with questionable competence and ethics. Nevertheless, he is often hired by the Simpsons. Following Hartman's death at the hands of his wife Brynn on May 28, 1998, Hutz was retired; his final speaking role was five months earlier, in the season nine episode "Realty Bites", and has since occasionally cameoed in the background.
Role in The Simpsons
Personality
Lionel Hutz is an ambulance chasing personal injury lawyer and, according to Lisa Simpson, a "shyster" whom the Simpsons nonetheless hire as their lawyer in multiple episodes (a fact remarked on by Marge Simpson in a typically self-aware aside), mostly because Hutz is the only legal counsel the Simpsons can afford. His legal practice, shown to be located in a shopping mall, is named "I Can't Believe It's A Law Firm!" and also offers "expert shoe repair." He often tries to entice potential clients with gifts, including a "smoking monkey" doll, a pen that looks like a cigar, an exotic faux-pearl necklace, a business card that "turns into a sponge when you put it in water," and even an almost-full Orange Julius he had been drinking himself. John G. Browning of the Southeast Texas Record describes the character of Hutz as a literal ambulance chaser: "Hutz typifies the sleazy lawyer. He exaggerates his academic credentials ('I've attended Harvard, Yale, MIT, Oxford, the Sorbonne, the Louvre')" and is "the very worst in legal marketing".
Hutz is characterized as both a grossly incompetent lawyer and an unethical individual in general. This is supported in his first appearance in "Bart Gets Hit by a Car", an episode which also demonstrates his greed as he wants half of the Simpsons' settlement money. Hutz is disliked and mistrusted by both Marge and Lisa. In "Bart Gets Hit by a Car", Marge ultimately testifies against Hutz for hiring Dr. Nick, a quack doctor with a shady reputation, and for making Bart lie about his injuries. Hutz's incompetence and greed are also noted by his rival, the more competent Blue Haired Lawyer. In the episode "Marge in Chains" Hutz describes the following as his "problem" with Judge Snyder:
Well, he's had it in for me ever since I kinda ran over his dog. Well, replace the word "kinda" with the word "repeatedly" and the word "dog" with "son".
Hutz is characterized as a recovering alcoholic. In one episode he offers Marge a celebratory "belt of Scotch" at 9:30 in the morning, remarking that he had not slept in days. In the same episode, he hastily leaves the courtroom after handling a bottle of bourbon in order to consult his sponsor, David Crosby. He then gives his closing statement, unaware that he is not wearing any pants, and thinks that Clarence Darrow was "the black guy on The Mod Squad". Beyond practicing law, he also tries his hand at selling real estate, reasoning that it was a natural move as most of his clients ended up losing their homes anyway. Out of desperation for work, he has resorted to babysitting. Hutz, left in charge of the children for longer than he was hired, nods off in a sitting position; he produces a switchblade upon awakening suddenly. He burns all of his personal documentation in the Simpsons fireplace, claiming that "Lionel Hutz" no longer exists and he is now "Miguel Sanchez". His other alias is "Dr. Nguyen Van Phuoc". Hutz's incompetence and financial desperation sometimes lead him to resort to rooting through dumpsters, claiming it is client-related. Hutz was briefly married to Selma Bouvier, although this storyline is not shown in an episode and instead mentioned in "Much Apu About Nothing.” In “Selma's Choice,” Hutz attempts to get his hands on the Bouvier sisters’ Aunt Gladys' inheritance. When he was caught forging Gladys' signature by Marge and Lisa, Hutz was forced to properly read the will and give Marge's family Gladys' inheritance. Hutz has also been known to use a phone booth as an office.
Hutz does not seem to care about conflict of interest; in "A Streetcar Named Marge" he represents clients in a lawsuit against the producers of a local production of A Streetcar Named Desire for not giving them any roles in the play, although he had a role himself.
Another display of his incompetence takes place in "The Boy Who Knew Too Much" when, while representing a French waiter who is accusing Mayor Quimby's nephew Freddy of battery, he is surprised when the opposing counsel mentions that Hutz's client is an immigrant (despite the client's French accent). Hutz then demands that his client tell him everything from then on. Browning wrote that his "courtroom skills leave something to be desired"; in the episode "Marge in Chains", he motions for a "bad court thingy", to which the judge replies "You mean a mistrial?", and then refers to himself as the "law-talking guy".
