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{{short description|Service providing immediate emergency telephone counseling}} {{short description|Service providing immediate emergency telephone counseling}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}

], a crisis line in the United States and Canada]]
{{Suicide sidebar}} {{Suicide sidebar}}
A '''crisis hotline''' is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency ], usually by trained volunteers. The first such service was founded in England in 1953 and such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide, many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including ], ], ], ], and people who identify as ] or ]. Despite crisis hotlines being common, their effectiveness in reducing suicides is unclear.<ref name=Sak2011/><ref name=Zal2016/> A '''crisis hotline''' is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency ], usually by trained volunteers. The first such service was founded in England in 1951 and such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating ], many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including ], ], ], ], ], and people who identify as ] or ]. Despite crisis hotlines being common, their effectiveness in reducing suicides is not clear.<ref name=Sak2011/><ref name=Zal2016/>


==Effectiveness== ==Effectiveness==
Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S–20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 | quote = Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking. }}</ref><ref name=Zal2016>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|date=July 2016|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(16)30030-X/fulltext|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|pmid=27289303|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}</ref> One study found that people's thoughts of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line, and were lessened for several weeks after their call.<ref name=CDC2017Book>{{cite book |title=Preventing Suicide: A Technical Package of Policy, Programs, and Practices |date=2017 |publisher=CDC |page=7 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicideTechnicalPackage.pdf |accessdate=3 December 2019}}</ref> Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied for efficacy.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S–20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 | quote = Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking. }}</ref><ref name=Zal2016>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|date=July 2016|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(16)30030-X/fulltext|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|pmid=27289303|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.|hdl=1854/LU-8509936|hdl-access=free}}</ref> One study found that people's thoughts of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line, and were lessened for several weeks after their call.<ref name=CDC2017Book>{{cite book |title=Preventing Suicide: A Technical Package of Policy, Programs, and Practices |date=2017 |publisher=CDC |page=7 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicideTechnicalPackage.pdf |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> Some callers frequently call crisis helplines, which can take up time from those with more immediate crises.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Aves |last2=Gunn |first2=Jane |last3=Bassilios |first3=Bridget |last4=Pirkis |first4=Jane |title=Systematic review of research into frequent callers to crisis helplines |journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare |date=11 February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1177/1357633X14524156|pmid=24518928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

One criticism of suicide hotlines was that those who were determined to kill themselves were unlikely to call one. Also, those with ] may not have the emotional resources to do so. Some callers frequently call crisis helplines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Aves |last2=Gunn |first2=Jane |last3=Bassilios |first3=Bridget |last4=Pirkis |first4=Jane |title=Systematic review of research into frequent callers to crisis helplines |journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare |date=11 February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1177/1357633X14524156}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
{{multiple image
] initiative, this sign on the ] promotes a special telephone that connects to a crisis hotline.]]
| align = right
Such services began in 1953, when ], an English vicar, founded ] service, which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom. The first Samaritans branch in the United States was established in Boston in 1974.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003030320/http://www.samaritanshope.org/who.html |date=October 3, 2008}}</ref> In addition to Boston, there are currently Samaritan branches in ] (serving the ] area),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capesamaritans.org/ |title=Capesamaritans.org |publisher=Capesamaritans.org |date=September 24, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> the ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926164854/http://www.familyserviceinc.com/Program_files/Samaritans.htm |date=September 26, 2008}}</ref> and the ]/] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritans-fallriver.org/ |title=Samaritans-fallriver.org |publisher=Samaritans-fallriver.org |date=August 26, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> Outside of Massachusetts, there are branches in New York City,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaritansnyc.org/ |title=Samaritansnyc.org |publisher=Samaritansnyc.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritansri.org/ |title=Samaritansri.org |publisher=Samaritansri.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708101635/http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=63 |date=July 8, 2007}}</ref> ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127032444/http://www.orgsites.com/ny/samaritans-albany/ |date=January 27, 2009}}</ref> and ], ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |title=Volunteersolutions.org |publisher=Volunteersolutions.org |date=January 20, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004229/http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |archivedate=March 4, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer = As a ] initiative, these signs on the ] promote a special telephone that connects to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| total_width = 444
| image1 = Suicide prevention sign on the Golden Gate Bridge 2.jpg
| alt1 =
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| image2 = Crisis Counseling at Golden Gate Bridge.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
] (under its former name, the ]), a crisis line in the United States and Canada]]
Such services began in 1953, when ], an English vicar, founded ] service, which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom. The first Samaritans branch in the United States was established in Boston in 1974.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003030320/http://www.samaritanshope.org/who.html |date=October 3, 2008}}</ref>

