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{{for|the magazine|Foreign Policy}}
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{{short description|Government's strategy in relating with other nations}} {{short description|Government's strategy in relating with other nations}}
{{about|political affairs|the magazine|Foreign Policy}}
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], the ], was remembered as a main architect of ] with the ] after the ].<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Wilsford|editor-first=David|title=Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary|publisher=]|year=1995|pages=347–352}}</ref> From left to right: President Paasikivi and Soviet head of state ] in ].]]
] in ], seat of the Italian ]]]
] and ] (]), in 2007]]
{{Politics|expanded=Policy}} {{Politics|expanded=Policy}}
'''Foreign policy''', also known as '''external policy''', is the set of strategies and actions a ] employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing a crucial role in its development.
A ]'s '''foreign policy''', also called ''']''' or '''foreign affairs policy''', consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its ] milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called ]. In recent decades, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, states also must interact with ]s. These interactions evaluated and monitored in seeking the benefits of bilateral and multilateral international cooperation.


The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Redd |first1=Steven B. |last2=Mintz |first2=Alex |date=5 April 2013 |title=Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12010 |journal=Policy Studies Journal |language=en |volume=41 |issue=S1 |doi=10.1111/psj.12010 |s2cid=154618621 |issn=0190-292X}}</ref> with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid, are central to a country's role in the global economy. Additionally, many states have developed humanitarian programs based on the responsibility to protect, supporting less powerful countries through various forms of assistance. The study of foreign policy examines the reasons and methods behind state interactions, with think tanks and academic institutions providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions.
Since the ]s are paramount, governments design their foreign policies through high-level decision-making processes. National interests may be accomplished as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the ] and the ] (or equivalent). In some countries, the ] also has considerable effects.


== History ==
Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent, which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability of the country itself. The foreign policy of a country can have a profound and lasting impact on other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole, such as the ] conflicting with the ] policies of 19th-century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed ] and ] countries.
{{See also|Diplomatic history}}
The idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional ] that managed ].


In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in ] and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed "affairs". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed ] (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs was applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in ] that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term ] among states.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
==History==


]s are occasionally employed by government foreign relations organizations to provide research and advocacy in the development of foreign policy proposals, alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships.
The ancient Greek philosopher ] described humans as social animals. Therefore, friendships and relations have existed between humans since the beginning of human interaction. As the organization developed in human affairs, relations between people also organized. The foreign policy thus goes back to primitive times. The inception in human affairs of foreign relations and the need for foreign policy to deal with them is as old as the organization of human life in groups. Before writing, most of these relations were carried out by word of mouth and left little direct archaeological evidence.


== Objectives ==
The literature from ancient times, the ], the ]ic poems, the histories of ] and ], and many others, show an accumulation of experience in dealing with foreigners. Ancient Chinese and Indian writings{{Which|date=July 2014}} give much evidence of thought concerned with the management of relations between peoples in the form of diplomatic correspondence between rulers and officials of different states and within systems of multi-tiered political relations such as the ] and its subordinate ], the more powerful of which{{Which|date=February 2015}} conducted their own limited foreign relations as long as those did not interfere with their primary obligations to the central government, treatises by ] and other scholars, and the preserved text of ancient treaties, as well as frequent references by known ancient writers to other, even older sources which have since been lost or remain in fragmentary form only.
Several objectives may motivate a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy may be directed for defense and security, for economic benefit, or to provide assistance to states that need it. All foreign policy objectives are interconnected and contribute to a single, comprehensive foreign policy for each state. Unlike domestic policy, foreign policy issues often arise suddenly in response to developments and major events in foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=B. Dan |last2=Peake |first2=Jeffrey S. |year=1998 |title=The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Agenda Setting |journal=] |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=173–184|doi=10.2307/2585936 |jstor=2585936 |s2cid=154427295 }}</ref>


==20th century== === Defense ===
Foreign policy is often directed for the purpose of ensuring ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Redd |first1=Steven B. |last2=Mintz |first2=Alex |date=5 April 2013 |title=Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psj.12010 |journal=Policy Studies Journal |language=en |volume=41 |issue=S1 |doi=10.1111/psj.12010 |s2cid=154618621 |issn=0190-292X}}</ref> Governments forming ]s with foreign states in order to ] and show stronger resistance to attack.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leeds |first=Brett Ashley |date=1 July 2003 |title=Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes |journal=] |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=427–439 |doi=10.1111/1540-5907.00031 |issn=1540-5907}}</ref> Foreign policy also focuses on combating adversarial states through ], ], or ].


