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{{short description|Museum and archaeological site in the Golan Heights}} {{short description|Museum and archaeological site in the Golan Heights}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ancient Katzrin Synagogue
| native_name = {{langx|he|קצרין העתיקה}}
| native_name_lang =
| image = Katzrinsynagogue.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the former ]
| religious_affiliation = ] {{small|(former)}}
| tradition =
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| festival = <!-- or |festivals= -->
| organisational_status = {{ubl|]|]|]}}<!-- or |organizational_status= -->
| ownership =
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| bhattaraka =
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| consecration_year =
| functional_status = '''Ruins''';<br/>{{nowrap|{{small|(partially rebuilt for educational purposes)}}}}
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = ], ]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
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| map_type = Syria Golan
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former ancient synagogue in the ]
| grid_name =
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| coordinates = {{coord|32.992|35.691|region:SY_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
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| year_completed = {{circa|6th-century}} ]
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| module = {{Infobox ancient site
| embed = yes
|name = Ancient Katzrin |name = Ancient Katzrin
|abandoned = 8th century ]
|native_name = קצרין העתיקה
|alternate_name=
|image = Katzrinsynagogue.jpg
|alt=
|caption = Entrance to the 6th-century Qasrin synagogue
|map_type = Golan Heights
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|region = Golan Heights
|coordinates = {{coord|32.992|35.691|display=inline}}
|type=
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|abandoned = 8th century CE
|epochs = |epochs =
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|excavations = |excavations =
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|condition = ruins, partially rebuilt for educational purposes |condition =
|public_access = {{nowrap|Yes {{small|(as "Ancient Katzrin Park")}}}}
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| footnotes =
The '''Katzrin ancient village and synagogue''' ({{Lang-he|קצרין העתיקה}}; also ''Qasrin'' and ''Kasrin'', from the Arabic ''Qisrin''<ref name="Killebrew"/>) is an ] located in the ] on the outskirts of the ] of ]. It features the partially reconstructed remains of a village from the 4th-8th century CE, that is: mainly from the ] period, but starting from the ] and extending into the ] era (] and ] periods), or in Jewish terms from the ]ic period.<ref name="Killebrew"/><ref> on Safed.co.il, at "The Golan Heights" page</ref>
}}
The '''Katzrin ancient village and synagogue''' ({{Langx|he|קצרין העתיקה}}; also ''Qasrin'', ''Kasrin'', from ({{langx|ar|'''Qisrin''' }})<ref name="Killebrew"/> is an ] located in the ] on the outskirts of the ] of ]. It features the partially reconstructed remains of a village from the 4th-8th century CE, that is: mainly from the ] period, but starting from the ] and extending into the ] era (] and ] periods), or in Jewish historiography, the ].<ref name="Killebrew"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safed.co.il/golan-heights.html |title=Talmudic village: The Golan Heights |work=Safed.co.il |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

The site was the ] of '''Kisrin'''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jameson|2004|p=128}}</ref>


==History: archaeological site and park== ==History, archaeological site and park==
{{main|Katzrin#History}} {{main|Katzrin#History}}
] ]
The site was inhabited during the ], ], ], ], ], and ] era.<ref>{{Harvnb|Killebrew|Grantham|Fine|2003|p=60}}</ref>
The ancient Jewish farming village of Katzrin was built around a spring, which still flowed until recently. Above-ground ruins already existed at the site, and archaeological excavations have increased the number of accessible ancient buildings. An ancient synagogue was discovered in 1967 and excavated between 1971 and 1984. Other parts of the village were excavated beginning in 1983. Some of the buildings have been reconstructed on their ancient foundations and furnished with replicas of household goods and tools. An ancient wine press and olive press have also been made functional with new ropes and beams. Costumed guides demonstrate and explain in Hebrew and English construction methods, agricultural and manufacturing processes.<ref name="AICE">, at Jewish Virtual Library, publisher: American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE)</ref><ref name="Killebrew">Reflections on a Reconstruction of Ancient Qasrin Village, The reconstructed past: reconstructions in the public interpretation of archaeology and history, ], John H. Jameson, Rowman Altamira, 2004, pp. 127-146</ref>