Crisis and Suicide Hotline started in Seattle, WA in 1964 run by Crisis Connections, formerly Crisis Clinic after the death of a 12-year old girl by a letter carrier. <ref>https://www.crisisconnections.org/about/</ref>
In addition to Boston, there are currently Samaritan branches in ] (serving the ] area),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capesamaritans.org/ |title=Capesamaritans.org |publisher=Capesamaritans.org |date=September 24, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> the ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926164854/http://www.familyserviceinc.com/Program_files/Samaritans.htm |date=September 26, 2008}}</ref> and the ]/] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritans-fallriver.org/ |title=Samaritans-fallriver.org |publisher=Samaritans-fallriver.org |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> Outside of Massachusetts, there are branches in New York City,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaritansnyc.org/ |title=Samaritansnyc.org |publisher=Samaritansnyc.org |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritansri.org/ |title=Samaritansri.org |publisher=Samaritansri.org |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708101635/http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=63 |date=July 8, 2007}}</ref> ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127032444/http://www.orgsites.com/ny/samaritans-albany/ |date=January 27, 2009}}</ref> and ], ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |title=Volunteersolutions.org |publisher=Volunteersolutions.org |date=January 20, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004229/http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>


In the United States, the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was founded in 1958 and was the first in the country to provide a 24-hour ] crisis line and use community volunteers in providing hotline service.<ref name=crisis>{{cite web|title=Brief History of Suicide Prevention in the United States |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109918/|publisher=], ]|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> San Francisco Suicide Prevention<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sfsuicide.org/ |title=The SFSP Website |publisher=Sfsuicide.org |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 10, 2015}}</ref> started a hotline named "Call Bruce" in 1962. A similar service, ], was established in Australia in 1963. In the United States, the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was founded in 1958 and was the first in the country to provide a 24-hour ] crisis line and use community volunteers in providing hotline service.<ref name=crisis>{{cite book|title=Brief History of Suicide Prevention in the United States |date=September 2012|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109918/|publisher=], ]|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> ] started the San Francisco Suicide Prevention with a hotline named "Call Bruce" in 1962.<ref name="suicide-prevention">{{Cite news |last=Whiting |first=Sam |date=2012-04-28 |title=Bernard Mayes to be honored as lifeline to the suicidal |work=] |url=http://www.sfgate.com/living/article/Bernard-Mayes-to-be-honored-as-lifeline-to-3516576.php |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016215026/http://www.sfgate.com/living/article/Bernard-Mayes-to-be-honored-as-lifeline-to-3516576.php |archive-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=About Us |url=https://www.sfsuicide.org/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019210605/https://www.sfsuicide.org/about/ |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-25 |publisher=San Francisco Suicide Prevention}}</ref> A similar service, ], was established in Australia in 1963.


Another service, the volunteer-run crisis ] Lifelink Samaritans Tas. Inc, originally called Launceston Lifelink, was established in ] in 1968 by concerned citizens of ] who decided to create a phone service based on the principles of ]. The rationale was that people often become suicidal because they cannot discuss their emotional pain with family and friends. Another service, the volunteer-run crisis ] Lifelink Samaritans Tas. Inc, originally called Launceston Lifelink, was established in 1968 by concerned citizens of ], who decided to create a phone service based on the principles of The Samaritans. The rationale was that people often become suicidal because they cannot discuss their emotional pain with family and friends.


