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{{Short description|United Kingdom law reforming the electoral system in Scotland}}
The '''Scottish Reform Act 1832''' was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the election laws of ]. The act was passed at approximately the same time as the ], which applied to England. The chief architects of the act ] and ].
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
|short_title = Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832
|type = Act
|parliament = United Kingdom
|long_title = An act to amend the Representation of the People in Scotland.
|year = 1832
|citation = ]. c. 65
|introduced_by =
|introduced_commons = ]<ref name=PeopleHistoryOfGlasgow>{{cite book | title=The People's History of Glasgow | author=John K. McDowell | year=1899 | publisher=Hay Nisbet & Company Limited | url=https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof02mdow/page/56 }}</ref>
|territorial_extent =
|royal_assent =
|commencement =
|repeal_date =
|replaces =
|amends =
|amendments =
|related_legislation =
|repealing_legislation=]
|status =Repealed
|original_text =
|legislation_history =
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The '''Scottish Reform Act 1832''' was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the election laws of ]. The act was passed at approximately the same time as the ], which applied to ]. The chief architects of the Act were ] and ].<ref name="SHR66">{{cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=W|date=April 1966|title=The Reform Act (Scotland) of 1832: Intention and Effect|journal=Scottish Historical Review {{Subscription required}} |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|volume=45|issue=139|pages=105–114|jstor=25528653}}</ref> It was subsequently given the official short title of the '''Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832'''.<ref>The citation of this Act by this ] was authorised by the ], section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the ].</ref> Prior to the Act, Scotland's electorate was only 0.2% of the population compared to 4% in England. The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5,000 to 65,000, or 13% of the adult men, and was no longer a private preserve for a few very rich families.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rab Houston|title=Scotland: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edQf4L3BdyQC&pg=PA26|year=2008|page=26|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-157886-1}}</ref>


The act did not substantially change the method in which the Scottish counties elected members of Parliament. As a general rule the counties each continued to elect one member. However before the Act six small counties elected nly an MP in alternate Parliaments. This arrangement was ended, but a different solution was adopted for each pair of counties. ] became a single constituency. ] and ] were given a separate MP in every Parliament. ] and ] were each united with a different neighbouring county, to form ], and ]. The Act did not substantially change the method in which the Scottish counties elected members of Parliament. As a general rule the counties each continued to elect one member. However, before the Act six small counties elected an MP only in alternate Parliaments. This arrangement was ended, but a different solution was adopted for each pair of counties. ] and ] became ]. ] and ] were given a separate MP in every Parliament. ] and ] were each united with a different neighbouring county, to form ], and ].<ref name="SHR66"/>


] and ] now had two MPs; ], ], ], ] and ] one each. The remaining burghs combined in ] to elect 18 MPs, much as before; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency &mdash; in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh. Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes. ] and ] now had two MPs; ], ], ], ] and ] one each.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Michael |title=Scotland: A New History |date=1992 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=0712698930 |page=392}}</ref> The remaining burghs combined in ] to elect 18 MPs, much as before; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency&mdash;in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh. Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The effect of the Reform Act was considerable. Before 1832 the Scottish Parliamentary electorate had been about 5,000 adult males. Following the passing of the Act, the number of Scottish MPs increased from 45 to 53 and the franchise increased by an even greater proportion, growing from under 5,000 of the 2,300,000 population<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pentland|first=Gordon|date=April 2006|title=The Debate on Scottish Parliamentary Reform, 1830-1832|journal=Scottish Historical Review {{Subscription required}} |publisher=Edinburgh University Press|volume=85|issue=219|page=104|jstor=25529887}}</ref> to 65,000 voters<ref name="SHR66"/> (now covering householders of £10 value in the burghs and property owners of £10 or tenants of £50 rental in the country seats). However the ballot was not ] and landowners could manipulate the property qualification by distributing nominal £10 parcels to multiple ] who would follow the landowner's voting instructions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=T M |title=The Scottish Nation 1700-2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0140230041 |pages=273–5}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dorsey, Mark. "The voice of the people: 'The Loyal Reformers' Gazette' and the passing of Scottish Reform 1832" (Thesis, University of Guelph| ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  2011. MR80045).

* Dyer, Michael. "'Mere Detail and Machinery': The Great Reform Act and the Effects of Redistribution on Scottish Representation, 1832-1868." ''The Scottish Historical Review'' 62.173 (1983): 17-34.

* Ferguson, William. "The Reform Act (Scotland) of 1832: intention and effect." ''The Scottish Historical Review'' 45.139 (1966): 105-114.
* Montgomery, Fiona A. "Glasgow and the struggle for parliamentary reform, 1830-1832." ''The Scottish Historical Review'' 61.172 (1982): 130-145.
* Hutchison, Iain G. C. ''A Political History of Scotland 1832-1924: Parties, Elections and Issues'' (Birlinn Ltd, 2003) .
* Pentland, Gordon. ''Radicalism, Reform and National Identity in Scotland, 1820-1833'' (Boydell Press, 2008).
* Pentland, Gordon. "The debate on Scottish parliamentary reform, 1830–1832." ''Scottish Historical Review'' 85.1 (2006): 100-130.
* Pentland, Gordon. "Scotland and the Creation of a National Reform Movement, 1830–1832." ''The Historical Journal'' 48.4 (2005): 999-1023.