The ancient Jewish farming village of Katzrin was built around a spring, which still flowed until recently. Above-ground ruins already existed at the site, and archaeological excavations have increased the number of accessible ancient buildings. An ancient synagogue was discovered in 1967 and excavated between 1971 and 1984. Other parts of the village were excavated beginning in 1983. Some of the buildings have been reconstructed on their ancient foundations and furnished with replicas of household goods and tools. An ancient wine press and olive press have also been made functional with new ropes and beams. Costumed guides demonstrate and explain in Hebrew and English construction methods, agricultural and manufacturing processes.<ref name="Killebrew">Reflections on a Reconstruction of Ancient Qasrin Village, The reconstructed past: reconstructions in the public interpretation of archaeology and history, Ann Killebrew, John H. Jameson, Rowman Altamira, 2004, pp. 127-146</ref>
==Synagogue==
===History===
The Katzrin Synagogue was built in the 6th century CE atop a more modest, probably late-4th-century synagogue.<ref name="">{{cite journal |title= Ancient Qasrin—Synagogue and Village |author1= Zvi Uri Ma'oz |author2= Ann E. Killebrew |journal= The Biblical Archaeologist |issue= 51(1) |pages= 5-19 |date= March 1988 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266022694_Ancient_Qasrin-Synagogue_and_Village |doi= 10.2307/3210034 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> Fragments of a mosaic floor have been found. The synagogue was apparently destroyed by the catastrophic ]. In the Mamluk period, part of the standing ruin was roofed and used as a ]. After a brief period, this use and the village itself were abandoned until 1967.


===Description=== ===Synagogue===
The Katzrin Synagogue was built in the 6th century CE atop a more modest, probably late-4th-century synagogue.<ref>{{Harvnb|Macoz|Killebrew|1998|p=5–19}}</ref> It was built with an architectural style characteristic to southern Syria, but not used in Palestine during that period.<ref>{{Harvnb|Macoz|Killebrew|1988|p=17}}</ref> Fragments of a mosaic floor have been found. The synagogue was apparently destroyed by the catastrophic ]. In the Mamluk period, part of the standing ruin was roofed and used as a ]. After a brief period, this use and the village itself were abandoned until 1967.
The synagogue had two rows of four columns each. The building was two stories tall with rows of windows at the top of the walls. The roof was built of wooden beams covered with ceramic tiles. In the southern wall, which faces Jerusalem, two massive stone steps lead to a raised stone platform ('']''). It is thought that a wooden ] would have stood here. Under the bimah there is a long, stone-paved space thought to have served as a ] (storage space for sacred texts no longer in use). The walls were plastered and painted white, with the lower walls decorated with red geometric motifs. The walls were lined with stone benches in the form of a double step.<ref name="Sander">Jewish time-travel: a travel narrative and guide to Jewish historic sites in Europe and Israel Mae E. Sander, Jason Aronson, 2000, p. 155</ref>


]
The ] lintel of one of the houses unearthed in the Golan bears a ] inscription that reads: "This is the ] of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker."<ref></ref> This discovery ties in with a discussion in the Talmud that revolves around wearing new shoes on the Sabbath: What are new shoes? Shoes that have not “walked” a certain distance, in this case the distance between the synagogue at Katzrin and the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker.<ref></ref>
The synagogue had two rows of four columns each. The building was two stories tall with rows of windows at the top of the walls. The roof was built of wooden beams covered with ceramic tiles. In the southern wall, which faces Jerusalem, two massive stone steps lead to a raised stone platform ('']''). It is thought that a wooden ] would have stood here. Under the bimah there is a long, stone-paved space thought to have served as a ] (storage space for sacred texts no longer in use). The walls were plastered and painted white, with the lower walls decorated with red geometric motifs. The walls were lined with stone benches in the form of a double step.<ref name="Sander">{{cite book |author=Sander, Mae E. |author2=Aronson, Jason |title=Jewish time-travel: a travel narrative and guide to Jewish historic sites in Europe and Israel |year=2000 |publisher= |page=155 |isbn= }}</ref>

The ] lintel of one of the houses unearthed in the Golan bears a ] inscription that reads: "This is the ] of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker."<ref>{{cite book |author=Hayes, Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvYOVSh3sbEC&pg=PA110 |title=The Emergence of Judaism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |publisher= |date= |isbn= |pages= |via=] }}</ref> This discovery ties in with a discussion in the Talmud that revolves around wearing new shoes on the Sabbath: What are new shoes? Shoes that have not “walked” a certain distance, in this case the distance between the synagogue at Katzrin and the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eretz.com/NEW/stayputgolan.shtml |work=Eretz Magazine |title=Stayput Golan |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