This service provides emotional support 24 hours a day to people throughout Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations. The organization is a member of ] and has a "twinning" relationship with ] Samaritans in the UK. Lifelink Samaritans is the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia and receives at least 5,000 calls a year. This service provides emotional support 24 hours a day to people throughout Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations. The organization is a member of ] and has a "twinning" relationship with ] Samaritans in the UK. Lifelink Samaritans is the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia and receives at least 5,000 calls a year. In December 2018 Lifelink Samaritans celebrated 50 years of service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.examiner.com.au/story/5629387/lifelink-support-just-a-phone-call-away-organisation-celebrates-50-years/ |title=Capesamaritans.org |publisher=The Examiner|last= Willard|first= Jessica |date=September 8, 2018 |access-date=September 22, 2022}}</ref>


== Telephone counseling == == Telephone counseling ==
], Germany]] ]


Some countries regulate the use of the term "counselor". ] and crisis hotlines provide a similar telephone support service, and both usually accept crisis and non-crisis calls. In the United States, many college campuses have established telephone counseling lines serviced by student volunteers to compensate for the high demand placed on college mental health services. These hotlines serve callers in crisis, but also serve to provide a listening ear for people who "just need to talk." Typically, hotlines are staffed by volunteers, and are not intended to replace professional, long-term counseling services. They are rather intended to carry callers through an immediate situation. Such hotlines exist at the University of Maryland,<ref>{{Cite web Telephone emotional support and crisis hotlines provide a similar telephone support service, and both usually accept crisis and non-crisis calls. In the United States, many college campuses have established telephone counseling lines serviced by volunteers. These hotlines serve callers in crisis, but also serve to provide a listening ear for people who "just need to talk". Typically, hotlines are staffed by trained professionals, and are not intended to replace professional, long-term counseling services. They are rather intended to carry callers through an immediate situation. Such hotlines exist at the ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.counseling.umd.edu/ | url = http://www.counseling.umd.edu/
| title = University of Maryland - Counseling Center at University of Maryland | title = University of Maryland - Counseling Center at University of Maryland
| website = www.counseling.umd.edu | website = www.counseling.umd.edu
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> the University of Minnesota, <ref>{{Cite web }}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://mentalhealth.umn.edu/crisis/index.html | url = http://mentalhealth.umn.edu/crisis/index.html
| title = Crisis Connection | title = Crisis Connection
| website = www.umn.edu | website = www.umn.edu
| access-date = 2016-12-18 | access-date = 2016-12-18
}}</ref> Tufts University,<ref>{{Cite web }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://sites.tufts.edu/ears4peers/ | url = http://sites.tufts.edu/ears4peers/
| title = Tufts Ears for Peers {{!}} "Promise me you will always remember: you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." –A.A. Milne | title = Tufts Ears for Peers {{!}} "Promise me you will always remember: you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." –A.A. Milne
| website = sites.tufts.edu | website = sites.tufts.edu
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> Columbia University,<ref>{{Cite web }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/nightline/ | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/nightline/
| title = Nightline: Barnard-Columbia Peer Listening | title = Nightline: Barnard-Columbia Peer Listening
| website = www.columbia.edu | website = www.columbia.edu
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> Cornell University,<ref>{{Cite web }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://ears.dos.cornell.edu/ | url = http://ears.dos.cornell.edu/
| title = EARS - Empathy, Assistance & Referral Service | title = EARS - Empathy, Assistance & Referral Service
| website = ears.dos.cornell.edu | website = ears.dos.cornell.edu
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> Drexel University,<ref>{{Cite web }}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://drexel.edu/healthservices/counseling-center/peer-counseling/ | url = http://drexel.edu/healthservices/counseling-center/peer-counseling/
| title = Peer Counseling - Counseling and Health Services | title = Peer Counseling - Counseling and Health Services
| website = Counseling and Health Services | website = Counseling and Health Services
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
| archive-date = March 14, 2016
}}</ref> Caldwell University,<ref>{{Cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314222323/http://drexel.edu/healthservices/counseling-center/peer-counseling/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.caldwell.edu/counseling-center/the-counseling-center-hotlines | url = https://www.caldwell.edu/counseling-center/the-counseling-center-hotlines
| title = The Counseling Center- Hotlines - Caldwell University, New Jersey | title = The Counseling Center- Hotlines - Caldwell University, New Jersey
Line 59: Line 80:
| language = en-US | language = en-US
| access-date = 2016-03-01 | access-date = 2016-03-01
| archive-date = September 5, 2015
}}</ref> and Texas A&M University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scs.tamu.edu/HelpLine|title=HelpLine {{!}} Student Counseling Service|website=scs.tamu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref>
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135933/http://www.caldwell.edu/counseling-center/the-counseling-center-hotlines
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scs.tamu.edu/HelpLine|title=HelpLine {{!}} Student Counseling Service|website=scs.tamu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref>