In the 21st century, defensive foreign policy has expanded to address the threat of global ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lai |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=Terrorism and Foreign Policy |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Savun |first1=Burcu |last2=Phillips |first2=Brian J. |year=2009 |title=Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism |journal=] |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=878–904|doi=10.1177/0022002709342978 |s2cid=154846148 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silke |first=Andrew |title=Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences |publisher=] |year=2003 |pages=215–232 |chapter=Retaliating Against Terrorism}}</ref>
Global wars were fought two times in the twentieth century. Consequently, international relations became a public concern as well as an important field of study and research.
After the ] and during the 1960s, many researchers{{Who|date=July 2014}} in the U.S. particularly, and from other countries in common, brought forth a wealth of research work and theory. This work was done for international relations and not for foreign policy as such. Gradually, various theories began to grow around international relations, international systems, and international politics, but the need for a theory of foreign policy (that is, the starting point in each sovereign state) continued to receive negligible attention. The reason was that the states used to keep their foreign policies under official secrecy, and unlike today, it was not considered appropriate for the public to know about these policies.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} This iron-bound secrecy is an essential part for the framework of foreign policy formulation.


=== Economic ===
World War II and its devastation posed a great threat and challenge for humanity which revealed to everyone the importance of international relations. Though foreign policy formulation continued to remain a closely guarded process at the national level, wider access to governmental records and greater public interest provided more data from which academic work placed international relations in a structured framework of political science. Graduate and post-graduate courses developed. The research was encouraged, and gradually, international relations became an academic discipline in universities throughout the world.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
Foreign policy is central for a country's role within the ] and ]. Economic foreign policy issues may include the establishment of ]s, the distribution of foreign aid, and the management of ]s and ]s.


=== Internationalist ===
The subject of whether or not constructive attempts at involvement by citizens benefits the disciplines of the "art," or whether or not such disciplines as intercultural and interpersonal communications and others may play a significant part in the future of international relations could be a subject for further study by interested individuals/groups and is encouraged at the educational level.
Many states have developed ] under the concept of the ]. Proponents of ] believe that it is the duty of stronger and more well-off countries to assist and support less powerful countries. This idea is often associated with the ] school of thought. ] support can take the form of defensive or economic support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orford |first=Anne |year=2013 |title=Moral Internationalism and the Responsibility to Protect |journal=] |volume=24 |pages=83–108|doi=10.1093/ejil/chs092 }}</ref>


== Influences ==
Writers{{Who|date=July 2014}} researching foreign policy in the 20th century were unaware of whether or not agencies who most closely dealt with foreign policy kept logs of ] experience not unlike the ] statistics kept by organizations of the ] industry assessing the ] and danger involved (e.g., when situation "C" happened before, and subject included instances of "E" and "L", how was it handled and what was the result? When were peaceful and amicable results leading to better relations ever obtained through considered action and what was that action?).


=== Power and National capabilities ===
The writers who worked with foreign policy can be divided into two groups:
]s are able to project power and exercise their influence across the world, while ]s and ]s have moderate influence in global affairs.
# World war writers who treat international politics and foreign policy as an indifferent, single field of study
# Writers who recognize foreign policy as a source rather than the substance of international politics and bring it under study as a subject
(The second group restricts to foreign policymaking.)


