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{{Distinguish|Bart Star}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox Simpsons episode {{Infobox Simpsons episode
| image =
| episode_name = Bart's Comet
| episode_no = 117 | caption =
| prod_code = 2F11 | season = 6
| airdate = ], ] | episode = 14
| director = ]
| show runner = ]
| writer = ] | writer = ]
| production = 2F11
| director = ]
| airdate = {{Start date|1995|02|05}}
| blackboard = "Cursive writing does not mean what I think it does"
| blackboard = "] does not mean ]"<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Groening |first=Matt |author-link=Matt Groening |editor1-first=Ray |editor1-last=Richmond |editor1-link=Ray Richmond |editor2-first=Antonia |editor2-last=Coffman |title=The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family |edition=1st |year=1997 |location=New York |publisher=] |lccn=98141857 |ol=433519M |oclc=37796735 |isbn=978-0-06-095252-5 |page= |ref={{harvid|Richmond & Coffman|1997}} |title-link=The Simpsons episode guides#The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family }}.</ref>
| couch_gag = In black & white, everybody waves their hands in circles. |
| couch_gag = The Simpsons are animated in the style of ].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season6/page14.shtml |title=Bart's Comet |access-date=2008-03-27 |author1=Martyn, Warren |author2=Wood, Adrian |year=2000 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=October 4, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004133458/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season6/page14.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image = ]
| commentary = ]<br />David Mirkin<br />]<br />]<br />Bob Anderson
| season = 6
| prev = ]
| next = ]
}} }}
"'''Bart's Comet'''" is the fourteenth episode of the ] of the American animated television series '']''. It originally aired on ] in the United States on February 5, 1995.<ref name="book"/> In the episode, ] accidentally discovers a ], which is heading towards ]. The show's writing staff saw an issue of '']'' magazine that presented the threat of comets hitting Earth on its cover, and so decided to create an episode in a similar vein. "Bart's Comet" contains references to '']'' and '']'', and received positive reviews.
"'''Bart's Comet'''" is the 14th episode of '']''<nowiki>'</nowiki> ].


The episode was written by ] and directed by ].
==Synopsis==
{{spoiler}}
At the end of Science Week, Skinner launches a ]. Before the launch, Bart sabotaged it, making it look like Skinner bending over and ripping his pants with the sign "Hi! I'm Big Butt Skinner." Skinner decides to punish Bart by having him help with his 4:30 AM ]. It is Skinner's dream to find something in the sky and have it named after him. They sight something, but it is only the weather balloon, and Skinner runs off to catch it. Bart then tampers with the ] and accidentally discovers a ] after phoning the coordinates in to the local ].


==Plot==
Bart earns praise for discovering a new comet. Even the school nerds, the "Super-Friends", invite him to have lunch with them. However, his praise is dashed when scientists discover that the comet is heading straight for ]. Prof. Frink proposes a plan to launch a missile at the comet. Everyone's fear is lifted...until the missile flies pass the comet and blows up the ''only'' bridge out of town, dooming everyone in Springfield.
After ] sabotages ]'s ], Skinner punishes him by making him arrive in the schoolyard at 4:30&nbsp;a.m. to be his amateur astronomy assistant. Whilst Skinner is distracted by retrieving the weather balloon, Bart accidentally locates a ], which scientists soon discover is headed straight for ]. ] plans to launch a ] at the comet, exploding it before it touches the ground. Instead, the missile undershoots the comet and destroys the only bridge out of town. An evacuation of the town is voted down in Congress due to the addition of a ] to the enabling legislation.


] decides his family should stay in ]'s ]; anticipating this scenario, Flanders has constructed a shelter large enough for several people. Other townspeople soon arrive, crowding the shelter until Homer is unable to close the door. Because everyone else thinks they deserve to live, Flanders is expelled from his own shelter.
Springfield is left with only six hours before impact. ] proposes a bill to evacuate Springfield, but it is defeated when another bill concerning taxpayer money being allocated to "the ]" is added onto it. To help his family, Homer decides that they stay in the ] that Flanders built. Anticipating this, Ned built the ] for both families. One hour before Springfield is destroyed, everyone in town demands a place in the bunker; however, Homer is unable to close the door and someone has to leave. After going through a list of who should stay several times, Homer says that the "world of the future" will not need ] stores and tells Ned to go. While everyone is trying to pass the remaining time, Homer feels guilty and leaves; all then do the same. As the comet enters the atmosphere, it burns up from the extra thick layer of ]. It pops the weather balloon and destroys Ned's bunker. Bart and Lisa then become frightened, as the comet burned up to the size of a ]'s head...exactly as Homer had predicted.