===Mamluk village and Mosque===
In the thirteenth-fourteenth century CE it became a Mamluk village and had a mosque.<ref>{{Harvnb|Boytner|Dodd|Parker|2010|p=130}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sulimani|Kletter|2022|p=64}}</ref> The Mamluk period is not presented to visitors of the site.<ref>{{Harvnb|Boytner|Dodd|Parker|2010|p=131}}</ref>

==== Ottoman Syria, French Mandate for Syria and Independent Syria ====
The settlement was the Syrian village of '''Kisrin'''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jameson|2004|p=128}}</ref> In the 1880s, Kisrin was described as "a small ] winter village, with a group of beautiful oak trees and old ruins, south of el-Ahmediyeh".<ref name="k581">{{cite book |last=Schumacher|first=Gottlieb|title=The Jaulân: Surveyed for the German Society for the Exploration of the Holy Land|url=https://archive.org/details/jaulansurveyedf00schu/page/194/mode/2up|year= 1888 |place= London |publisher= Richard Bentley and Son|page=194}}</ref> From the late 19th century to 1967, the village was inhabited by Bedouins and a settled population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jameson|2004|p=129}}</ref><ref name=Killebrew/> Since 1920 and until the independence of Syria in 1944, the area was under the jurisdiction of the French mandate. The Syrian farm of Fakhoura was just to the north-east and had about 250 inhabitants before its depopulation in 1967.<ref name="Kipnis">{{cite book |author=Kipnis, Yigal |title=The Golan Heights |publisher=Routledge |place=London and New York |year=2013 |page=243 |isbn= }}</ref>

The Syrian period is not presented to visitors of the site.<ref>{{Harvnb|Boytner|Dodd|Parker|2010|p=131}}</ref>

==Criticism of the museum==
The site has been described by an archeologist as being developed: "with a clear agenda and nationalistic narrative."<ref>{{Harvnb|Boytner|Dodd|Parker|2010|p=130}}</ref> It has also been criticized for distorting historical items and showing a selective part of history, focusing on the Jewish period leaving out the Mamluk and Syrian periods.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sulimani|Kletter|2022|pp=63-64}}: "Readers will not learn that there was also a Mamluk village and a mosque, and will not be able to see their remains. ‘Traditional’ items taken from the deserted villages (plough yoke, winnowing fork, etc.) seem to demonstrate the ancient Jewish life (Killebrew and Fine 1991: 53); but the visitors are not told about their origins. Years later, Killebrew criticised the politics that shaped the exhibition of Jewish Qatzrin, while erasing Mamluk Kasrein (Killebrew 2010: 130–131; 2019). Establishing museums is a common colonial practice for expropriating the past. The past is researched, published and exhibited, but in selective ways that erase the cultures of the ‘natives’ (Dietler 2010:41; Kosasa 2011; Perugini 2017)."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Boytner|Dodd|Parker|2010|p=131}}: "In retrospect, I have mixed feelings regarding my role in the Qasrin project. My most serious misgiving is that later Islamic periods-the Mamluk and modern Syrian periods-are not presented to the public. For all intents and purposes these periods have been erased from the contemporary landscape. Although the Jewish heritage of Qasrin is certainly one of many legitimate narratives of the past, public presentation of the site intentionally disregards these two other but no less important periods of occupation."</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Asia|Judaism|Museums|Architecture}}}}
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]


