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{{short description|Pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions}}
]
] symbols (US ] symbols)]]
An '''electronic symbol''' is a ] used to represent various ] and ] devices or functions, such as ]s, ], ]s, and ]s, in a ] of an electrical or ]. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engineering discipline, based on traditional conventions. An '''electronic symbol''' is a ] used to represent various ] and ] devices or functions, such as ]s, ], ]s, and ]s, in a ] of an electrical or ]. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engineering discipline, based on traditional conventions.


==Standards for symbols== ==Standards for symbols==
The graphic symbols used for electrical components in circuit diagrams are covered by national and international standards, in particular: The graphic symbols used for electrical components in ]s are covered by national and international standards, in particular:
* ] 60617 (also known as ] BS 3939). * ] 60617 (also known as ] 3939).
* There is also ] - for ladder-logic symbols. * There is also ] for ladder-logic symbols.
* ] JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association). They have been extracted from the Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967 * ] JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association). They have been extracted from the Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967.
* ] Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975 or CSA Z99-1975) * ] Y32.2-1975 (also known as <ref>"IEEE Standard American National Standard Canadian Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters)," in IEEE Std 315-1975 (Reaffirmed 1993), vol., no., pp.i-244, 1993, {{doi|10.1109/IEEESTD.1993.93397}}.</ref> or CSA Z99-1975).
* ] Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std 315. * ] Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std 315.
* Australian Standard AS 1102. (Based on a slightly modified version of ] 60617, Withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617) * Australian Standard AS 1102 (based on a slightly modified version of ] 60617; withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617).


The number of standards leads to confusion and errors<ref>Guidelines for Drawing Schematics The standards do not all agree, and use of unusual (even if standardized) symbols can lead to confusion and errors.<ref name=Sobering>Sobering, Tim (April 2008). .</ref>
Symbols usage is sometimes idiosyncratic to engineering disciplines, and national or local variations to international standards exist. For example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
</ref>.
Symbols usage is sometimes unique to engineering disciplines and national or local variations to international standards exist. For example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.


==Gallery of common electronic symbols== ==Common electronic symbols==
Symbols shown are typical examples, not a complete list.<ref> Talking Electronics, 2013. Retrieved 01 Apr 2015.</ref><ref> RapidTables, 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2016.</ref> Symbols shown are typical examples, not a complete list.<ref> Talking Electronics, 2013. Retrieved 01 Apr 2015.</ref><ref> RapidTables, 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2016.</ref>


===Traces=== ===Traces===
]s.''' The ] symbol for insulated crossing wires is the same as the older, non-CAD symbol for non-insulated crossing wires. To avoid confusion, the wire "jump" (semi-circle) symbol for insulated wires in non-CAD schematics is recommended (as opposed to using the CAD-style symbol for no connection), so as to avoid confusion with the original, older style symbol, which means the exact opposite. The newer, recommended style for 4-way wire connections in both CAD and non-CAD schematics is to stagger the joining wires into T-junctions.
<gallery>
The large dot signifies an electrical connection.]]{{clear left}}
File:Trace junction.svg|]-style trace junction
File:Trace crossing.svg|Trace crossing
</gallery>


===Grounds=== ===Grounds===
The shorthand for ground is GND. Optionally, the triangle in the middle symbol may be filled in.
<gallery> <gallery>
File:IEC GND.svg|]-style ] (GND) symbol IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (75).svg | General ] (]{{nbh}}style)
File:Low noise GND 2.svg|Signal/Low noise ground (GND) symbol IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (80).svg | Signal/low-noise ground (the asterisk is not part of the symbol)
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (78).svg | Chassis ground (IEC{{nbh}}style)
File:IEC Chassis.svg|]-style chassis-ground symbol
</gallery> </gallery>


===Sources=== ===Sources===
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Symbol baterie 2.svg|], single cell and multi-cell IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (90).svg | ], single-cell
File:Battery multiple cells.svg|Battery, multi-cell IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (92).svg | Battery, multi-cell
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.7.3.svg | ]
File:Voltage source 2.svg|Voltage source
</gallery>
File:Controlled Current source.svg|Controlled voltage source
<gallery>
File:Current source.svg|Current source
File:Controlled Current source 2.svg|Controlled current source Voltage source 2.svg | DC voltage source
File:AC voltage source.svg|AC voltage source Controlled Current source.svg | Controlled DC voltage source
Current source.svg | Current source
Controlled Current source 2.svg | Controlled current source
AC voltage source.svg | AC voltage source
</gallery> </gallery>


