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{{short description|Alternative medicine diagnostic procedure}} | |||
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}} | |||
[[Image:BDORT-fig2.png|thumb|300px|right|BDORT as illustrated in patent 5188107<ref name=pat2>{{Cite patent | |||
|country=US | |||
|number=5188107 | |||
|status= patent | |||
|title= Bi-digital O-ring test for imaging and diagnosis of internal organs of a patient | |||
|pubdate= 1993-02-23 | |||
|gdate= 1993-02-23 | |||
|fdate= 1990-02-13 | |||
|pridate= 1985-10-08 | |||
|invent1=Omura Yoshiaki | |||
}}</ref>]] | |||
The '''Bi-Digital O-Ring Test''' ('''BDORT'''), characterized as a form of ],<ref></ref> is a patented ] diagnostic procedure in which a patient forms an 'O' with his or her fingers, and the diagnostician subjectively evaluates the patient's health according to the patient's finger strength as the diagnostician tries to pry them apart.<ref name=pat2/><ref></ref> | |||
BDORT has been cited and characterized at length by the American Institute for Technology and Science Education as a specific and noteworthy example of ] ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aitse.org/assessing-scientific-claims-the-o-ring/ |title=– American Institute for Technology and Science Education |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427204953/http://www.aitse.org/assessing-scientific-claims-the-o-ring/ |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | BDORT was invented by Yoshiaki Omura, along with several other related alternative medicine techniques. They are featured in Omura's self-published ''Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal,'' of which Omura is founder and editor-in-chief, as well as in seminars presented by Omura and his colleagues.<ref></ref> | ||
Independent research has confirmed the validity of Dr. Omura's research efforts. Dr Phillip Shinnick, Ph.D., who has testified before the US Congress, provided an independent peer-reviewed triple-blinded analysis of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test applied to both traditional Chinese medicine and in clinical applications which confirmed the validity of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test as a simple and powerful diagnostic tool. <ref></ref> | |||
Omura is registered to practice acupuncture in New York State.<ref></ref> | |||
Dr. Omura's work is widely used throughout the world as reflected in United States and Japanese Web Sites which support his efforts as well as other international efforts such as The European Center For Integrative Medicine.<ref></ref> | |||
In the only known full, formal independent evaluation of BDORT or of any other BDORT-related treatment and technique by a mainstream scientific or medical body, the ] of New Zealand ruled, in two separate cases brought before it in 2003, that ], ] of ], who used BDORT (which he also called "Peak Muscle Resistance Testing", or "PMRT") to the exclusion of conventional diagnoses on his patients, was guilty of malpractice. In the first case, the Tribunal found it "is not a plausible, reliable, or scientific technique for making medical decisions" and "there is no plausible evidence that PMRT has any scientific validity".<ref name=nz></ref><ref name=qwnzt12>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/gorringe.html|title=Disciplinary Actions against Dr. Richard Gorringe|date=9 July 2004 }}</ref> | |||
In Japan, the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test is fully and formally recognized as the international scientific standard. <ref></ref> | |||
In the second case the Tribunal ruled Gorringe again relied on BDORT to the exclusion of traditional diagnoses, which ultimately led to the death of a patient.<ref name=qwnzt12/><ref name=nzt2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mpdt.org.nz/decisionsorders/decisions2003/03113cfindings.pdf|title=2004 NZT Report on Richard Gorringe|access-date=27 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002214238/http://www.mpdt.org.nz/decisionsorders/decisions2003/03113cfindings.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of these findings and conclusions, Gorringe was fined and stripped of his license to practice medicine. | |||
==Yoshiaki Omura== | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | {{Nihongo|Yoshiaki Omura|大村恵昭|''Ōmura Yoshiaki''}} is president and founder of the ''International College of Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics,'' president and founder of the ''International Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Association,'' and medical research director of the ''Heart Disease Research Foundation.''<ref></ref> | ||
==Description== | |||
Dr. Omura's research has been recognized by scholars as a pioneering effort which opens a bridge between "Eastern" and "Western" approaches to science and medicine. <ref></ref> | |||