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{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
]
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boytner |first1=R. |last2=Dodd |first2=L.S. |last3=Parker |first3=B.J. |title=Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Uses of Archaeology in the Middle East |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8165-2795-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8lpgBMyT3gC&pg=PA130 |access-date=2024-08-21}}
* {{cite book |last=Jameson |first=J.H. |title=The Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History |publisher=AltaMira Press |series=Archaeology / Conservation |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0376-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeWZsWq8y1YC&pg=PA129 |access-date=2024-08-21}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Killebrew |first1=Ann E. |last2=Grantham |first2=Billy J. |last3=Fine |first3=Steven |author3-link=Steven Fine |title=A "Talmudic" House at Qasrin: On the Use of Domestic Space and Daily Life during the Byzantine Period |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |publisher=American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=66 |issue=1/2 |year=2003 |issn=1094-2076 |jstor=3210932 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.2307/3210932 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210932 | access-date=2024-08-21}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Macoz |first1=Zvi Uri |last2=Killebrew |first2=Ann |title=Ancient Qasrin: Synagogue and Village |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=51 |issue=1 |year=1988 |issn=0006-0895 |jstor=3210034 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.2307/3210034 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210034 |access-date=2024-08-20}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sulimani |first1=Gideon |last2=Kletter |first2=Raz |title=Settler-Colonialism and the Diary of an Israeli Settler in the Golan Heights: The Notebooks of Izhaki Gal |journal=Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=2022 |pages=48–71 |issn=2054-1988 |doi=10.3366/hlps.2022.0283}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Katzrin ancient village synagogue}}
* at the ] photo archive

{{Ancient synagogues|state=collapsed}}
{{Synagogues in Syria}}

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Latest revision as of 10:04, 4 November 2024

Museum and archaeological site in the Golan Heights

Ancient Katzrin Synagogue
Hebrew: קצרין העתיקה
Entrance to the former ancient synagogue
Religion
AffiliationJudaism (former)
Ecclesiastical or organisational status
StatusRuins;
(partially rebuilt for educational purposes)
Location
LocationKatzrin, Golan Heights
CountrySyria
Katzrin ancient village and synagogue is located in the Golan HeightsKatzrin ancient village and synagogueLocation of the former ancient synagogue in the Golan Heights
Geographic coordinates32°59′31″N 35°41′28″E / 32.992°N 35.691°E / 32.992; 35.691
Architecture
StyleByzantine architecture
Completedc. 6th-century CE
Ancient Katzrin
History
Abandoned8th century CE
Site notes
Public accessYes (as "Ancient Katzrin Park")

The Katzrin ancient village and synagogue (Hebrew: קצרין העתיקה; also Qasrin, Kasrin, from (Arabic: Qisrin) is an open-air museum located in the Golan Heights on the outskirts of the Israeli settlement of Katzrin. It features the partially reconstructed remains of a village from the 4th-8th century CE, that is: mainly from the Byzantine period, but starting from the Late Roman and extending into the Early Muslim era (Rashidun and Umayyad periods), or in Jewish historiography, the Talmudic period.

The site was the Syrian village of Kisrin.

History, archaeological site and park

Main article: Katzrin § History
Reconstructed arches leaing against the ashlar-built synagogue (on the right)

The site was inhabited during the Middle Bronze Age, Iron II, Late Roman, Early Islamic, Mamluk, and modern era.

The ancient Jewish farming village of Katzrin was built around a spring, which still flowed until recently. Above-ground ruins already existed at the site, and archaeological excavations have increased the number of accessible ancient buildings. An ancient synagogue was discovered in 1967 and excavated between 1971 and 1984. Other parts of the village were excavated beginning in 1983. Some of the buildings have been reconstructed on their ancient foundations and furnished with replicas of household goods and tools. An ancient wine press and olive press have also been made functional with new ropes and beams. Costumed guides demonstrate and explain in Hebrew and English construction methods, agricultural and manufacturing processes.

Synagogue

The Katzrin Synagogue was built in the 6th century CE atop a more modest, probably late-4th-century synagogue. It was built with an architectural style characteristic to southern Syria, but not used in Palestine during that period. Fragments of a mosaic floor have been found. The synagogue was apparently destroyed by the catastrophic 749 earthquake. In the Mamluk period, part of the standing ruin was roofed and used as a mosque. After a brief period, this use and the village itself were abandoned until 1967.

5 branch Menorah in the synagogue

The synagogue had two rows of four columns each. The building was two stories tall with rows of windows at the top of the walls. The roof was built of wooden beams covered with ceramic tiles. In the southern wall, which faces Jerusalem, two massive stone steps lead to a raised stone platform (bimah). It is thought that a wooden Torah ark would have stood here. Under the bimah there is a long, stone-paved space thought to have served as a geniza (storage space for sacred texts no longer in use). The walls were plastered and painted white, with the lower walls decorated with red geometric motifs. The walls were lined with stone benches in the form of a double step.