===Resistors=== ===Resistors===
{{See also|Resistor}}
It is very common for ] and ] symbols to be used for many types of variable resistors and ].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="80px">
Resistor, Rheostat (variable resistor), and Potentiometer symbols.svg | ]{{nbh}}style: (a)&nbsp;Resistor, (b)&nbsp;], (c)&nbsp;]&nbsp;/ ]
IEC resistors.svg | ]{{nbh}}style: (a)&nbsp;Resistor, (b)&nbsp;Rheostat, (c)&nbsp;Potentiometer&nbsp;/ Trimmer
</gallery>
<gallery> <gallery>
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 2.1.13.svg | ] (ANSI)
File:Resistor, Rheostat (variable resistor), and Potentiometer symbols.svg|(a) resistor, (b) rheostat (variable resistor), and (c) potentiometer (All of them are American style symbols)
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 2.1.12.1.2.svg | {{ubl|] (ANSI).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Standards for Resistor Symbols |publisher=EETech Media |journal=EePower |url=https://eepower.com/resistor-guide/resistor-standards-and-codes/resistor-symbols/ |accessdate=September 13, 2021}}</ref>|Use -t for NTC symbol.|Use +t for PTC symbol.}}
File:IEC resistors.svg|(a) resistor, (b) rheostat (variable resistor), and (c) ] (All of them are ] style symbols)
File:Thermistor.svg|] or ] IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 2.1.6.a.svg | ] (ANSI)
</gallery> </gallery>


===Capacitors=== ===Capacitors===
{{See also|Capacitor}}
<gallery> <gallery>
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (32).svg | General capacitor (IEC{{nbh}}style); sometimes drawn with one plate curved<ref name=Sobering/>
File:Capacitor Symbol.svg|IEC-style ], general symbol
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (38).svg | ] capacitor
File:Polarized capacitor symbol.svg|Capacitor, polarized (American)
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (41).svg | Ganged (co{{nbh}}moving) ]s (]{{nbh}}style)
File:Variable capacitor symbol.svg|]
Trimmer capacitor symbol GOST.svg | ] variable capacitor
File:IEC adjusable dual cap 2.svg|]-style ''ganged'' (co-moving) variable capacitors
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (36).svg | Polarized capacitor (American{{nbh}}style), such as electrolytic and tantalum capacitors
File:Trimmer capacitor symbol GOST.svg|Trimmer capacitor
</gallery> </gallery>


===Diodes=== ===Diodes===
{{See also|Diode}}
Optionally, the triangle in these symbols may be filled in, or a line may be drawn through the triangle (less desirable). The words anode and cathode aren't part of the diode symbols. For instructional purposes, sometimes two letters (A/C or A/K) are placed next to diode symbols similar to how the letters C/B/E or D/G/S are placed next to ] symbols. "K" is often used instead of "C", because the origin of the word cathode is ], and to avoid confusion with "C" for ] in silkscreen of ]s.

<gallery> <gallery>
File:Diode symbol.svg|] Diode symbol.svg | ] (rectifier)
File:Zener diode symbol.svg|] Schottky diode symbol.svg | ]
File:Tunnel diode symbol.svg|] Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg | ]
TVS diode symbols.svg | ] (TVS) diode. Top symbol is directional, bottom is bidirectional. <!-- TODO: need to remove line through middle of diodes" -->
File:Schottky diode symbol.svg|]
File:LED symbol.svg|] LED symbol.svg | ] (LED)
File:Photodiode symbol.svg|] Photodiode symbol.svg | ]
File:Varicap symbol.svg|] Tunnel diode symbol.svg | ]
Varicap symbol.svg | ]
File:Shockley diode.svg|]
Shockley diode.svg | ]
File:SCR symbol.svg|] (SCR)
SCR symbol.svg | ] (SCR)
File:Constant Regulating Diode.png|]
Diac-schematic-symbol.png | ] (may be a varistor in older schematics)
Constant Regulating Diode.png | ]
Symbol Opto-Isulator.svg | ]: LED (left), photo transistor (right)
</gallery>

====Bridge rectifiers====
{{See also|Diode bridge|l1=Bridge rectifier}}
There are many ways to draw a single-phase bridge rectifier symbol. Some show the internal diode circuit, some don't.
<gallery>
Bridge Rectifier.svg | Bridge rectifier
УГО диодного моста.svg | Bridge rectifier
4 diodes bridge rectifier.jpg | Bridge rectifier
Bridge Rectifier for single-phase alternating current (symbolic diagram).png | Bridge rectifier
3 fase bridge rectifier.jpg | Three-phase bridge rectifier
</gallery> </gallery>