The test is a subjective evaluation of a patient's opposing muscle strength in which a diagnostician employs the thumb and forefinger of each hand, formed in the shape of an O, to attempt to force apart an O shape formed by the patient who places the fingertips of their thumb and one of their remaining fingers together. At the same time, the patient holds a slide of ], a sample of ], potential ], etc., in their free hand, or is otherwise 'probed' at an appropriate ] by the use of a metal rod or laser pointer. The diagnostician then uses their perception of the strength required to force apart the patient's 'O-Ring' of thumb and one of the remaining fingers to assess the patient's health.<ref name=pat2/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baobab.or.jp/~oring/e_basis.shtml#compatibility |title=Omura Japanese site description of BDORT |access-date=5 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503194745/http://www.baobab.or.jp/~oring/e_basis.shtml#compatibility |archive-date=3 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=bm>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bpmlegal.com/wfinger.html |title= Pull my finger! – BI-DIGITAL O-RING TEST FOR IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS OF INTERNAL ORGANS OF A PATIENT|publisher=Brown & Michaels PC|access-date=2011-02-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080229073951/http://www.bpmlegal.com/wfinger.html |archive-date = 29 February 2008}}</ref> | |||
==Patent== | |||
In an indication of how wide the gap between "Eastern" and "Western" medicine may be, the ] of ] heard expert testimony in its consideration of the case of ], who was charged with and ultimately found guilty of professional misconduct and disgraceful conduct, fined, and stripped of his license. In its findings the Tribunal, which earlier had noted little in commong between Dr. Gorringe's technique and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test nonetheless conflated the two practices without offering any explanation or evidence <ref name=nz></ref> | |||
⚫ | The ] (USPTO) rejected the initial BDORT patent application as 'too unbelievable to be true'. The application was then resubmitted in 1987, and the USPTO again rejected it. After receiving expert testimony from Omura's "associates in clinical fields and basic sciences, both in Japan and the United States" regarding BDORT, the USPTO issued {{Cite patent|country=US|number=5188107}} in 1993.<ref name=pat2/><ref></ref> | ||
The fact that a patent was granted to the BDORT has been cited as an example of 'high weirdness' by one firm of patent attorneys.<ref name=bm/> | |||
==Notes== | |||
<references/> | |||
==Suggested uses and variants== | |||
⚫ | ==External links== | ||
The BDORT is capable, according to its proponents, of a wide range of applications in the diagnosis, prescription of treatment, and evaluation of efficacy of treatment of, amongst others: heart conditions, cancers, "pre-cancers", allergic reactions, viral and bacterial infections, a range of organic and/or environmental stresses, as well as the precise location of acupuncture points and meridians previously unknown or inappropriately identified.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://users.med.auth.gr/~karanik/english/articles/icmart99/ab26.htm |title=Omura abstract |access-date=30 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927175544/http://users.med.auth.gr/~karanik/english/articles/icmart99/ab26.htm |archive-date=27 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baobab.or.jp/~oring/e_index.shtml |title=Omura's Japanese web site capsule description of BDORT applications |access-date=30 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824073432/http://www.baobab.or.jp/~oring/e_index.shtml |archive-date=24 August 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
Other than the New Zealand Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal's reports, there is no known independent mainstream scientific or medical evaluation or validation of any of the BDORT or BDORT-related claims, including the following BDORT variants. | |||
* | |||
⚫ | * | ||
===The indirect method=== | |||
* | |||
In the indirect method of application an intermediary is employed, and the patient is not directly examined. The intermediary, for example, directs a laser pointer held in his or her right hand at the appropriate acupuncture point, for example, atop the patient's head, while at the same time the diagnostician performs the test on the left hand of the intermediary.<ref name=pat2/><ref name=bm/> | |||
===Remote application=== | |||
Omura claims that it is possible, if the procedure is performed by a very experienced practitioner such as himself, to perform the BDORT on a patient over the telephone without having any physical contact with the patient. In this procedure the patient is, for example, instructed to hold in one hand a substance being evaluated, while holding the telephone receiver at the bodily location prescribed by the diagnostician. The practitioner then evaluates the muscle strength necessary to separate the interlocked O–rings of thumb and forefinger of each of his or her own two hands, and uses this data in place of data from standard BDORT on the patient.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bdort.net/pdf/6thSympoEngAbst.pdf |title=Omura seminar article by Dominic Lu, DDS, presenting diagnosis by Omura via BDORT via telephone |access-date=22 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504080357/http://bdort.net/pdf/6thSympoEngAbst.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