]s have less ability to exercise influence unilaterally, as they have fewer economic and military resources to leverage. As a result, they are more likely to support international and multilateral organizations. The diplomatic bureaucracies of smaller states are also smaller, which limits their capacity to engage in complex diplomacy. Smaller states may seek to ally themselves with larger countries for economic and defensive benefits, or they may avoid involvement in international disputes so as to remain on friendly terms with all countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Steinsson |first1=Sverrir |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |last2=Thorhallsson |first2=Baldur |publisher=] |year=2017 |chapter=Small State Foreign Policy}}</ref>
The works of the second group come closer to the theory of foreign policy, but there is no attempt to formulate a basic theory of foreign policy. ]’s works on principal elements of foreign policy seem to have covered the most ground.<ref>Morgenthau, Hans J.. ''Politics among nations; the struggle for power and peace''. 4th ed. New York: Knopf, 1967. Print.</ref>


=== Form of government ===
==Need for a general theory of foreign policy==
The political institutions and forms of government play a role in a country's foreign policy. In a ], public opinion and the methods of political representation both affect a country's foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Risse-Kappen |first=Thomas |year=1991 |title=Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies |journal=] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=479–512|doi=10.2307/2010534 |jstor=2010534 |s2cid=153936601 }}</ref> Democratic countries are also believed to be ] to resort to military conflict with one another.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hegre |first=Håvard |year=2014 |title=Democracy and armed conflict |journal=] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.1177/0022343313512852 |issn=0022-3433 |s2cid=146428562|doi-access=free }}</ref> ] states are less likely to use ] in their foreign policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Erdmann |first1=Gero |title=International Cooperation of Authoritarian Regimes: Toward a Conceptual Framework |last2=Bank |first2=André |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Bert |last4=Richter |first4=Thomas |publisher=] |year=2013}}</ref> Under a ], a state's foreign policy may depend heavily on the preferences of the dictator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kneuer |first=Marianne |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis |publisher=] |year=2017 |chapter=Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy}}</ref> Dictators that interfere significantly with their foreign policy apparatus may be less predictable and more likely to make foreign policy blunders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frantz |first1=Erica |last2=Ezrow |first2=Natasha M. |year=2009 |title='Yes Men' and the Likelihood of Foreign Policy Mistakes Across Dictatorships |journal=APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper |publisher=]}}</ref>
{{Main|International relations theory}}
Shapiro, in his comparative study of the foreign policy of different countries, felt that the lack of a basic theory of foreign policy was particularly disabling and pointed out the harmful effect of the absence of a general theory of foreign policy on foreign policy literature.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}


== Study ==
The most fundamental question that arises here is: why do we lack theories of foreign policy? Or why do we need a general theory of foreign policy?
{{Main|Foreign policy analysis}}
The study of foreign policy considers why and how states interact with one another and maintain relations. Several schools of thought exist in the study of foreign policy, including the rational actor model based on ], the government bargaining model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as several competing interests, and the organizational process model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as interlinked bureaucracies that each play their own role.<ref>Graham T. Allison (1969) "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis." '']'', Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep. 1969), pp. 689–718</ref>
The absence of a general theory in this field leads to some serious consequences. Without theory:


]s exist that study foreign policy specifically, including the ] in the United States and the ] in the United Kingdom.
* We cannot explain the relationships we discover; we can make predictions only about the foreign policy behavior.
* We will have to depend on luck and educative guesses to come up with worthwhile research hypothesis.
* Research will become ad-hoc or unplanned research, with no justification provided for the selection of cases—no system and no consistency.
* A field without theory is hardly an area of disciplined scientific inquiry.
* A diplomat will be likely to have a more complex estimate or knowledge of other governments. His or her estimate, however, will certainly be simplistic and heavily influenced by his or her own perceptual blinders, leading to faulty (or biased) policy judgments.