===Inductors=== ===Inductors===
{{See also|Inductor}}
An inductor can be drawn either as a series of loops, or series of half-circles.
<gallery> <gallery>
Coil illustration.svg | Inductor symbol (series of loops)
File:IEC Inductor.svg|]-style air-cored ]
IEC Inductor.svg | Air-core ] (]{{nbh}}style)
File:IEC Inductor with magnetic core.svg|] with magnetic core (IEEE Std 315)
IEC Inductor with magnetic core.svg | Magnetic-core ] (IEEE{{nbh}}style)
File:IEC Tapped inductor.svg|]-style tapped ]
IEC Tapped inductor.svg | Tapped ] (IEC{{nbh}}style)
Ferrite bead ring.svg | ] (IEEE{{nbh}}style)
Reguleeritav pool.jpg | Variable inductor
Seadepool.jpg | Trimmer variable inductor
</gallery> </gallery>


===Transformers=== ===Transformers===
{{See also|Transformer}}
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Transformer center tap.svg|] with center tap Transformer Iron Core.svg | ]
File:Transformer two secondary windings.svg|] with two secondary windings Transformer center tap.svg | Transformer with center tap on secondary winding (right side)
Transformer two secondary windings.svg | Transformer with two secondary windings (right side)
File:Basic Current Transformer Symbol.svg|Current Transformer
File:Zero Sequence Current Transformer Symbol.svg|Zero-Sequence Current Transformer (ZSCT) (also known as a window-type current transformer) Basic Current Transformer Symbol.svg | ]
File:Bushing Type Current Transformer Symbol.svg|Bushing-Type Current Transformer Zero Sequence Current Transformer Symbol.svg | Zero-sequence current transformer (ZSCT) (also known as a window-type current transformer)
File:Voltage Transformer.svg|Voltage Transformer Bushing Type Current Transformer Symbol.svg | Bushing-type current transformer
Voltage Transformer.svg | Voltage transformer
</gallery> </gallery>


===Transistors=== ===Transistors===
{{See also|Transistor}}
====Unipolar====
Optionally, transistor symbols may include a circle.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.julesbartow.com/Construction/ANSI%20Y32.2-1975.pdf|title=ANSI Y32.2-1975|chapter=A4.11 Envelope or Enclosure|quote=The envelope or enclosure symbol may be omitted from a symbol referencing this paragraph, where confusion would not result|access-date=2020-12-29|archive-date=2022-10-09|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.julesbartow.com/Construction/ANSI%20Y32.2-1975.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Note: The pin letters B/C/E and G/D/S aren't part of the transistor symbols.

====Bipolar====
{{See also|Bipolar junction transistor}}
<gallery> <gallery>
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.6.2.svg | ] (BJT) <!-- TODO: need to rotate clockwise to make the base be on the left side -->
File:JFET N-dep symbol.svg|]
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.6.1.svg | ] (BJT) <!-- TODO: need to rotate clockwise to make the base be on the left side -->
File:JFET P-dep symbol.svg|]
IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.6.17.svg | NPN ]
File:IGFET N-Ch Enh Labelled simplified.svg|]
PNP darlington.svg | PNP ]
File:Enh N channel Mosfet.svg|Enhancement mode, N-channel ]
PhototransistorSymbol.png | NPN ]
File:Enh P channel Mosfet 2.svg|Enhancement mode, P-channel ]
</gallery> </gallery>


====Bipolar==== ====Unipolar====
{{See also|Field-effect transistor}}
<gallery> <gallery>
File:BJT NPN symbol (case).svg|] IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.6.10.1.b.svg | ] (JFET)
File:BJT PNP symbol (case).svg|] IEEE 315-1975 (1993) 8.6.11.1.b.svg | ] (JFET)
IGFET N-Ch Enh Labelled simplified.svg | ] (MOSFET)
File:NPN darlington.svg|NPN darlington
Enh N channel Mosfet.svg | Enhancement mode, N{{nbh}}channel ]
File:PNP darlington.svg|PNP darlington
Enh P channel Mosfet 2.svg | Enhancement mode, P{{nbh}}channel ]
</gallery> </gallery>


===Vacuum tubes=== ===Vacuum tubes===
{{See also|Vacuum tube}}
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Dioda symbol.svg|] ] Dioda symbol.svg | Vacuum tube ]
File:Trioda symbol.svg|Vacuum tube ] Trioda symbol.svg | Vacuum tube ]
File:Vacuum Tube Tetrode.svg|Vacuum tube ] Vacuum Tube Tetrode.svg | Vacuum tube ]<br/>(pin letters not part of symbol)
File:Pentoda symbol.svg|Vacuum tube ] Pentoda symbol.svg | Vacuum tube ]
</gallery> </gallery>


===Switches=== ===Switches===
{{See also|Switch}}
For multiple pole switches, a dotted or dashed line can be included to indicate two or more switch at the same time (see DPST and DPDT examples below).