===Selective drug uptake enhancement method=== | |||
The selective drug uptake enhancement method is a central component of BDORT-derived treatments according to Omura. He claims that with this treatment it is possible, via BDORT diagnosis and evaluation coupled with appropriate acupuncture point stimulation, to "target" ] or conventional medications to specific cells or tissues, for example, cancer cells. According to Omura, when this occurs the medications will have minimal 'uptake' by non-targeted tissues or cells, thus maximizing the efficacy of the prescribed medications while minimizing side effects.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12934959&query_hl=9&itool=pubmed_docsum | pmid=12934959 | date=2003 | last1=Omura | first1=Y. | last2=Shimotsuura | first2=Y. | last3=Ohki | first3=M. | title=2 minute non-invasive screening for cardio-vascular diseases: Relative limitation of C-Reactive Protein compared with more sensitive L-Homocystine as cardio-vascular risk factors; safe and effective treatment using the selective drug uptake enhancement method | journal=Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research | volume=28 | issue=1–2 | pages=35–68 | doi=10.3727/036012903815901741 }}</ref> There is no known independent verification of these claims. | |||
===Solar energy stored papers=== | |||
Special solar energy: solar energy stored papers (SESP) is a device which Omura claims was developed using BDORT assessment and evaluation, that can capture a special healing power of sunlight. Omura uses index cards or other ordinary paper and he says the sunlight must be "captured" at the ideal times of sunrise and sunset. Omura says the energy can then be preserved in SESP while maintaining appropriate '']'' polarity and shielding the papers from electromagnetic fields by carefully wrapping them in aluminum foil. Thus captured and preserved, he claims that special solar energy is effective in the treatment of a number of conditions, including arthritis, cancers, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. He has applied for a patent for this process.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=2005278006|status=application}}, Special Solar Energy Stored Papers and Their Application</ref> | |||
===Psychic healing=== | |||
Omura, as published in his journal, has investigated the application of psychic healing and ] in Brazil, particularly that of ], who claims to channel the spirit of ]. Applying the BDORT as his tool of evaluation, he concluded that the effects of psychic healing and psychic surgery were achieved through the application of ''qigong'' energy and the use of acupuncture points.<ref></ref> | |||
==Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand review of BDORT== | |||
The ], ruled on two separate malpractice cases against ], ], of ].<ref name=qwnzt12/> | |||
In the first, held in ] in 2003,<ref name=nz/> where BDORT was also referred to as 'PMRT' ('Peak Muscle Resistance Testing') by Gorringe,<ref>2003 NZ Tribunal Findings, Paragraph 363 (Note that the Tribunal uses the terms PMRT and BDORT interchangeably, characterizing both as a form of ], cf Paragraphs 100, 280, 290, 297, 305, 306, et alia)</ref> the tribunal examined and dismissed any claims of scientific validity of BDORT, offering the following summary statement of findings:<ref name=nz/>{{quotation|We therefore accept that PMRT is not a plausible, reliable, or scientific technique for making medical decisions. We find there is no plausible evidence that PMRT has any scientific validity. It therefore follows that reliance on PMRT to make diagnoses to the exclusion of conventional and/or generally recognized diagnostic/investigatory techniques is unacceptable and irresponsible.}} | |||
As a result of these findings and conclusions, Gorringe was fined and stripped of his license to practice medicine. | |||
In separate hearings the Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal held in December 2003 and ruled upon in May 2004 in ], found Gorringe guilty of malpractice in the death of an earlier patient, and concluded that Gorringe's reliance on BDORT to the exclusion of conventional diagnoses led to the patient's death.<ref name=qwnzt12/><ref name=nzt2/> | |||
===BDORT testimony used by Wellington tribunal in its decision=== | |||
Several expert witnesses provided testimony about BDORT at the MPDT Wellington hearings, with which the tribunal concurred:{{quotation|In summary, I find the descriptions of the AK methods and in particular the BDORT test to be inconsistent with known physical principles. Even if it were possible to produce a "field" with these methods, AK methods (and BDORTing) have not been shown to produce an electrical field which is required to alter the electrical activation of nerve and muscle. A limited survey of the literature shows that the AK testing results are unreliable – and this idea is apparently supported by some organisations that support complementary medicine. I find it deeply disturbing that the only people who seem to claim reliable diagnostic results are those who make a living from applying it and some controlled scientific tests reveal no validity to these claims.|Professor Mark Bryden Cannell – Tribunal Findings, par. 306<ref name=nz/>}} | |||