Eventually, Homer feels guilty and leaves the shelter, followed by the other townspeople. Everyone joins Flanders on a hill, joining in with his singing while awaiting death from the comet. As it enters the Earth's atmosphere, the comet burns up in the thick layer of pollution over Springfield. When it touches down, all that remains is a ] the size of a ]'s head. Only the shelter and the weather balloon are destroyed, leaving the rest of the town untouched. The townspeople band together to burn down the ] so "it will never happen again". With Homer having accurately predicted the comet's fate earlier, he, Bart and ] huddle together in fear.
==Trivia==
*During the scene in the bomb shelter, Waldo of ] initially appears near the top-left of frame during a group shot, imitating the style of the Where's Waldo books. After a cut to a close-up, subsequent group shots in the shelter show that Waldo is gone.
*] ] has stated that this is one of his favorite episodes.
*Although all the other "Super Friends" are seen in later episodes, Database becomes more prominent.
* ''Springfield Shopper'' headlines during this episode: "Boy Discovers Comet" and "Rocket to Kick Comet's Tail".
* A sign on the side of the rocket sent to blow up the comet reads, "Caution! Aim Away from Face".
* Two slingshots are thrown at Skinner's car in attempts to get the weather balloon down.
* Matt Groening is on top of the news' list of people who are gay. According to the audio commentary on the DVD, the people, primarily consisting of writers or production crew members, whose names were listed had to sign waivers agreeing not to sue for libel. The commentators mentioned that they appear on internet lists of gay people occasionally.
* Homer states that "what's left of the comet will be no bigger than a chihuahua's head". When the remnants of the comet bounces towards Bart and he picks it up, he is standing next to a chihuahua. This chihuahua was later seen in 22 Short Films About Springfield as Bumblebee Man's pet.


==Production==
==Cultural References==
] wrote the episode.]]
*This episode's plot is similar to the '']'' episodes "]" and "The Monsters Are Coming To Maple Street".
The episode was written by ] and directed by ]. After seeing an issue of '']'' magazine, which presented the threat of comets hitting Earth on its cover, the writing staff decided to have an episode based on the concept of a comet hitting Springfield. They fleshed out the episode's plot over several days and Swartzwelder then set about writing the details of the script.<ref name="Mirkin"/> According to ] ], examples of "Swartzwelder humor" in the episode include the American fighter pilots mistaking ] for an Iraqi jet and cutting to ] and ] outside a 1940s ].<ref name="Mirkin">Mirkin, David (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' . 20th Century Fox.</ref> For the bomb shelter scene, the mass of townspeople was constructed on multiple layers so that it was easier to animate.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, Bob (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' . 20th Century Fox.</ref>
*The shelter being destroyed after everyone leaves is similar to what happened on an episode of "Gilligan's Island".


]'s list of gay people is composed of the show's production staff, who had to sign legal agreements that they would not sue their own show. As a result, according to show creator ], many of the staff appear on lists of gay people on the Internet.<ref name="Mirkin"/><ref name="Groening"/> The episode marks the first appearance of ], a character Groening dislikes if he is used for anything more than one line.<ref name="Groening">Groening, Matt (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' . 20th Century Fox.</ref>
==Goofs==
* When people who had been in the bomb shelter go to join Flanders on the hill, Apu appears yellow.
* When the "Big Butt Skinner" balloon gets away, Skinner rants, "Curse the man who invented helium! Curse Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen!" Since helium is a naturally occurring element, there's no way it could have been invented. Also, ] wasn't the only person to discover helium. Janssen discovered helium with ].
* When Bart arrives at the school at 4 in the morning, the American flag is still flying. The American flag cannot be on the flagpole at night unless there's a spotlight shining on it (Seth MacFarlane's cartoon ] recognizes this rule, which is why during nighttime establishing shots, the flag isn't shown).