<gallery> <gallery>
Poussoir-NO-symbol.png | ], normally open, push-to-make (horizontal line on top)
File:SPST-Switch.svg|], Single Pole/Single Throw (SPST)
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (57).svg | Pushbutton, normally open, push-to-make (IEEE-style)
File:SPDT-Switch.svg|], Single Pole/Double Throw (SPDT)
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (58).svg | Pushbutton, normally closed, push-to-break (IEEE-style)
File:DPDT-symbol.svg|Switch, Double Pole/Double Throw (DPDT)
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (59).svg | Pushbutton, normally closed, two circuits (IEEE-style)
File:Switch close.svg|Pushbutton, Momentary or Spring-Return, make (IEEE Std 315)
</gallery>
File:Switch open.svg|Pushbutton, Momentary or Spring-Return, break (IEEE Std 315)
<gallery>
File:Switch dual.svg|Pushbutton, Momentary or Spring-Return, two circuit (IEEE Std 315)
SPST-Switch.svg | Switch, 1P1T, SPST (single-pole single-throw)
SPDT-Switch.svg | Switch, 1P2T, SPDT (single-pole double-throw)
DPST-symbol.svg | Switch, 2P1T, DPST (double-pole single-throw)
DPDT-symbol.svg | Switch, 2P2T, DPDT (double-pole double-throw)
</gallery>
<gallery>
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (85).svg | Slide switch, 1P3T,<br/>break-before-make, nonshorting style
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (87).svg | Slide switch, 1P4T,<br/>break-before-make, nonshorting style
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (89).svg | Slide switch, 1P4T,<br/>make-before-break, shorting style
</gallery>
<gallery>
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (84).svg | ], 1P3T,<br/>break-before-make, nonshorting style
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (86).svg | Rotary switch, 1P4T,<br/>break-before-make, nonshorting style
IEEE 315 Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays Symbols (88).svg | Rotary switch, 1P4T,<br/>make-before-break, shorting style
</gallery>
<gallery>
Reed switch symbol.svg | ], normally open
</gallery> </gallery>


===Relays=== ===Relays===
{{See also|Relay}}
Relays symbols are a combination of an inductor symbol and switch symbol.

Note: The pin letters in these symbols aren't part of the standard relay symbol.
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Relay symbols.svg|American-style ]s, SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT Relay symbols.svg | SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT relays (American{{nbh}}style)
File:Relay-IEC.svg|IEC relay symbol, SPDT Relay-IEC.svg | SPDT relay (IEC{{nbh}}style)
</gallery> </gallery>


===Lamps=== ===Lamps===
LED are located in the diode section.
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Indicating lamp.svg| Indicating lamp (IEEE Std 315-1975) Neon lamp schematics.svg | ]
Indicating lamp.svg | Indicating lamp (IEEE{{nbh}}style)
File:Lamp symbol, old.svg|]
File:Lamp symbol.svg| ] (as an indicator) Lamp symbol, old.svg | ]
Lamp symbol.svg | Indicatory ]
File:Neon lamp schematics.svg|]
File:Light bulb 3.svg| Light bulb Light bulb 3.svg | Light bulb
</gallery> </gallery>


===Current limiters=== ===Current limiters===
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Fuces.svg|] ] (b), equivalent symbols (a,c) (IEEE Std 315-1975) Fuces.svg | ] ] (b), equivalent symbols (a, c) {{awrap|(IEEE Std 315-1975)}}
File:Moulded Case Circuit Breaker.svg|Moulded Case ] (MCCB) Molded Case Circuit Breaker.svg | Molded-case ] (MCCB)
File:Fuse-basic-symbols.svg|]: ] (top) and American (lower two) Fuse-basic-symbols.svg | ]: ] (top) and American (lower two)
</gallery> </gallery>


===Electro-acoustic devices=== ===Electro-acoustic devices===
Speaker symbols sometimes include an internal inductor symbol.
<gallery> <gallery>
IEEE Loudspeaker.svg | ]<br/>(IEEE-style)
File:IEC MIC.svg|]-style ]
Buzzer-IEC-Symbol.svg | ]<br/>(IEC-style)
File:IEEE MIC.svg|] (IEEE Std 315)
IEEE MIC.svg | ]<br/>(IEEE-style)
File:Buzzer-IEC-Symbol.svg|]
IEC MIC.svg | Microphone<br/>(]-style)
File:IEEE Loudspeaker.svg|Loudspeaker (IEEE Std 315)
</gallery> </gallery>