{{quotation|BDORT is operator dependent, meaning that what actually happens is that the operator diagnoses whatever it is that he believes in. One cannot scientifically evaluate "belief". In the context of testing, then, it would be impossible to challenge the practitioner’s belief in his apparatus.|John Charles Welch, MD – Tribunal Findings, par. 314<ref name=nz/>}} | |||
{{quotation|I think the big problem with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test is the fact that it’s not been properly tested to make sure that the results are reproducible. As Professor Cannell alluded to in his evidence, the key thing about science is a naive observer anywhere in the world should be able to reproduce the results using the same apparatus.|John Charles Welch, MD – Tribunal Findings, par. 316<ref name=nz/>}} | |||
===Equivalence with PMRT=== | |||
In the first New Zealand MPDT report from ] in 2003, the tribunal defines the terms PMRT and BDORT as equivalent:{{quotation|At each consultation Dr Gorringe "muscle tested" Mrs Short by a procedure called "Peak Muscle Resistance Testing" which he used as a diagnostic tool. We refer to this procedure later and throughout this judgment as PMRT. It is also referred to as Bi Digital O Ring Testing (BDORT).|New Zealand MPDT (2003), par. 100<ref name=nz/>}} | |||
Later in the same report, the tribunal again equates PMRT and BDORT, but states that the technique used by Gorringe is different from Dr. Omura's:{{quotation|Dr. Gorringe gave evidence as to the background relating to PMRT (or BDORT) and attributed the origin of it to Dr. Yoshiaki Omura and produced some written material relating to the Omura technique (exhibits 31 and 42). However, it would appear from a perusal of those materials that the technique which Dr. Gorringe practices is different from that practiced by Dr. Omura and therefore the Omura materials do not assist the Tribunal to any real extent.|New Zealand MPDT (2003), par. 290<ref name=nz/>}} | |||
The tribunal uses the terms BDORT and PMRT interchangeably throughout the Wellington report from 2003. | |||
In the second MPDT report from ] in 2004,<ref name=nzt2/> the tribunal does not mention PMRT at all, and refers to Gorringe's technique exclusively as 'BDORT'. | |||
The ] article reviewing these two New Zealand MPDT reports also equates PMRT and BDORT, stating:{{quotation|The test Gorringe used is called peak muscle resistance testing (PMRT) -- also referred to as bi digital O ring testing (BDORT) -- in which the practitioner observes whether the subject's opposed thumb and fourth fingers can be pulled apart...|]<ref name=qwnzt12/>}} | |||
==BDORT-related courses== | |||
BDORT-related seminars, given by Omura, are conducted monthly in New York. The ] Education Department allows these seminars to count towards course credit for physicians and dentists seeking certification for the application of ] in the course of their practice.<ref name=nysem></ref><ref name=icaetnysem></ref> | |||
In a Decision of 15 May 2007 the ], in ], in an ] against a ] by the ] of Victoria refusing registration to practice as an ], found that attendance and participation in Yoshiaki Omura's ''Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics'' as accredited by the ] ], in addition to "clinical experience ... with these subjects in respect of real patients" did not meet the Chinese Medicine Board's requirement of "competencies substantially equivalent to" those taught in a Board certified acupuncture class. Given this, the Tribunal ruled that the Board was not required to certify the applicant as a practitioner of Chinese medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmrb.vic.gov.au/board/MalterVCATDecisionMay2007.pdf |title=Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Decision |access-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810034139/http://www.cmrb.vic.gov.au/board/MalterVCATDecisionMay2007.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref></ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
⚫ | ==External links== | ||
⚫ | * | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bdort}} | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
⚫ | ] |
Latest revision as of 14:58, 1 November 2024
Alternative medicine diagnostic procedure
The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT), characterized as a form of applied kinesiology, is a patented alternative medicine diagnostic procedure in which a patient forms an 'O' with his or her fingers, and the diagnostician subjectively evaluates the patient's health according to the patient's finger strength as the diagnostician tries to pry them apart.
