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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} | |||
{{other uses}} | {{other uses}} | ||
{{taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox | ||
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|image = Freesia.jpg | |image = Freesia.jpg | ||
|image_caption = Cultivated freesias | |image_caption = Cultivated freesias | ||
|display_parents = 2 | |||
|regnum = ] | |||
⚫ | |taxon = Freesia | ||
|unranked_divisio = ] | |||
⚫ | |authority = ] ex ] | ||
|unranked_classis = ] | |||
|ordo = ] | |||
|familia = ] | |||
|subfamilia = ] | |||
|genus = '''''Freesia''''' | |||
⚫ | | |
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|type_species = ''Freesia refracta'' | |type_species = ''Freesia refracta'' | ||
|type_species_authority = (Jacquin) Klatt | |type_species_authority = (Jacquin) Klatt | ||
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=WCSP_F/> | |synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_F/> | ||
|synonyms= | |synonyms= | ||
* '' |
* ''Anomatheca'' <small>Ker Gawl.</small> | ||
* '' |
* ''Nymanina'' <small>Kuntze</small> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''''Freesia''''' is a ] of ] ] ]s in the family ], first described as a genus in 1866 by ] (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese ( |
'''''Freesia''''' is a ] of ] ] ]s in the family ], first described as a genus in 1866 by ] (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795–1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from ] south to ], most species being found in ].<ref name=WCSP_F/> Species of the former genus '''''Anomatheca''''' are now included in ''Freesia''.<ref name=WCSP_F/> The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of ''Freesia'' species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants. | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
⚫ | They are ] plants which grow from a conical ] {{cvt|1|–|2.5|cm|in|frac=4}} diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow ] {{cvt|10|–|30|cm|in|0}} long, and a sparsely branched stem {{cvt|10|–|40|cm|in|0}} tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of ]s with six ]s. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped ]s, although those formerly placed in the genus ''Anomatheca'', such as '']'', have flat flowers. | ||
⚫ | Freesias are used as food plants by the ]e of some ] species including the ].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} | ||
⚫ | They are ] plants which grow from a conical ] |
||
⚫ | Freesias are used as food plants by the ]e of some ] species including ].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} | ||
==Systematics== | ==Systematics== | ||
⚫ | The genus was named in honor of ] (1795–1876), a German physician.<ref name=Goldblatt2008>{{cite book |author1=Manning, John |author2=Goldblatt, Peter |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=149–52 |year=2008|isbn=978-0-88192-897-6}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | ; Species<ref name=WCSP_F>Search for "Freesia", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |access-date=2012-08-13 }}</ref> | ||
⚫ | The genus was named in honor of ] (1795–1876), a German physician.<ref name=Goldblatt2008>{{cite book |author1=Manning, John |author2=Goldblatt, Peter |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=149–52 |year=2008|isbn=0-88192-897-6}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | ; Species<ref name=WCSP_F>Search for "Freesia", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ | |
||
* '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> |
* '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the ], ] | ||
* '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F. elimensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small>, ''F. parva'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F. xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Klatt</small>) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F. elimensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small>, ''F. parva'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F. xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Klatt</small>) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces | ||
* '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F. armstrongii'' <small>W.Watson</small>, ''F. brevis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F. armstrongii'' <small>W.Watson</small>, ''F. brevis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F. aurea'' <small>Hend.</small>, ''F. odorata'' <small>(G.Lodd. ex Bosse) Eckl. ex Klatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces | ||
* '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the Cape Provinces | ||
* '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces | ||
* '']'' <small>(Baker) Klatt</small> - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, |
* '']'' <small>(Baker) Klatt</small> - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, northeastern South Africa | ||
* '']'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F. cruenta'' <small>(Lindl.) Klatt</small>) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina | * '']'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F. cruenta'' <small>(Lindl.) Klatt</small>) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina | ||