A theoretical framework of foreign policy is needed to analyze the day-to-day interactions in international relations and to compare individual foreign policies. The focus is primarily on the policies of ]s with defined territories and jurisdictional boundaries, and less so on non-state actors, except in the context of how they impact national government decisions and policies. The formal field of study of international relations is itself fairly{{Clarify|date=July 2014}} recent and a specific subset of international relations such as foreign policy analysis does not receive wide attention as a field of scientific study, as opposed to the widespread use of terms like "foreign policy" and "foreign policy expert" in news media and general discussions about government when such experts may have more extensive backgrounds in fields other than foreign policy analysis. The organization ] recognized the gender disparity in foreign policy expert representation and is amplifying the number of female voices in foreign policy media coverage. Government officials involved in making foreign policy often perceive risk in giving away information about their policy-making processes and do not discuss the subject since control of information is itself often a part of foreign policy.

The vast record of empirical data and research is given academic attention to fit it into the <ref>framework</ref> of a general theory of foreign policy.

The second group of writers has made contributions to its development in many ways:

* Collation of systematic empirical studies with a view to articulating general propositions pertaining to state behavior.
* Analysis of foreign policy making with an emphasis on the process itself and the determinants that influence foreign policy.
* Development of a scientific approach to and model for foreign policy analysis such as the ], domestic-public model, etc.
* Studies undertaken to prepare ] models.


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] - mostly a list of different schools of thought on IR and some of their history
* ]
* ]
*]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References==
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== Further reading == ==Further reading==
* Christopher Hill, ''The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. * Christopher Hill, ''The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy'', Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
* Jean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, ''Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox'', Palgrave, 2018. * Jean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, ''Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox'', Palgrave, 2018.
* Steve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), ''Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases'', 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. * Steve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), ''Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases'', 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
* Frank A. Stengel and Rainer Baumann, "Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy", ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis'', edited by Cameron Thies, 266–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: ].
* The definition of foreign policy, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica,


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commonscatinline}} *{{Commonscatinline}}
{{Wikiquote}}


{{Public policy}} {{Public policy}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Policy}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Policy}}
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Latest revision as of 02:21, 25 September 2024

Government's strategy in relating with other nations This article is about political affairs. For the magazine, see Foreign Policy. "Foreign affairs" redirects here. For the magazine, see Foreign Affairs. For other uses, see Foreign affairs (disambiguation). "Foreign relations" redirects here. For see also, see International relations.

J. K. Paasikivi, the President of Finland, was remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy with the Soviet Union after the Second World War. From left to right: President Paasikivi and Soviet head of state Kliment Voroshilov in Moscow.
The Farnesina in Rome, seat of the Italian Ministry of foreign affairs
Meeting between the prime ministers of Spain and Poland (Jarosław Kaczyński), in 2007
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Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing a crucial role in its development.

The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals, with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid, are central to a country's role in the global economy. Additionally, many states have developed humanitarian programs based on the responsibility to protect, supporting less powerful countries through various forms of assistance. The study of foreign policy examines the reasons and methods behind state interactions, with think tanks and academic institutions providing research and analysis to inform policy decisions.

History

See also: Diplomatic history

The idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional diplomatic corps that managed diplomacy.

In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed "affairs". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs was applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states.

Think tanks are occasionally employed by government foreign relations organizations to provide research and advocacy in the development of foreign policy proposals, alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships.

Objectives

Several objectives may motivate a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy may be directed for defense and security, for economic benefit, or to provide assistance to states that need it. All foreign policy objectives are interconnected and contribute to a single, comprehensive foreign policy for each state. Unlike domestic policy, foreign policy issues often arise suddenly in response to developments and major events in foreign countries.

Defense

Foreign policy is often directed for the purpose of ensuring national security. Governments forming military alliances with foreign states in order to deter and show stronger resistance to attack. Foreign policy also focuses on combating adversarial states through soft power, international isolation, or war.

In the 21st century, defensive foreign policy has expanded to address the threat of global terrorism.

Economic

Foreign policy is central for a country's role within the world economy and international trade. Economic foreign policy issues may include the establishment of trade agreements, the distribution of foreign aid, and the management of imports and exports.

Internationalist

Many states have developed humanitarian programs under the concept of the responsibility to protect. Proponents of liberal internationalism believe that it is the duty of stronger and more well-off countries to assist and support less powerful countries. This idea is often associated with the idealist school of thought. Liberal internationalist support can take the form of defensive or economic support.