BDORT has been cited and characterized at length by the American Institute for Technology and Science Education as a specific and noteworthy example of pseudoscientific quackery.
BDORT was invented by Yoshiaki Omura, along with several other related alternative medicine techniques. They are featured in Omura's self-published Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal, of which Omura is founder and editor-in-chief, as well as in seminars presented by Omura and his colleagues.
Omura is registered to practice acupuncture in New York State.
In the only known full, formal independent evaluation of BDORT or of any other BDORT-related treatment and technique by a mainstream scientific or medical body, the Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand ruled, in two separate cases brought before it in 2003, that Richard Warwick Gorringe, MB, ChB of Hamilton, New Zealand, who used BDORT (which he also called "Peak Muscle Resistance Testing", or "PMRT") to the exclusion of conventional diagnoses on his patients, was guilty of malpractice. In the first case, the Tribunal found it "is not a plausible, reliable, or scientific technique for making medical decisions" and "there is no plausible evidence that PMRT has any scientific validity". In the second case the Tribunal ruled Gorringe again relied on BDORT to the exclusion of traditional diagnoses, which ultimately led to the death of a patient. As a result of these findings and conclusions, Gorringe was fined and stripped of his license to practice medicine.
Yoshiaki Omura
Yoshiaki Omura (大村恵昭, Ōmura Yoshiaki) is president and founder of the International College of Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics, president and founder of the International Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Medical Association, and medical research director of the Heart Disease Research Foundation.
Description
The test is a subjective evaluation of a patient's opposing muscle strength in which a diagnostician employs the thumb and forefinger of each hand, formed in the shape of an O, to attempt to force apart an O shape formed by the patient who places the fingertips of their thumb and one of their remaining fingers together. At the same time, the patient holds a slide of organ tissue, a sample of medication, potential allergen, etc., in their free hand, or is otherwise 'probed' at an appropriate acupuncture point by the use of a metal rod or laser pointer. The diagnostician then uses their perception of the strength required to force apart the patient's 'O-Ring' of thumb and one of the remaining fingers to assess the patient's health.
Patent
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) rejected the initial BDORT patent application as 'too unbelievable to be true'. The application was then resubmitted in 1987, and the USPTO again rejected it. After receiving expert testimony from Omura's "associates in clinical fields and basic sciences, both in Japan and the United States" regarding BDORT, the USPTO issued US 5188107 in 1993.
The fact that a patent was granted to the BDORT has been cited as an example of 'high weirdness' by one firm of patent attorneys.
Suggested uses and variants
The BDORT is capable, according to its proponents, of a wide range of applications in the diagnosis, prescription of treatment, and evaluation of efficacy of treatment of, amongst others: heart conditions, cancers, "pre-cancers", allergic reactions, viral and bacterial infections, a range of organic and/or environmental stresses, as well as the precise location of acupuncture points and meridians previously unknown or inappropriately identified.
Other than the New Zealand Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal's reports, there is no known independent mainstream scientific or medical evaluation or validation of any of the BDORT or BDORT-related claims, including the following BDORT variants.
The indirect method
In the indirect method of application an intermediary is employed, and the patient is not directly examined. The intermediary, for example, directs a laser pointer held in his or her right hand at the appropriate acupuncture point, for example, atop the patient's head, while at the same time the diagnostician performs the test on the left hand of the intermediary.
Remote application
Omura claims that it is possible, if the procedure is performed by a very experienced practitioner such as himself, to perform the BDORT on a patient over the telephone without having any physical contact with the patient. In this procedure the patient is, for example, instructed to hold in one hand a substance being evaluated, while holding the telephone receiver at the bodily location prescribed by the diagnostician. The practitioner then evaluates the muscle strength necessary to separate the interlocked O–rings of thumb and forefinger of each of his or her own two hands, and uses this data in place of data from standard BDORT on the patient.
Selective drug uptake enhancement method
The selective drug uptake enhancement method is a central component of BDORT-derived treatments according to Omura. He claims that with this treatment it is possible, via BDORT diagnosis and evaluation coupled with appropriate acupuncture point stimulation, to "target" alternative or conventional medications to specific cells or tissues, for example, cancer cells. According to Omura, when this occurs the medications will have minimal 'uptake' by non-targeted tissues or cells, thus maximizing the efficacy of the prescribed medications while minimizing side effects. There is no known independent verification of these claims.