The term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used – which does not imply crisis or counseling, and can include email and text messaging. Such services have allowed for the wider dissemination of resources for people facing mental health crises. The term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used – which does not imply crisis or counseling, and can include email and text messaging. Such services have allowed for the wider dissemination of resources for people facing mental health crises.


With developments in mobile telephony, the use of text or SMS (short message service) has been utilized by counseling services. Youthline, a youth-oriented crisis helpline in New Zealand, began providing a text messaging counseling support line in 2004. <ref>Haxell, A. (2014). Textual activity at Youthline (NZ). New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 34(2), 18-31. </ref> With developments in mobile telephony, the use of text or ] (short message service) has been utilized by counseling services. Youthline, a youth-oriented crisis helpline in New Zealand, began providing a text messaging counseling support line in 2004.<ref>Haxell, A. (2014). Textual activity at Youthline (NZ). New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 34(2), 18-31. </ref>


==Contact details== ==Contact details==
{{main article|List of suicide crisis lines}} {{main article|List of suicide crisis lines}}


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|- |-
! Hotline/Resource !! Organization/Purpose/Focus !! Country ! Country !! Organization/Purpose/Focus !! Hotline/Resource
|- |-
| ]
| 1-800-273-TALK<br>(1-800-273-8255)
| ] offers 24/7 crisis support and suicide prevention services by phone. The organisation also has an online chat service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifeline Australia - 13 11 14 - Crisis Support and Suicide Prevention |url=https://www.lifeline.org.au/ |website=www.lifeline.org.au |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| The ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ |title=Suicidepreventionlifeline.org |publisher=Suicidepreventionlifeline.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> a 24/7 hotline for callers in the United States
| 13 11 14
| United States
|- |-
| Australia
| 1-800-799-4TTY<br>(1-800-799-4889)
| Suicide Call Back Service is a nationwide service that provides professional 24/7 telephone and online counselling to people who are affected by suicide. In addition, the organisation also provides online chat and video chat services<ref>{{cite web |title=Suicide Call Back Service |url=https://www.suicidecallbackservice.org.au/ |website=Suicide Call Back Service |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
| ] services at the ]
| 1300 659 467
| United States
|- |-
| Australia
| 1-800-RUNAWAY<br>(1-800-786-2929)
| ] provides nationwide information and support regarding anxiety, depression, and suicide. The helpline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In addition, the organisation also provides online chat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Blue |url=https://www.beyondblue.org.au |website=beyondblue.org.au |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| ], hotline and live chat for runaway, homeless, and at-risk youth
| 1300 224 636
| United States
|- |-
| Australia
| 800-273-TALK<br>(800-273-8255)<br>Then press 1 when prompted
| ] is a 24-hour nationwide service that provides access to crisis support, suicide prevention and counselling services for Australians aged 5–25. In addition the Kids Helpline does also provide online chat services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Helpline |url=https://kidshelpline.com.au/ |website=Kids Helpline |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| ] Crisis Hotline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veteranscrisisline.net |title=Veterans Crisis Hotline - Hotline & Online Chat |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref>
| 1800 55 1800
| United States
|- |-
| ]
|
| Centro de Valorização da Vida (CVV)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cvv.org.br/ |title=CVV |publisher=cvv.org.br |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref>
| ] Online chat and information
| 188
| ]wide
|- |-
| ]
| 866-48-TREVOR<br>(866-488-7386)
| Consejo Psicológico e Intervención en Crisis por Teléfono (SAPTEL) is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
| An American hotline aimed principally at ] teenagers, run by ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lifeline & Trevor Chat |url=http://www.thetrevorproject.org/lifelinechat |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref>
| 0155 5259-8121
| United States
|- |-
| 1-866-SPEAK-UP<br>(1-866-773-2587)
| American anonymous youth violence reporting hotline created by ]<ref>{{cite web |title=SPEAK UP Hotline Info |url=http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |accessdate=August 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004052609/http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |archivedate=October 4, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
| United States
|- |-
| ]
|
| Muktaa Mental Health Helpline is available from 12 to 8 PM IST.
| Amigos da Vida (Brazil)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br/ |title=Sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br |publisher=Sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref>
| 0788-788-9882
| ]
|-
| ]
|: It is a free, confidential 24/7 national text-message service.
| 123
|-
|]
|] Aotearoa is an organization providing free 24-hour counseling and phone help lines. It provides support, information and resources to people at risk of suicide, family and friends affected by suicide and people supporting someone with suicidal thoughts and/or suicidal behaviours.
|0800 LIFELINE
(0800 543 354)