===Antennas=== ===Antennas===
{{See also|Antenna (radio)}}
<gallery> <gallery>
File:IEC Antenna.svg|]-style ] IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (55).svg | General antenna<br/>(]-style)
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (58).svg | Dipole antenna<br/>(IEC-style)
File:IEC style dipole.svg|]-style dipole ]
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (61).svg | Loop antenna<br/>(IEC-style)
File:IEC loop antenna.svg|]-style loop ]
File:IEEE loop antenna.svg|Loop ] (IEEE Std 315) IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (60).svg | Loop antenna<br/>(IEEE-style)
</gallery>

===Cables===
{{See also|Electrical cable}}
<gallery>
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (26).svg | Cable, Shielded 1 conductor
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (30).svg | Cable, 2 conductor
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (29).svg | Cable, Shielded 2 conductor with shield connected to ground
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (31).svg | Cable, 5 conductor
IEEE 315 Transmission Path Symbols (27).svg | Cable, Shielded 5 conductor
</gallery>

===Connectors===
{{See also|Electrical connector}}
There are numerous connector symbol variations.
<gallery>
Phone Jack Symbols.svg | TRS ]
UEXTPINS.svg | ] connector based on a 5x2 ] with notch key
</gallery>

===ICs===
{{See also|Integrated circuit}}

====Logic gates====
{{See also|Logic gate#Symbols|l1=Logic gates}}
For the symbols below: A and B are inputs, Q is output. Note: These letters are not part of the symbols.

There are variations of these logic gate symbols. Depending on the IC, the two-input gates below may have: 1) two or more inputs; 2) infrequently some have a second inverted {{overline|Q}} output too.

<gallery>
Buffer ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
NOT ANSI Labelled.svg | ] (NOT)
AND ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
NAND ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
OR ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
NOR ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
XOR ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
XNOR ANSI Labelled.svg | ]
</gallery>

The above logic symbols may have additional I/O variations too: 1) ] inputs, 2) ] outputs, 3) ] or open-drain outputs (not shown).

<gallery widths="200px" heights="80px">
Schmitt trigger symbol.svg | Buffer gate with ] input
Tristate buffer.svg | Buffer gate with ] output control.<br/>(B is the tri-state control)
</gallery>

====Flip-flops====
{{See also|Flip-flop (electronics)|l1=Flip-flops}}
For the symbols below: Q is output, {{overline|Q}} is inverted output, E is enable input, internal triangle shape is clock input, S is Set, R is Reset (some datasheets use clear (CLR) instead of reset along the bottom).

There are variations of these flip-flop symbols. Depending on the IC, a flip-flop may have: 1) one or both outputs (Q only, {{overline|Q}} only, both Q & {{overline|Q}}); 2) one or both forced inputs along top & bottom (R only, S only, both R & S); 3) some inputs may be inverted.

<gallery>
Inverted SR Flip-flop.svg | Simple SR flip-flop (inverted S & R inputs)
Gated SR flip-flop Symbol.svg | Gated SR flip-flop
Transparent Latch Symbol.svg | Gated D flip-flop (Transparent Latch)
D-Type Flip-flop.svg | Clocked D flip-flop<br/>(Set & Reset inputs)
JK Flip-flop (Simple) Symbol.svg | Clocked JK flip-flop
T-Type Flip-flop.svg | Clocked T flip-flop
</gallery>

====OpAmps====
Note: The outside text isn't part of these symbols.
<gallery>
Op-amp symbol.svg | ] (opamp)
Comparator symbol.svg | ]
</gallery>

===Oscillators===
{{See also|Electronic oscillator}}
<gallery>
IEEE 315 Fundamental Items Symbols (113).svg | ] (IEEE{{nbh}}style)
Schaltsymbol-Keramikresonator.svg | ] (3&nbsp;pins)
</gallery> </gallery>


===Miscellaneous devices=== ===Miscellaneous devices===
<gallery> <gallery>
Common Hall Sensor Symbol.png | ]
File:Phone Jack Symbols.svg|]
Symbol Surge Arrester.svg | ]s (GDT) for ] discharge
File:Op-amp symbol.svg|]
Symbol Spark gap.svg | ] for ] discharge
File:Ferrite bead ring.svg|] ring (IEEE Std 315)
File:Crystal-oscillator-IEC-Symbol.svg|]
File:Common Hall Sensor Symbol.png|]
</gallery> </gallery>


==Gallery of historical electronic symbols== ==Historical electronic symbols==
The shape of electronic symbols have changed over time. Some symbols were more prevalent in some countries. The following are historic electronic symbols that might be found in old electronic books and schematics. The shape of some electronic symbols have changed over time. The following historical electronic symbols can be found in old electronic books / magazines / schematics, and now considered obsolete.