Solar energy stored papers
Special solar energy: solar energy stored papers (SESP) is a device which Omura claims was developed using BDORT assessment and evaluation, that can capture a special healing power of sunlight. Omura uses index cards or other ordinary paper and he says the sunlight must be "captured" at the ideal times of sunrise and sunset. Omura says the energy can then be preserved in SESP while maintaining appropriate qigong polarity and shielding the papers from electromagnetic fields by carefully wrapping them in aluminum foil. Thus captured and preserved, he claims that special solar energy is effective in the treatment of a number of conditions, including arthritis, cancers, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. He has applied for a patent for this process.
Psychic healing
Omura, as published in his journal, has investigated the application of psychic healing and psychic surgery in Brazil, particularly that of Rubens Farias, Jr, who claims to channel the spirit of Dr Fritz. Applying the BDORT as his tool of evaluation, he concluded that the effects of psychic healing and psychic surgery were achieved through the application of qigong energy and the use of acupuncture points.
Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand review of BDORT
The New Zealand Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal, ruled on two separate malpractice cases against Richard Warwick Gorringe, MB, ChB, of Hamilton, New Zealand.
In the first, held in Wellington in 2003, where BDORT was also referred to as 'PMRT' ('Peak Muscle Resistance Testing') by Gorringe, the tribunal examined and dismissed any claims of scientific validity of BDORT, offering the following summary statement of findings:
We therefore accept that PMRT is not a plausible, reliable, or scientific technique for making medical decisions. We find there is no plausible evidence that PMRT has any scientific validity. It therefore follows that reliance on PMRT to make diagnoses to the exclusion of conventional and/or generally recognized diagnostic/investigatory techniques is unacceptable and irresponsible.
As a result of these findings and conclusions, Gorringe was fined and stripped of his license to practice medicine.
In separate hearings the Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal held in December 2003 and ruled upon in May 2004 in Auckland, found Gorringe guilty of malpractice in the death of an earlier patient, and concluded that Gorringe's reliance on BDORT to the exclusion of conventional diagnoses led to the patient's death.
BDORT testimony used by Wellington tribunal in its decision
Several expert witnesses provided testimony about BDORT at the MPDT Wellington hearings, with which the tribunal concurred:
In summary, I find the descriptions of the AK methods and in particular the BDORT test to be inconsistent with known physical principles. Even if it were possible to produce a "field" with these methods, AK methods (and BDORTing) have not been shown to produce an electrical field which is required to alter the electrical activation of nerve and muscle. A limited survey of the literature shows that the AK testing results are unreliable – and this idea is apparently supported by some organisations that support complementary medicine. I find it deeply disturbing that the only people who seem to claim reliable diagnostic results are those who make a living from applying it and some controlled scientific tests reveal no validity to these claims.
— Professor Mark Bryden Cannell – Tribunal Findings, par. 306
BDORT is operator dependent, meaning that what actually happens is that the operator diagnoses whatever it is that he believes in. One cannot scientifically evaluate "belief". In the context of testing, then, it would be impossible to challenge the practitioner’s belief in his apparatus.
— John Charles Welch, MD – Tribunal Findings, par. 314
I think the big problem with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test is the fact that it’s not been properly tested to make sure that the results are reproducible. As Professor Cannell alluded to in his evidence, the key thing about science is a naive observer anywhere in the world should be able to reproduce the results using the same apparatus.
— John Charles Welch, MD – Tribunal Findings, par. 316
Equivalence with PMRT
In the first New Zealand MPDT report from Wellington in 2003, the tribunal defines the terms PMRT and BDORT as equivalent:
At each consultation Dr Gorringe "muscle tested" Mrs Short by a procedure called "Peak Muscle Resistance Testing" which he used as a diagnostic tool. We refer to this procedure later and throughout this judgment as PMRT. It is also referred to as Bi Digital O Ring Testing (BDORT).
— New Zealand MPDT (2003), par. 100
Later in the same report, the tribunal again equates PMRT and BDORT, but states that the technique used by Gorringe is different from Dr. Omura's:
Dr. Gorringe gave evidence as to the background relating to PMRT (or BDORT) and attributed the origin of it to Dr. Yoshiaki Omura and produced some written material relating to the Omura technique (exhibits 31 and 42). However, it would appear from a perusal of those materials that the technique which Dr. Gorringe practices is different from that practiced by Dr. Omura and therefore the Omura materials do not assist the Tribunal to any real extent.