4357 (Text)
|- |-
| ]
| A New Zealand project aimed at young New Zealanders suffering from Depression
| ] | ]
| ], website developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Health aimed at young New Zealanders suffering from depression<ref>{{cite web | title=Help | website=Welcome to Your Lowdown | url=https://www.thelowdown.co.nz/help | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| 0800 111 757 (depression); 0800 37 66 33 (general youth issues)
|-
| ] and ]
| ] provides a hotline providing emotional support in the UK and Ireland.
| 116 123
|-
| Canada
| ], a 24/7 hotline for callers in the Canada<ref>{{cite web | title=Get Help | website=Talk Suicide Canada | date=9 July 2022 | url=https://talksuicide.ca/ | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| 1-833-456-4566<br>45645 (Text, 4 p.m. to midnight ET only); 988 service TBD<ref>{{Cite web|title=3-digit suicide prevention hotline gets green light from House of Commons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/suicide-prevention-hotline-house-1.5837925|access-date=2020-12-11|website=CBC.ca|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|United States
|], a hotline for accessing local services<ref>{{cite web | title=211 | website=United Way Worldwide | url=https://www.unitedway.org/our-impact/featured-programs/2-1-1 | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
|211<ref>{{cite web | title=Homepage | website=211.org | url=https://www.211.org/ | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|United States (participating cities)
|Hotline for non-emergency municipal services
|]<ref name="NYC">{{cite web|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/089-13/mayor-bloomberg-commemorates-ten-years-nyc311-nation-s-largest-most-comprehensive-311|title = Mayor Bloomberg Commemorates Ten Years of NYC311, the Nation's Largest and Most Comprehensive 311 Service|date = 11 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|United States and Canada (regional)
|Hotline for road and traffic conditions
|]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aultman-Hall |first1=Lisa |title=Evaluation of ARTIMIS Telephone Information System |url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2795/dot_2795_DS1.pdf |date=December 1999 |id=Report No. KTC-99-66}}</ref>
|-
|United States
| The ], a 24/7 hotline for callers in the United States<ref>{{cite web | title=Home | website= Lifeline | url=https://988lifeline.org/ | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| 988<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Law Creates 988 Hotline For Mental Health Emergencies|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/19/925447354/new-law-creates-988-hotline-for-mental-health-emergencies|access-date=2020-11-21|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
| 1-800-448-3000
| The Boys Town National HotlineSM is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and is staffed by specially trained Boys Town counselors.
| United States | United States
| ] services at the ]
| 711 or a preferred relay service then 988
|- |-
| United States
|741-741 <small>(United States)</small><br>686-868 <small>(Canada)</small><br>85258 <small>(United Kingdom)</small>
| ], hotline and live chat for runaway, homeless, and at-risk youth
|A free, 24/7 SMS Hotline providing emotional support for those in crisis provided by ]. In Canada, the service is also provided with a partnership by ]. In the U.K, Shout, an affiliate to the hotline that was founded by the ], operates in the U.K.
| 1-800-RUNAWAY<br>(1-800-786-2929)
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom
|- |-
| United States
| 13 11 14