===Primary sources===
* Full original text of the Act as passed: {{cite book|title=The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uq0uAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA383|access-date=29 January 2015 |volume=2 & 3 William IV |year=1832 |location=London |publisher=His Majesty's statute and law printers |pages=383–435|chapter=Cap. LXV: An Act to amend the Representation of the People in Scotland.}}

{{UK electoral reform|state=expanded}}
{{UK legislation}}

{{Portal bar|Politics|United Kingdom|Scotland}}
{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 06:30, 27 August 2024

United Kingdom law reforming the electoral system in Scotland

United Kingdom legislation
Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832
Act of Parliament
United Kingdom
Long titleAn act to amend the Representation of the People in Scotland.
Citation2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 65
Introduced byJohn Russell, 1st Earl Russell (Commons)
Other legislation
Repealed byStatute Law (Repeals) Act 1981
Status: Repealed

The Scottish Reform Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the election laws of Scotland. The act was passed at approximately the same time as the Reform Act 1832, which applied to England and Wales. The chief architects of the Act were Francis Jeffrey and Henry Cockburn. It was subsequently given the official short title of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832. Prior to the Act, Scotland's electorate was only 0.2% of the population compared to 4% in England. The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5,000 to 65,000, or 13% of the adult men, and was no longer a private preserve for a few very rich families.

The Act did not substantially change the method in which the Scottish counties elected members of Parliament. As a general rule the counties each continued to elect one member. However, before the Act six small counties elected an MP only in alternate Parliaments. This arrangement was ended, but a different solution was adopted for each pair of counties. Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire became a single constituency. Buteshire and Caithness-shire were given a separate MP in every Parliament. Cromartyshire and Nairnshire were each united with a different neighbouring county, to form Ross and Cromarty, and Elginshire and Nairnshire.

Edinburgh and Glasgow now had two MPs; Aberdeen, Dundee, Greenock, Paisley and Perth one each. The remaining burghs combined in districts to elect 18 MPs, much as before; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency—in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh. Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes.

The effect of the Reform Act was considerable. Before 1832 the Scottish Parliamentary electorate had been about 5,000 adult males. Following the passing of the Act, the number of Scottish MPs increased from 45 to 53 and the franchise increased by an even greater proportion, growing from under 5,000 of the 2,300,000 population to 65,000 voters (now covering householders of £10 value in the burghs and property owners of £10 or tenants of £50 rental in the country seats). However the ballot was not secret and landowners could manipulate the property qualification by distributing nominal £10 parcels to multiple nominees who would follow the landowner's voting instructions.

See also

References

  1. John K. McDowell (1899). The People's History of Glasgow. Hay Nisbet & Company Limited.
  2. ^ Ferguson, W (April 1966). "The Reform Act (Scotland) of 1832: Intention and Effect". Scottish Historical Review (subscription required). 45 (139). Edinburgh University Press: 105–114. JSTOR 25528653.
  3. The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by the Short Titles Act 1896, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
  4. Rab Houston (2008). Scotland: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-19-157886-1.
  5. Lynch, Michael (1992). Scotland: A New History. Pimlico. p. 392. ISBN 0712698930.
  6. Pentland, Gordon (April 2006). "The Debate on Scottish Parliamentary Reform, 1830-1832". Scottish Historical Review (subscription required). 85 (219). Edinburgh University Press: 104. JSTOR 25529887.
  7. Devine, T M (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700-2000. Penguin. pp. 273–5. ISBN 0140230041.

Further reading

  • Dorsey, Mark. "The voice of the people: 'The Loyal Reformers' Gazette' and the passing of Scottish Reform 1832" (Thesis, University of Guelph| ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  2011. MR80045). online
  • Dyer, Michael. "'Mere Detail and Machinery': The Great Reform Act and the Effects of Redistribution on Scottish Representation, 1832-1868." The Scottish Historical Review 62.173 (1983): 17-34.
  • Ferguson, William. "The Reform Act (Scotland) of 1832: intention and effect." The Scottish Historical Review 45.139 (1966): 105-114. online
  • Montgomery, Fiona A. "Glasgow and the struggle for parliamentary reform, 1830-1832." The Scottish Historical Review 61.172 (1982): 130-145. online
  • Hutchison, Iain G. C. A Political History of Scotland 1832-1924: Parties, Elections and Issues (Birlinn Ltd, 2003) online.
  • Pentland, Gordon. Radicalism, Reform and National Identity in Scotland, 1820-1833 (Boydell Press, 2008).
  • Pentland, Gordon. "The debate on Scottish parliamentary reform, 1830–1832." Scottish Historical Review 85.1 (2006): 100-130. online
  • Pentland, Gordon. "Scotland and the Creation of a National Reform Movement, 1830–1832." The Historical Journal 48.4 (2005): 999-1023. online

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