The basalt lintel of one of the houses unearthed in the Golan bears a Hebrew inscription that reads: "This is the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker." This discovery ties in with a discussion in the Talmud that revolves around wearing new shoes on the Sabbath: What are new shoes? Shoes that have not “walked” a certain distance, in this case the distance between the synagogue at Katzrin and the beit midrash of Rabbi Elazar the Caper Maker.

Mamluk village and Mosque

In the thirteenth-fourteenth century CE it became a Mamluk village and had a mosque. The Mamluk period is not presented to visitors of the site.

Ottoman Syria, French Mandate for Syria and Independent Syria

The settlement was the Syrian village of Kisrin. In the 1880s, Kisrin was described as "a small Bedawin winter village, with a group of beautiful oak trees and old ruins, south of el-Ahmediyeh". From the late 19th century to 1967, the village was inhabited by Bedouins and a settled population. Since 1920 and until the independence of Syria in 1944, the area was under the jurisdiction of the French mandate. The Syrian farm of Fakhoura was just to the north-east and had about 250 inhabitants before its depopulation in 1967.

The Syrian period is not presented to visitors of the site.

Criticism of the museum

The site has been described by an archeologist as being developed: "with a clear agenda and nationalistic narrative." It has also been criticized for distorting historical items and showing a selective part of history, focusing on the Jewish period leaving out the Mamluk and Syrian periods.

See also

References

  1. ^ Reflections on a Reconstruction of Ancient Qasrin Village, The reconstructed past: reconstructions in the public interpretation of archaeology and history, Ann Killebrew, John H. Jameson, Rowman Altamira, 2004, pp. 127-146
  2. "Talmudic village: The Golan Heights". Safed.co.il.
  3. Jameson 2004, p. 128
  4. Killebrew, Grantham & Fine 2003, p. 60
  5. Macoz & Killebrew 1998, p. 5–19 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacozKillebrew1998 (help)
  6. Macoz & Killebrew 1988, p. 17
  7. Sander, Mae E.; Aronson, Jason (2000). Jewish time-travel: a travel narrative and guide to Jewish historic sites in Europe and Israel. p. 155.
  8. Hayes, Christine. The Emergence of Judaism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective – via Google Books.
  9. "Stayput Golan". Eretz Magazine.
  10. Boytner, Dodd & Parker 2010, p. 130
  11. Sulimani & Kletter 2022, p. 64
  12. Boytner, Dodd & Parker 2010, p. 131
  13. Jameson 2004, p. 128
  14. Schumacher, Gottlieb (1888). The Jaulân: Surveyed for the German Society for the Exploration of the Holy Land. London: Richard Bentley and Son. p. 194.
  15. Jameson 2004, p. 129
  16. Kipnis, Yigal (2013). The Golan Heights. London and New York: Routledge. p. 243.
  17. Boytner, Dodd & Parker 2010, p. 131
  18. Boytner, Dodd & Parker 2010, p. 130
  19. Sulimani & Kletter 2022, pp. 63–64: "Readers will not learn that there was also a Mamluk village and a mosque, and will not be able to see their remains. ‘Traditional’ items taken from the deserted villages (plough yoke, winnowing fork, etc.) seem to demonstrate the ancient Jewish life (Killebrew and Fine 1991: 53); but the visitors are not told about their origins. Years later, Killebrew criticised the politics that shaped the exhibition of Jewish Qatzrin, while erasing Mamluk Kasrein (Killebrew 2010: 130–131; 2019). Establishing museums is a common colonial practice for expropriating the past. The past is researched, published and exhibited, but in selective ways that erase the cultures of the ‘natives’ (Dietler 2010:41; Kosasa 2011; Perugini 2017)."
  20. Boytner, Dodd & Parker 2010, p. 131: "In retrospect, I have mixed feelings regarding my role in the Qasrin project. My most serious misgiving is that later Islamic periods-the Mamluk and modern Syrian periods-are not presented to the public. For all intents and purposes these periods have been erased from the contemporary landscape. Although the Jewish heritage of Qasrin is certainly one of many legitimate narratives of the past, public presentation of the site intentionally disregards these two other but no less important periods of occupation."

Bibliography

External links

Media related to Katzrin ancient village synagogue at Wikimedia Commons

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