Mirkin considers the episode to be one of his all-time favorites, calling it a "perfect ''Simpsons'' episode" due to the size of the plot, emotion and observational humor.<ref name="Mirkin"/>
==Superfriends==
Current members:
*'''Ham''' (known as this because he likes ])
*''']''' or '''Data'''
*'''E-mail'''
*'''Report Card'''
*'''Cosine'''
*''']'''


==Cultural references==
Following the discovery of his comet ] was asked to join but he declined after being given the nickname "Cosmos".
] in the top-left of the frame.<ref name="Mirkin"/>]]


* The couch gag is a reference to the animation of ].<ref name="Mirkin" />
==Quotes==
* The constellation of the ] is a drawing of ].<ref name="Mirkin" />
*'''Congressman 1''':Then it is unanimous. We are going to approve the bill to evacuate the town of Springfield in the great state of....<br>'''Congressman 2''': Wait a second, I want to tack on a rider to that bill. Thirty million dollars of taxpayer money to support the perverted arts.<br>'''Congressman 1''':All in favour of the amended Springfield/Pervert bill? (members of congress boo) Bill defeated<br>'''Kent Brockman''': (on TV) I've said it before and I'll say it again—] simply doesn't work.
* Principal Skinner refers to the ].
*'''Moe:''' Let's go burn down the ] so this will never happen again!
* The townspeople yanking their collars after the rocket destroys the only bridge out of town is a reference to ]'s performance in '']''.<ref name="Mirkin" />
*'''] pilot 1 (after Willie shoots at him and his wingman, trying to hit the weather balloon):''' Tagger 14, we're being fired upon. ''(looks at his read-out. It shows a silhouette of Willie and identifies him as an ] fighter jet)'' Iraqis again. Launching ]. ''(launches it, it hits his wingman)'' Missed him. Launching second sidewinder missile. <br/> ''(launches the second missile. It hits his own plane. The camera pans downward, showing the two pilots in their ])'' <br/> '''F-18 Pilot 1:''' This is what happens when you take money out of the ] and put it into ]! <br/> '''F-18 Pilot 2:''' It's a good program! Just give it a chance! That's all I ask! <br/> ''(their parachutes rip and they plummet to the ground, where they begin hitting each other)''
* Waldo from '']'' appears near the top-left of a frame during the first group shot in the bomb shelter, imitating the style of the ''Where's Waldo?'' books.<ref name="Mirkin" />
*'''Prof. Frink:''' Uh, good evening ladies and... <br/> '''Extremely scared man:''' Quit stalling! What's the plan!?!<br/>'''Prof. Frink:''' Just be quiet now, take your seat, take your seat.
* The bomb shelter scenes were based on '']'' episodes "]" and "]".<ref name="Mirkin" />
*'''Rev. Lovejoy:''' (after rocket fails to hit comet, the Reverend is running past the Simpsons house): It's all over people! We don't have a prayer!
* The episode makes references to '']'', including when ] accidentally sets his town model on fire, just like ].<ref name="BBC" />
*'''Rev. Lovejoy:''' Okay, let's start again. We'll need laughter, religious enlightenment, ]. That's Mrs. Lovejoy...
* The Super Friends are named after the 1970s cartoon of ].
*'''Ned:''' I may go mad with fear, so Todd, I want you to shoot Daddy if he tries to get back in. <br> '''Todd:''' OK, Dad. ''(sniffles and loads up a 12-gauge shotgun}''
* As the comet approaches Springfield, the townspeople sing "]", a song originally recorded by ] for ]'s 1956 film '']''.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Mirkin" />
*'''Homer (after everyone fights over a barn yard guessing game):''' I can't let that man die alone! I am completely disgusted by all of you, especially his children! I'm going out there! (slams the door and opens it again) And it was a baby ox! (slams door again)'''Moe:''' He's right you know ''' Barney:''' About the ox? ''' Moe:''' About everything!
*'''Skinner:''' Now that you have impeded science, you will now aid science. 4:30 in the morning! <br/>'''Bart: '''There's a 4:30 in the morning now?
*'''Data''': It must be coming towards us at a fantastic speed.<br/>'''Cosine''': We must alert the proper authorities.<br/>'''Report Card''': To the observatory!
*'''Super Friends singing''': "We are the super friends!"<br/>'''Bart''': Hey, shut up!
*'''Homer's Comet Prediction (which eventually comes true)''': What's everyone so worked up about? So there's a comet...big deal. It'll burn up in our atmosphere and what's ever left will be no bigger than a chihuahua's head.
*'''Marge''':Stop, stop, stop! Can't you see this barnyard guessing game is tearing us apart?! (They all stop, and hear Flanders singing on the hill)<br>'''Marge''':Say, Moe? Was it a duck?