— New Zealand MPDT (2003), par. 290
The tribunal uses the terms BDORT and PMRT interchangeably throughout the Wellington report from 2003.
In the second MPDT report from Auckland in 2004, the tribunal does not mention PMRT at all, and refers to Gorringe's technique exclusively as 'BDORT'.
The Quackwatch article reviewing these two New Zealand MPDT reports also equates PMRT and BDORT, stating:
The test Gorringe used is called peak muscle resistance testing (PMRT) -- also referred to as bi digital O ring testing (BDORT) -- in which the practitioner observes whether the subject's opposed thumb and fourth fingers can be pulled apart...
— Quackwatch
BDORT-related courses
BDORT-related seminars, given by Omura, are conducted monthly in New York. The University of the State of New York Education Department allows these seminars to count towards course credit for physicians and dentists seeking certification for the application of acupuncture in the course of their practice.
In a Decision of 15 May 2007 the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal, in Victoria, Australia, in an appeal against a decision by the Chinese Medical Registration Board of Victoria refusing registration to practice as an acupuncturist, found that attendance and participation in Yoshiaki Omura's Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics as accredited by the University of the State of New York Education Department, in addition to "clinical experience ... with these subjects in respect of real patients" did not meet the Chinese Medicine Board's requirement of "competencies substantially equivalent to" those taught in a Board certified acupuncture class. Given this, the Tribunal ruled that the Board was not required to certify the applicant as a practitioner of Chinese medicine.
References
- ^ US patent 5188107, Omura Yoshiaki, "Bi-digital O-ring test for imaging and diagnosis of internal organs of a patient", published 1993-02-23, issued 1993-02-23
- Medical Practitioner's Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand characterization of BDORT as a form of Applied Kinesiology, paragraphs 305, 306, et alia
- Medical Practitioner's Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand characterization of BDORT as subjective, paragraphs 61, 318, 331 et alia
- "– American Institute for Technology and Science Education". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- International College of Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics, Omura's US site
- New York State Education Department, Office of the Professions
- ^ Medical Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal of New Zealand findings in re Richard Gorringe and the PMRT/Bi-Digital O-Ring Test
- ^ "Disciplinary Actions against Dr. Richard Gorringe". 9 July 2004.
- ^ "2004 NZT Report on Richard Gorringe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- CV/Biography of Dr. Yoshiaki Omura at Omura's Japanese site
- "Omura Japanese site description of BDORT". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2006.
- ^ "Pull my finger! – BI-DIGITAL O-RING TEST FOR IMAGING AND DIAGNOSIS OF INTERNAL ORGANS OF A PATIENT". Brown & Michaels PC. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Yoshiaki Omura's description of patent quest at his Japanese site
- "Omura abstract". Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
- "Omura's Japanese web site capsule description of BDORT applications". Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
- BDORT 18th Symposium
- BDORT 19th Symposium
- "Omura seminar article by Dominic Lu, DDS, presenting diagnosis by Omura via BDORT via telephone" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
- Omura Selective Drug Uptake and CV
- Omura, Y.; Shimotsuura, Y.; Ohki, M. (2003). "2 minute non-invasive screening for cardio-vascular diseases: Relative limitation of C-Reactive Protein compared with more sensitive L-Homocystine as cardio-vascular risk factors; safe and effective treatment using the selective drug uptake enhancement method". Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 28 (1–2): 35–68. doi:10.3727/036012903815901741. PMID 12934959.
- US application 2005278006 , Special Solar Energy Stored Papers and Their Application
- Abstract of Omura's observations on psychic healing and psychic surgery in Brazil as published in his journal, Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, The International Journal
- 2003 NZ Tribunal Findings, Paragraph 363 (Note that the Tribunal uses the terms PMRT and BDORT interchangeably, characterizing both as a form of Applied Kinesiology, cf Paragraphs 100, 280, 290, 297, 305, 306, et alia)
- New York State Education Department Listing of Registered Programs for Certification in Acupuncture
- Omura's US site, with reference to seminars and content
- "Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Decision" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
- Australasian Legal Information Institute