===Capacitors (historical)=== ===Capacitors (historical)===
All of the following are obsolete capacitor symbols.
<gallery> <gallery>
Polarized capacitor symbol 5.png | Obsolete capacitor (very old style)
File:Capacitor old.svg
File:Capacitor old with polarity.svg Capacitor old.svg | Obsolete capacitor
Capacitor old with polarity.svg | Obsolete capacitor
File:Polarized capacitor symbol 3.svg
Polarized capacitor symbol 3.svg | Obsolete capacitor
Elco's.jpg | Obsolete capacitor
</gallery> </gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Electronics}} {{Portal|Electronics}}
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]


==References== ==References==
Line 192: Line 335:


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
;Standards
* ''Beginner's Guide to Reading Schematics''; 4th Ed; Stan Gibilisco; McGraw-Hill, 224 pages; 2018; {{ISBN|978-1260031119}}.
* ] ; 2012.
* ''How to Read Electronic Circuit Diagrams''; 2nd Ed; Brown, Lawrence, Whitson; Tab Books; 214 pages; 1988; {{ISBN|978-0830628803}}.
* ] ; 1975.
* ''How to Read Schematic Diagrams''; 4th Ed; Donald Herrington; Sams Publishing; 160 pages; 1986; {{ISBN|978-0672224577}}. <small>''''</small>
* ] MIL-STD-806B : ''Graphical Symbols for Logic Diagrams''; 1962. <small></small>

;Books
* ; 4th Ed; Stan Gibilisco; McGraw-Hill, 224 pages; 2018; {{ISBN|978-1260031119}}.
* ; 5th Ed; Donald Herrington; Literary Licensing; 130 pages; 2011; {{ISBN|978-0672224577}}. <small></small><small>''''</small>
* ; 2nd Ed; Robert Brown, Paul Lawrence, James Whitson; Tab Books; 214 pages; 1988; {{ISBN|978-0830628803}}. <small>''''</small>
* ; 1st Ed; ]; Radio Shack; 48 pages; 1988. <small>''''</small>


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Electrical symbols}} {{Commons category|Electrical symbols}}
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*


{{Electronic components}} {{Electronic components}}

Latest revision as of 02:46, 17 December 2024

Pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions
Common circuit diagram symbols (US ANSI symbols)

An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engineering discipline, based on traditional conventions.

Standards for symbols

The graphic symbols used for electrical components in circuit diagrams are covered by national and international standards, in particular:

  • IEC 60617 (also known as BS 3939).
  • There is also IEC 61131-3 – for ladder-logic symbols.
  • JIC JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association). They have been extracted from the Appendix of the NMTBA Specification EGPl-1967.
  • ANSI Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975 or CSA Z99-1975).
  • IEEE Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics). It is referenced in ANSI Y32.2/IEEE Std 315.
  • Australian Standard AS 1102 (based on a slightly modified version of IEC 60617; withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617).

The standards do not all agree, and use of unusual (even if standardized) symbols can lead to confusion and errors. Symbols usage is sometimes idiosyncratic to engineering disciplines, and national or local variations to international standards exist. For example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.

Common electronic symbols

Symbols shown are typical examples, not a complete list.

Traces

Wire crossover symbols for circuit diagrams. The CAD symbol for insulated crossing wires is the same as the older, non-CAD symbol for non-insulated crossing wires. To avoid confusion, the wire "jump" (semi-circle) symbol for insulated wires in non-CAD schematics is recommended (as opposed to using the CAD-style symbol for no connection), so as to avoid confusion with the original, older style symbol, which means the exact opposite. The newer, recommended style for 4-way wire connections in both CAD and non-CAD schematics is to stagger the joining wires into T-junctions. The large dot signifies an electrical connection.

Grounds

The shorthand for ground is GND. Optionally, the triangle in the middle symbol may be filled in.

  • General ground (IEC‑style) General ground (IEC‑style)
  • Signal/low-noise ground (the asterisk is not part of the symbol) Signal/low-noise ground (the asterisk is not part of the symbol)
  • Chassis ground (IEC‑style) Chassis ground (IEC‑style)

Sources

  • DC voltage source DC voltage source
  • Controlled DC voltage source Controlled DC voltage source
  • Current source Current source
  • Controlled current source Controlled current source
  • AC voltage source AC voltage source

Resistors

See also: Resistor

It is very common for potentiometer and rheostat symbols to be used for many types of variable resistors and trimmers.