* '']'' <small>Klatt</small> (syn. ''F. middlemostii'' <small>F.Barker</small>, ''F. muirii'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina | * '']'' <small>Klatt</small> (syn. ''F. middlemostii'' <small>F.Barker</small>, ''F. muirii'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''Freesia alba'' <small>G.L.Mey.</small> = ''F. leichtlinii subsp. alba'' <small>(G.L.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina | ||
* '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces | ||
* '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F. framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces | * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F. framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces | ||
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==Cultivation and uses== | ==Cultivation and uses== | ||
⚫ | The plants usually called "freesias" in horticulture and floristry are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between ''Freesia refracta'' and ''Freesia leichtlinii''. Numerous ]s have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of ''Freesia corymbosa''. Modern ] cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.<ref>Dutch flowerpaper, Bloemenkrant, publisher Verhagen, week 12-2015, see also http://issuu.com/twovisions/docs/bk_week_12_15?e=1360358/11894263</ref> Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}; however, the flowers themselves are mainly used in wedding bouquets. | ||
⚫ | The plants usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between '' |
||
They can be planted in the fall in ] 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature does not fall below about −7 °C (20 °F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.<ref></ref> | |||
''Freesia laxa'' (formerly called ''Lapeirousia laxa'' or ''Anomatheca cruenta'') is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.<ref name=Math87>{{Citation |last=Mathew |first=Brian |year=1987 |title=The Smaller Bulbs |publication-place=London |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4922-8 }}, p. 9</ref><ref name=Inne85>{{Citation |last=Innes |first=Clive |year=1985 |title=The World of Iridaceae |publication-place=Ashington, UK |publisher=Holly Gate International |isbn=978-0-948236-01-3 }}, p. 18</ref> | ''Freesia laxa'' (formerly called ''Lapeirousia laxa'' or ''Anomatheca cruenta'') is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.<ref name=Math87>{{Citation |last=Mathew |first=Brian |year=1987 |title=The Smaller Bulbs |publication-place=London |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4922-8 }}, p. 9</ref><ref name=Inne85>{{Citation |last=Innes |first=Clive |year=1985 |title=The World of Iridaceae |publication-place=Ashington, UK |publisher=Holly Gate International |isbn=978-0-948236-01-3 }}, p. 18</ref> | ||
Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in ] in ] where several growers chill the bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy cold dormancy which results in formation of buds within a predicted number of weeks – often 5 weeks at {{Convert|55|F}}.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
File: |
File:Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt (AM AK333551-2).jpg|Freesia plants in native habitat | ||
File:Flower March 2010-2.jpg|''Freesia alba'' (''F. leichtlinii subsp. alba'') | |||
⚫ | File:Freesia corymbosa KirstenboshBotGard09292010wildformB.jpg| |
||
File:Freesia |
File:Freesia caryophyllacea 1DS-II 1-8705.jpg|''Freesia caryophyllacea'' | ||
⚫ | File:Freesia corymbosa KirstenboshBotGard09292010wildformB.jpg|''Freesia corymbosa'' | ||
⚫ | File:Anomatheca laxa01.JPG| |
||
File: |
File:Freesia grandiflora KirstenboshBotGard09292010A.jpg|''Freesia grandiflora'' | ||
⚫ | File:Anomatheca laxa01.JPG|''Freesia laxa'' | ||
⚫ | File:Freesia viridis.jpg| |
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File:FreesiaRefracta2.jpg|''Freesia refracta'' (garden ]) | |||
File:PikiWiki Israel 42309 Plants of Israel.JPG|Variety of freesia cultivars | |||
File:Purple Freesia.jpg|]-colored freesia cultivar | |||
File:Freesia verrucosa 97692625.jpg|''Freesia verrucosa'' | |||
⚫ | File:Freesia viridis.jpg|''Freesia viridis'' in ], Volume 31: t. 1275, as ''Tritonia viridis'' | ||
File:Freesia viridis crispifolia 15935754.jpg|''Freesia viridis subsp. crispifolia'' | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== |
==Bibliography== | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=John C.|last2=Goldblatt|first2=Peter| |
* {{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=John C.|last2=Goldblatt|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Goldblatt|title=Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia (Iridaceae)|series=] vol. 27|date=2010|publisher=], SANBI|location=Pretoria|isbn=978-1-919976-58-7|url=https://archive.org/stream/botanyhorticultu27mann/Strelitzia_27_2010#page/n1/mode/2up}} | ||
* Goldblatt, P. (1982) Systematics of ''Freesia'' Klatt (Iridaceae) J. South African Bot. 48:39-93. | * Goldblatt, P. (1982) Systematics of ''Freesia'' Klatt (Iridaceae) J. South African Bot. 48:39-93. | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Commons}} | |||
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Freesia}} | * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Freesia}} | ||
* | * | ||
* | * | ||
* | * | ||
* {{in lang|es}} | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430032428/http://www.aromaticas.es/freesias/6/ |date=2011-04-30 }} {{in lang|es}} | ||
* | * | ||
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{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
⚫ | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
⚫ | ] |
Latest revision as of 13:38, 2 May 2024
Genus of flowering plants For other uses, see Freesia (disambiguation).