==Reception==
== External links ==
===Critical reception===
* {{snpp capsule|2F11}}
Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book ''I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide'', called it an "excellent episode" and praised the "great moment when the ever-pious Maude Flanders happily sacrifices her Neddy".<ref name="BBC"/>


Mikey Cahill of the '']'' picked the episode's chalkboard gag, "Cursive writing does not mean what I think it does", as one of his favorite chalkboard gags in the history of the show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fab Five |work=] |date=2007-07-26 |first=Mikey |last=Cahill}}</ref>
]

Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review of the sixth season DVD that he did not "share the same level of enthusiasm for it" as Mirkin, concluding: "I think it provides a consistently strong show. It stretches reality a bit, but that’s not a problem–or unusual for the series–and the program ends up as a positive one."<ref name=dvdmg>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvdmg.com/simpsonsseasonsix.shtml |title=The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season (1994) |access-date=2008-12-18 |author=Jacobson, Colin |year=2003 |publisher=DVD Movie Guide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225114458/http://www.dvdmg.com/simpsonsseasonsix.shtml |archive-date=25 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ryan Keefer of ] gave the episode a B−.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/simpsonsseason6.php |title=DVD Verdict Review - The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season |last=Keefer |first=Ryan |date=2005-08-29 |publisher=DVD Verdict |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225151101/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/simpsonsseason6.php |archive-date=25 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

TV critics ] and ] cited the episode as how ''The Simpsons'' "always had the culture and the species on its mind even when it was clowning around", pointing to the moment near the end of the episode when the camera slowly pans across the Springfieldians' faces in the bomb shelter while Ned Flanders sings "Que Sera Sera": "a moment of existential terror that gives way to graceful resignation."<ref>{{cite web|author1=Seitz, Matt Zoller|author2-link=Alan Sepinwall|author2=Sepinwall, Alan|title=Why ''The Simpsons'' Is the Best TV Show Ever|url=http://www.vulture.com/2016/09/tv-the-book-simpsons-best-television-show.html|website=]|publisher=]|access-date=15 October 2016|date=6 September 2016|author1-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|archive-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019041130/http://www.vulture.com/2016/09/tv-the-book-simpsons-best-television-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the July 26, 2007 issue of '']'', the scientific journal's editorial staff listed "Bart's Comet" among "The Top Ten science moments in ''The Simpsons''".<ref name=Nature>{{cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |title=Science in comedy: Mmm... pi |journal=] |date=2007-07-26 |volume=448 |issue=7152 |pages=404–405 |doi=10.1038/448404a |pmid=17653163|bibcode=2007Natur.448..404H |s2cid=4393052 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ratings===
In its original broadcast, "Bart's Comet" finished joint 33rd (with '']'' and '']'') in the ratings for the week of January 3 to February 5, 1995, with a ] of 11.3. It was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.<ref>{{cite news |title=How They Rate |date=1995-02-10 |work=] |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nielsen Ratings |work=] |page=6 |agency=Associated Press |date=1995-02-10 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|The Simpsons}}
{{Wikiquote|The_Simpsons/Season_6#Bart.27s_Comet|"Bart's Comet"}}
*{{Snpp capsule|2F11}}
*{{IMDb episode|id=0778447}}

{{The Simpsons episodes|6}}

]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 2 January 2025

Not to be confused with Bart Star.

14th episode of the 6th season of The Simpsons
"Bart's Comet"
The Simpsons episode
Episode no.Season 6
Episode 14
Directed byBob Anderson
Written byJohn Swartzwelder
Production code2F11
Original air dateFebruary 5, 1995 (1995-02-05)
Episode features
Chalkboard gag"Cursive writing does not mean what I think it does"
Couch gagThe Simpsons are animated in the style of Fleischer Studios.
CommentaryMatt Groening
David Mirkin
Dan Castellaneta
Yeardley Smith
Bob Anderson
Episode chronology
← Previous
"And Maggie Makes Three" 		Next →
"Homie the Clown"
The Simpsons season 6
List of episodes

"Bart's Comet" is the fourteenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 5, 1995. In the episode, Bart Simpson accidentally discovers a comet, which is heading towards Springfield. The show's writing staff saw an issue of Time magazine that presented the threat of comets hitting Earth on its cover, and so decided to create an episode in a similar vein. "Bart's Comet" contains references to Where's Waldo? and The Twilight Zone, and received positive reviews.

The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Bob Anderson.

Plot

After Bart sabotages Principal Skinner's weather balloon, Skinner punishes him by making him arrive in the schoolyard at 4:30 a.m. to be his amateur astronomy assistant. Whilst Skinner is distracted by retrieving the weather balloon, Bart accidentally locates a comet, which scientists soon discover is headed straight for Springfield. Professor Frink plans to launch a missile at the comet, exploding it before it touches the ground. Instead, the missile undershoots the comet and destroys the only bridge out of town. An evacuation of the town is voted down in Congress due to the addition of a poison pill amendment to the enabling legislation.