Capacitors

See also: Capacitor
  • General capacitor (IEC‑style); sometimes drawn with one plate curved General capacitor (IEC‑style); sometimes drawn with one plate curved
  • Variable capacitor Variable capacitor
  • Ganged (co‑moving) variable capacitors (IEC‑style) Ganged (co‑moving) variable capacitors (IEC‑style)
  • Trimmer variable capacitor Trimmer variable capacitor
  • Polarized capacitor (American‑style), such as electrolytic and tantalum capacitors Polarized capacitor (American‑style), such as electrolytic and tantalum capacitors

Diodes

See also: Diode

Optionally, the triangle in these symbols may be filled in, or a line may be drawn through the triangle (less desirable). The words anode and cathode aren't part of the diode symbols. For instructional purposes, sometimes two letters (A/C or A/K) are placed next to diode symbols similar to how the letters C/B/E or D/G/S are placed next to transistor symbols. "K" is often used instead of "C", because the origin of the word cathode is kathodos, and to avoid confusion with "C" for capacitors in silkscreen of printed circuit boards.

Bridge rectifiers

See also: Bridge rectifier

There are many ways to draw a single-phase bridge rectifier symbol. Some show the internal diode circuit, some don't.

  • Bridge rectifier Bridge rectifier
  • Bridge rectifier Bridge rectifier
  • Bridge rectifier Bridge rectifier
  • Bridge rectifier Bridge rectifier
  • Three-phase bridge rectifier Three-phase bridge rectifier

Inductors

See also: Inductor

An inductor can be drawn either as a series of loops, or series of half-circles.

  • Inductor symbol (series of loops) Inductor symbol (series of loops)
  • Air-core inductor (IEC‑style) Air-core inductor (IEC‑style)
  • Magnetic-core inductor (IEEE‑style) Magnetic-core inductor (IEEE‑style)
  • Tapped inductor (IEC‑style) Tapped inductor (IEC‑style)
  • Ferrite bead (IEEE‑style) Ferrite bead (IEEE‑style)
  • Variable inductor Variable inductor
  • Trimmer variable inductor Trimmer variable inductor

Transformers

See also: Transformer
  • Transformer Transformer
  • Transformer with center tap on secondary winding (right side) Transformer with center tap on secondary winding (right side)
  • Transformer with two secondary windings (right side) Transformer with two secondary windings (right side)
  • Current transformer Current transformer
  • Zero-sequence current transformer (ZSCT) (also known as a window-type current transformer) Zero-sequence current transformer (ZSCT) (also known as a window-type current transformer)
  • Bushing-type current transformer Bushing-type current transformer
  • Voltage transformer Voltage transformer

Transistors

See also: Transistor

Optionally, transistor symbols may include a circle. Note: The pin letters B/C/E and G/D/S aren't part of the transistor symbols.

Bipolar

See also: Bipolar junction transistor

Unipolar

See also: Field-effect transistor

Vacuum tubes

See also: Vacuum tube

Switches

See also: Switch

For multiple pole switches, a dotted or dashed line can be included to indicate two or more switch at the same time (see DPST and DPDT examples below).

  • Pushbutton, normally open, push-to-make (horizontal line on top) Pushbutton, normally open, push-to-make (horizontal line on top)
  • Pushbutton, normally open, push-to-make (IEEE-style) Pushbutton, normally open, push-to-make (IEEE-style)
  • Pushbutton, normally closed, push-to-break (IEEE-style) Pushbutton, normally closed, push-to-break (IEEE-style)
  • Pushbutton, normally closed, two circuits (IEEE-style) Pushbutton, normally closed, two circuits (IEEE-style)
  • Switch, 1P1T, SPST (single-pole single-throw) Switch, 1P1T, SPST (single-pole single-throw)
  • Switch, 1P2T, SPDT (single-pole double-throw) Switch, 1P2T, SPDT (single-pole double-throw)
  • Switch, 2P1T, DPST (double-pole single-throw) Switch, 2P1T, DPST (double-pole single-throw)
  • Switch, 2P2T, DPDT (double-pole double-throw) Switch, 2P2T, DPDT (double-pole double-throw)
  • Slide switch, 1P3T, break-before-make, nonshorting style Slide switch, 1P3T,
    break-before-make, nonshorting style
  • Slide switch, 1P4T, break-before-make, nonshorting style Slide switch, 1P4T,
    break-before-make, nonshorting style
  • Slide switch, 1P4T, make-before-break, shorting style Slide switch, 1P4T,
    make-before-break, shorting style
  • Rotary switch, 1P3T, break-before-make, nonshorting style Rotary switch, 1P3T,
    break-before-make, nonshorting style
  • Rotary switch, 1P4T, break-before-make, nonshorting style Rotary switch, 1P4T,
    break-before-make, nonshorting style
  • Rotary switch, 1P4T, make-before-break, shorting style Rotary switch, 1P4T,
    make-before-break, shorting style

Relays

See also: Relay

Relays symbols are a combination of an inductor symbol and switch symbol.