Cases won
Although Hutz loses most of his cases in the episodes in which he appears, he does win several cases for the Simpsons. In "Bart the Murderer", he represented Bart when the latter was suspected of the supposed murder of Seymour Skinner, and the charges were dropped when Skinner revealed himself to be alive. In "New Kid on the Block", he represents Homer in his case against the Sea Captain and the Frying Dutchman restaurant over its "All You Can Eat" offer ("The most blatant case of fraudulent advertising since my suit against the film The NeverEnding Story"). He also wins a case for Bart in "The Day the Violence Died", by proving that Itchy was created by an old man named Chester J. Lampwick—though the deciding factor of the case is mainly proven by Bart's footwork to collect the crucial piece of evidence, rather than Hutz's competence. Hutz initiates the trial with zero credible evidence. In "'Round Springfield", Hutz successfully sues Krusty the Clown after Bart consumes a jagged metal Krusty-O from a box of cereal, resulting in an inflamed appendix. After winning the case, Hutz gives Bart only $500 of the $100,000 settlement. In "Sideshow Bob Roberts", Hutz wins a case against Sideshow Bob, who was mayor at that time, for electoral fraud, although Bart and Lisa once again found all the supporting evidence.
The only other case technically won by Hutz was in "Treehouse of Horror IV", where he represents Homer against Satan (who, in a twist, is revealed to resemble Ned Flanders). In a purportedly-deleted scene for this episode, as subsequently seen in "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular", Hutz's slogan is "Cases won in 30 minutes or your pizza is free". After he thinks he has lost the case, he gives the Simpsons their pizza. However, Marge informs him that they did win. Then, he tells them that the box was empty anyway. In the video game The Simpsons: Hit & Run, billboards can be seen around Downtown Springfield promoting Hutz's free pizza offer.
Creation and retirement
Phil Hartman was first suggested for the role of Lionel Hutz by Simpsons writer Jay Kogen, who liked Hartman's "great, strong voice." Writer Mike Scully described Hutz as a "combination of overconfidence and incompetence. He never doubted his ability in the courtroom for some reason, even though he had no idea what was going on."
After Hartman's death in 1998, Hutz was going to be recast with Harry Shearer, but the character was retired along with Troy McClure, Hartman's other recurring character. The last episode to feature Hutz speaking was the season 9 episode "Realty Bites".
Reception
Entertainment Weekly named Hutz as one of their 15 favorite fictional television and film lawyers. His characterization as an ambulance chaser who is only concerned with money has been viewed as part of a trend away from more noble depictions of lawyers in literature, such as Atticus Finch, and towards more critical depictions of lawyers and the United States legal system. Hutz has also been examined as an example of a fictional depiction of a member of the professional service market in popular culture.
References
- Richdale, Jace; Kirkland, Mark (April 14, 1994). "Burns' Heir". The Simpsons. Season 5. Episode 18. Fox.
- Swartzwelder, John; Kirkland, Mark (April 14, 1994). "Bart Gets Hit by a Car". The Simpsons. Season 2. Episode 10. Fox.
- ^ Browning, John G. (August 15, 2007). "Legally Speaking: D'oh! What 'The Simpsons' teaches us about the law". Southeast Texas Record. Beaumont, Texas. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- Greaney, Dan; Scott III, Swinton O. (December 7, 1997). "Realty Bites". The Simpsons. Season 9. Episode 9. Fox.
- Canterbury, Bill; Kirkland, Mark (December 4, 1993). "Marge on the Lam". The Simpsons. Season 5. Episode 6. Fox.
- Collier, Jonathan; Kirkland, Mark (May 7, 1995). "The Springfield Connection". The Simpsons. Season 6. Episode 23. Fox.
- "Marge in Chains"
- O'Brien, Conan; Archer, Wes (November 12, 1992). "New Kid on the Block". The Simpsons. Season 4. Episode 8. Fox.
- Swartzwelder, John; Archer, Wesley (March 17, 1996). "The Day the Violence Died". The Simpsons. Season 7. Episode 18. Fox.
- O'Brien, Conan; Archer, Wes (April 30, 1995). "'Round Springfield". The Simpsons. Season 6. Episode 22. Fox.
- Thomas, Mike (2014). You Might Remember Me: The Life and Times of Phil Hartman. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 158–161. ISBN 9781250027962.
- "Phil Hartman, wife die in apparent murder-suicide". CNN. May 28, 1998. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
- Groening, Matt (December 29, 2004). "Fresh Air". WHYY-FM (Interview). Interviewed by Terry Gross. Philadelphia: NPR. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
- "Best TV/Movie Lawyers: 15 Legal Eagles We'd Hire". Entertainment Weekly. April 9, 2008. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
- Ho, Kevin K. (2003). ""The Simpsons" and the Law: Revealing Truth and Justice to the Masses". UCLA Entertainment Law Review. 10 (2). doi:10.5070/LR8102027049. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- Ellis, Nick (September 2008). "'What the Hell is That?': The Representation of Professional Service Markets in The Simpsons". Organization. 15 (5): 705–723. doi:10.1177/1350508408093649. hdl:2381/4675. S2CID 145106730.
External links
- Lionel Hutz on IMDb