Homer decides his family should stay in Ned Flanders's bomb shelter; anticipating this scenario, Flanders has constructed a shelter large enough for several people. Other townspeople soon arrive, crowding the shelter until Homer is unable to close the door. Because everyone else thinks they deserve to live, Flanders is expelled from his own shelter.

Eventually, Homer feels guilty and leaves the shelter, followed by the other townspeople. Everyone joins Flanders on a hill, joining in with his singing while awaiting death from the comet. As it enters the Earth's atmosphere, the comet burns up in the thick layer of pollution over Springfield. When it touches down, all that remains is a meteorite the size of a Chihuahua's head. Only the shelter and the weather balloon are destroyed, leaving the rest of the town untouched. The townspeople band together to burn down the observatory so "it will never happen again". With Homer having accurately predicted the comet's fate earlier, he, Bart and Lisa huddle together in fear.

Production

John Swartzwelder wrote the episode.

The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Bob Anderson. After seeing an issue of Time magazine, which presented the threat of comets hitting Earth on its cover, the writing staff decided to have an episode based on the concept of a comet hitting Springfield. They fleshed out the episode's plot over several days and Swartzwelder then set about writing the details of the script. According to showrunner David Mirkin, examples of "Swartzwelder humor" in the episode include the American fighter pilots mistaking Groundskeeper Willie for an Iraqi jet and cutting to Grampa and Jasper outside a 1940s general store. For the bomb shelter scene, the mass of townspeople was constructed on multiple layers so that it was easier to animate.

Kent Brockman's list of gay people is composed of the show's production staff, who had to sign legal agreements that they would not sue their own show. As a result, according to show creator Matt Groening, many of the staff appear on lists of gay people on the Internet. The episode marks the first appearance of Database, a character Groening dislikes if he is used for anything more than one line.

Mirkin considers the episode to be one of his all-time favorites, calling it a "perfect Simpsons episode" due to the size of the plot, emotion and observational humor.

Cultural references

David Mirkin put Waldo in the top-left of the frame.

Reception

Critical reception

Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, called it an "excellent episode" and praised the "great moment when the ever-pious Maude Flanders happily sacrifices her Neddy".

Mikey Cahill of the Herald Sun picked the episode's chalkboard gag, "Cursive writing does not mean what I think it does", as one of his favorite chalkboard gags in the history of the show.

Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review of the sixth season DVD that he did not "share the same level of enthusiasm for it" as Mirkin, concluding: "I think it provides a consistently strong show. It stretches reality a bit, but that’s not a problem–or unusual for the series–and the program ends up as a positive one."

Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B−.

TV critics Matt Zoller Seitz and Alan Sepinwall cited the episode as how The Simpsons "always had the culture and the species on its mind even when it was clowning around", pointing to the moment near the end of the episode when the camera slowly pans across the Springfieldians' faces in the bomb shelter while Ned Flanders sings "Que Sera Sera": "a moment of existential terror that gives way to graceful resignation."

In the July 26, 2007 issue of Nature, the scientific journal's editorial staff listed "Bart's Comet" among "The Top Ten science moments in The Simpsons".

Ratings

In its original broadcast, "Bart's Comet" finished joint 33rd (with The X-Files and Hangin' with Mr. Cooper) in the ratings for the week of January 3 to February 5, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 11.3. It was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.

References

  1. ^ Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M..
  2. ^ Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Bart's Comet". BBC. Archived from the original on October 4, 2003. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  3. ^ Mirkin, David (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season . 20th Century Fox.
  4. Anderson, Bob (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season . 20th Century Fox.
  5. ^ Groening, Matt (2005). DVD Commentary for "Bart's Comet", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season . 20th Century Fox.
  6. Cahill, Mikey (July 26, 2007). "Fab Five". Herald Sun.
  7. Jacobson, Colin (2003). "The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season (1994)". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  8. Keefer, Ryan (August 29, 2005). "DVD Verdict Review - The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  9. Seitz, Matt Zoller; Sepinwall, Alan (September 6, 2016). "Why The Simpsons Is the Best TV Show Ever". Vulture. New York Media, LLC. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  10. Hopkin, Michael (July 26, 2007). "Science in comedy: Mmm... pi". Nature. 448 (7152): 404–405. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..404H. doi:10.1038/448404a. PMID 17653163. S2CID 4393052.
  11. "How They Rate". St. Petersburg Times. February 10, 1995. p. 15.
  12. "Nielsen Ratings". The Tampa Tribune. Associated Press. February 10, 1995. p. 6.

External links

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