Note: The pin letters in these symbols aren't part of the standard relay symbol.

  • SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT relays (American‑style) SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT relays (American‑style)
  • SPDT relay (IEC‑style) SPDT relay (IEC‑style)

Lamps

LED are located in the diode section.

Current limiters

Electro-acoustic devices

Speaker symbols sometimes include an internal inductor symbol.

Antennas

See also: Antenna (radio)
  • General antenna (IEC-style) General antenna
    (IEC-style)
  • Dipole antenna (IEC-style) Dipole antenna
    (IEC-style)
  • Loop antenna (IEC-style) Loop antenna
    (IEC-style)
  • Loop antenna (IEEE-style) Loop antenna
    (IEEE-style)

Cables

See also: Electrical cable
  • Cable, Shielded 1 conductor Cable, Shielded 1 conductor
  • Cable, 2 conductor Cable, 2 conductor
  • Cable, Shielded 2 conductor with shield connected to ground Cable, Shielded 2 conductor with shield connected to ground
  • Cable, 5 conductor Cable, 5 conductor
  • Cable, Shielded 5 conductor Cable, Shielded 5 conductor

Connectors

See also: Electrical connector

There are numerous connector symbol variations.

ICs

See also: Integrated circuit

Logic gates

See also: Logic gates

For the symbols below: A and B are inputs, Q is output. Note: These letters are not part of the symbols.

There are variations of these logic gate symbols. Depending on the IC, the two-input gates below may have: 1) two or more inputs; 2) infrequently some have a second inverted Q output too.

The above logic symbols may have additional I/O variations too: 1) schmitt trigger inputs, 2) tri-state outputs, 3) open-collector or open-drain outputs (not shown).

Flip-flops

See also: Flip-flops

For the symbols below: Q is output, Q is inverted output, E is enable input, internal triangle shape is clock input, S is Set, R is Reset (some datasheets use clear (CLR) instead of reset along the bottom).

There are variations of these flip-flop symbols. Depending on the IC, a flip-flop may have: 1) one or both outputs (Q only, Q only, both Q & Q); 2) one or both forced inputs along top & bottom (R only, S only, both R & S); 3) some inputs may be inverted.

  • Simple SR flip-flop (inverted S & R inputs) Simple SR flip-flop (inverted S & R inputs)
  • Gated SR flip-flop Gated SR flip-flop
  • Gated D flip-flop (Transparent Latch) Gated D flip-flop (Transparent Latch)
  • Clocked D flip-flop (Set & Reset inputs) Clocked D flip-flop
    (Set & Reset inputs)
  • Clocked JK flip-flop Clocked JK flip-flop
  • Clocked T flip-flop Clocked T flip-flop

OpAmps

Note: The outside text isn't part of these symbols.

Oscillators

See also: Electronic oscillator

Miscellaneous devices

Historical electronic symbols

The shape of some electronic symbols have changed over time. The following historical electronic symbols can be found in old electronic books / magazines / schematics, and now considered obsolete.

Capacitors (historical)

All of the following are obsolete capacitor symbols.

  • Obsolete capacitor (very old style) Obsolete capacitor (very old style)
  • Obsolete capacitor Obsolete capacitor
  • Obsolete capacitor Obsolete capacitor
  • Obsolete capacitor Obsolete capacitor
  • Obsolete capacitor Obsolete capacitor

See also

References

  1. "IEEE Standard American National Standard Canadian Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters)," in IEEE Std 315-1975 (Reaffirmed 1993), vol., no., pp.i-244, 1993, doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1993.93397.
  2. ^ Sobering, Tim (April 2008). Guidelines for Drawing Schematics.
  3. Circuit Symbols for all Electronic Components. Talking Electronics, 2013. Retrieved 01 Apr 2015.
  4. Electrical Symbols & Electronic Symbols. RapidTables, 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. "Standards for Resistor Symbols". EePower. EETech Media. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  6. "A4.11 Envelope or Enclosure". ANSI Y32.2-1975 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2020-12-29. The envelope or enclosure symbol may be omitted from a symbol referencing this paragraph, where confusion would not result

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