Influences

Power and National capabilities

Superpowers are able to project power and exercise their influence across the world, while great powers and middle powers have moderate influence in global affairs.

Small powers have less ability to exercise influence unilaterally, as they have fewer economic and military resources to leverage. As a result, they are more likely to support international and multilateral organizations. The diplomatic bureaucracies of smaller states are also smaller, which limits their capacity to engage in complex diplomacy. Smaller states may seek to ally themselves with larger countries for economic and defensive benefits, or they may avoid involvement in international disputes so as to remain on friendly terms with all countries.

Form of government

The political institutions and forms of government play a role in a country's foreign policy. In a democracy, public opinion and the methods of political representation both affect a country's foreign policy. Democratic countries are also believed to be less likely to resort to military conflict with one another. Autocratic states are less likely to use legalism in their foreign policies. Under a dictatorship, a state's foreign policy may depend heavily on the preferences of the dictator. Dictators that interfere significantly with their foreign policy apparatus may be less predictable and more likely to make foreign policy blunders.

Study

Main article: Foreign policy analysis

The study of foreign policy considers why and how states interact with one another and maintain relations. Several schools of thought exist in the study of foreign policy, including the rational actor model based on rational choice theory, the government bargaining model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as several competing interests, and the organizational process model that posits the foreign policy apparatus as interlinked bureaucracies that each play their own role.

Think tanks exist that study foreign policy specifically, including the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States and the Chatham House in the United Kingdom.

See also

References

  1. Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 347–352.
  2. Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). "Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. S2CID 154618621.
  3. Wood, B. Dan; Peake, Jeffrey S. (1998). "The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Agenda Setting". American Political Science Review. 92 (1): 173–184. doi:10.2307/2585936. JSTOR 2585936. S2CID 154427295.
  4. Redd, Steven B.; Mintz, Alex (5 April 2013). "Policy Perspectives on National Security and Foreign Policy Decision Making". Policy Studies Journal. 41 (S1). doi:10.1111/psj.12010. ISSN 0190-292X. S2CID 154618621.
  5. Leeds, Brett Ashley (1 July 2003). "Do Alliances Deter Aggression? The Influence of Military Alliances on the Initiation of Militarized Interstate Disputes". American Journal of Political Science. 47 (3): 427–439. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00031. ISSN 1540-5907.
  6. Lai, Brian (2017). Terrorism and Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.
  7. Savun, Burcu; Phillips, Brian J. (2009). "Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 53 (6): 878–904. doi:10.1177/0022002709342978. S2CID 154846148.
  8. Silke, Andrew (2003). "Retaliating Against Terrorism". Terrorists, Victims and Society: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 215–232.
  9. Orford, Anne (2013). "Moral Internationalism and the Responsibility to Protect". European Journal of International Law. 24: 83–108. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs092.
  10. Steinsson, Sverrir; Thorhallsson, Baldur (2017). "Small State Foreign Policy". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.
  11. Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1991). "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies". World Politics. 43 (4): 479–512. doi:10.2307/2010534. JSTOR 2010534. S2CID 153936601.
  12. Hegre, Håvard (2014). "Democracy and armed conflict". Journal of Peace Research. 51 (2): 159–172. doi:10.1177/0022343313512852. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 146428562.
  13. Erdmann, Gero; Bank, André; Hoffmann, Bert; Richter, Thomas (2013). International Cooperation of Authoritarian Regimes: Toward a Conceptual Framework. German Institute for Global and Area Studies.
  14. Kneuer, Marianne (2017). "Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  15. Frantz, Erica; Ezrow, Natasha M. (2009). "'Yes Men' and the Likelihood of Foreign Policy Mistakes Across Dictatorships". APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. APSA.
  16. Graham T. Allison (1969) "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The American Political Science Review, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep. 1969), pp. 689–718

Further reading

  • Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  • Jean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018.
  • Steve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Frank A. Stengel and Rainer Baumann, "Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by Cameron Thies, 266–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456.

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