Freesia | |
---|---|
Cultivated freesias | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Iridaceae |
Subfamily: | Crocoideae |
Tribe: | Freesieae |
Genus: | Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt |
Type species | |
Freesia refracta (Jacquin) Klatt | |
Synonyms | |
|
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795–1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in Freesia. The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.
Description
They are herbaceous plants which grow from a conical corm 1–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in) diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow leaves 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long, and a sparsely branched stem 10–40 cm (4–16 in) tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of flowers with six petals. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped flowers, although those formerly placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have flat flowers.
Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the large yellow underwing.
Systematics
The genus was named in honor of Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Freese (1795–1876), a German physician.
- Species
- Freesia andersoniae L.Bolus - the Cape Provinces, Free State
- Freesia caryophyllacea (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. (syn. F. elimensis L.Bolus, F. parva N.E.Br., F. xanthospila (DC.) Klatt) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces
- Freesia corymbosa (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. (syn. F. armstrongii W.Watson, F. brevis N.E.Br., F. aurea Hend., F. odorata (G.Lodd. ex Bosse) Eckl. ex Klatt) - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia fergusoniae L.Bolus - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia fucata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces
- Freesia grandiflora (Baker) Klatt - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, northeastern South Africa
- Freesia laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. F. cruenta (Lindl.) Klatt) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina
- Freesia leichtlinii Klatt (syn. F. middlemostii F.Barker, F. muirii N.E.Br., Freesia alba G.L.Mey. = F. leichtlinii subsp. alba (G.L.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina
- Freesia marginata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia occidentalis L.Bolus (syn. F. framesii L.Bolus) - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia praecox J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt (syn. F. hurlingii L.Bolus) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in France, Canary Islands, Madeira, Bermuda, St. Helena
- Freesia sparrmanii (Thunb.) N.E.Br. - Langeberg in the Cape Provinces
- Freesia speciosa L.Bolus (syn. F. flava (E.Phillips & N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.) - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia verrucosa (B.Vogel) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. F. juncea (Pourr.) Klatt) - the Cape Provinces
- Freesia viridis (Aiton) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning - Namibia, the Cape Provinces
Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in Freesia:
- Anomatheca cruenta Lindl. = Freesia laxa subsp. laxa
- Anomatheca grandiflora Baker = Freesia grandiflora
- Anomatheca juncea (Pourr.) Ker Gawl. = Freesia verrucosa
- Anomatheca laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt = Freesia laxa
- Anomatheca verrucosa (B.Vogel) Goldblatt = Freesia verrucosa
- Anomatheca viridis (Aiton) Goldblatt = Freesia viridis
- Anomatheca xanthospila (DC.) Ker Gawl. = Freesia caryophyllacea
Cultivation and uses
The plants usually called "freesias" in horticulture and floristry are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between Freesia refracta and Freesia leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of Freesia corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers. Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.; however, the flowers themselves are mainly used in wedding bouquets.
Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.
- Freesia plants in native habitat
- Freesia alba (F. leichtlinii subsp. alba)
- Freesia caryophyllacea
- Freesia corymbosa
- Freesia grandiflora
- Freesia laxa
- Freesia refracta (garden cultivar)
- Variety of freesia cultivars
- Mauve-colored freesia cultivar
- Freesia verrucosa
- Freesia viridis in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 31: t. 1275, as Tritonia viridis
- Freesia viridis subsp. crispifolia
References
- ^ Search for "Freesia", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2012-08-13
- Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 149–52. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.
- Dutch flowerpaper, Bloemenkrant, publisher Verhagen, week 12-2015, see also http://issuu.com/twovisions/docs/bk_week_12_15?e=1360358/11894263
- Mathew, Brian (1987), The Smaller Bulbs, London: B.T. Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8, p. 9
- Innes, Clive (1985), The World of Iridaceae, Ashington, UK: Holly Gate International, ISBN 978-0-948236-01-3, p. 18
Bibliography
- Manning, John C.; Goldblatt, Peter (2010). Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia (Iridaceae). Strelitzia vol. 27. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI. ISBN 978-1-919976-58-7.
- Goldblatt, P. (1982) Systematics of Freesia Klatt (Iridaceae) J. South African Bot. 48:39-93.
External links
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Freesia" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Freesias photos of International Bulb Society
- Freesias photos of Pacific Bulb Society
- PlantZAfrica: Freesia
- Freesia info and pictures Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- How to grow freesia in warm climates