| ] Crisis Hotline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veteranscrisisline.net |title=Veterans Crisis Hotline - Hotline & Online Chat |access-date=December 6, 2011}}</ref>
| ] offers 24/7 crisis support and suicide prevention services by phone.
| 988<br>Then press 1 when prompted
| ]
|- |-
| United States
| 1300 659 467
| An American hotline aimed principally at ] teenagers, run by ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifeline & Trevor Chat |url=http://www.thetrevorproject.org/lifelinechat |access-date=December 6, 2011 |archive-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127112318/http://www.thetrevorproject.org/lifelinechat |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| The Suicide Call Back Service is a nationwide service that provides professional 24/7 telephone and online counselling to people who are affected by suicide.
| 866-48-TREVOR<br>(866-488-7386)
| ]
|- |-
| United States
| 116 123
| American anonymous youth violence reporting hotline created by ]<ref>{{cite web |title=SPEAK UP Hotline Info |url=http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |access-date=August 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004052609/http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |archive-date=October 4, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
| ] provides a hotline providing emotional support in the UK and Ireland.
| 1-866-SPEAK-UP<br>(1-866-773-2587)
| ], ]
|- |-
| United States
| 0155 5259-8121
| The Boys Town National Hotline, a 24/7 hotline staffed by specially trained ] counselors<ref>{{cite web | title=Contact Us | website=Boys Town | date=23 August 2023 | url=https://www.boystown.org/Pages/contact.aspx | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| Consejo Psicológico e Intervención en Crisis por Teléfono (SAPTEL) is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
| 1-800-448-3000
| ]
|-
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom
|A free, 24/7 SMS Hotline providing emotional support for those in crisis provided by ]. In Canada, the service is also provided with a partnership by ]. In the U.K, Shout, an affiliate to the hotline that was founded by the ], operates in the U.K.
|741-741 <small>(United States)</small><br>686-868 <small>(Canada)</small><br>85258 <small>(United Kingdom)</small>
|} |}


The ] (VESH) represents 1200 member centres in 61 countries. It has been formed by: The ] (VESH) represents 1200 member centres in 61 countries. It has been formed by:


* ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.befrienders.org/support/helplines.asp |title=Befrienders.org |publisher=Befrienders.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref> (maintained by ]) * ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.befrienders.org/support/helplines.asp |title=Befrienders.org |publisher=Befrienders.org |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> (maintained by ])
* IFOTES – International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626004314/http://www.ifotes.org/welcome.html |date=June 26, 2008 }}</ref> * IFOTES – International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626004314/http://www.ifotes.org/welcome.html |date=June 26, 2008 }}</ref>
* Lifeline International<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifeline-international.org/looking_for_help |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718175418/http://www.lifeline-international.org/looking_for_help |archive-date=July 18, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Lifeline International<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lifeline-international.org/looking_for_help |title=LifeLine International - Looking for Help |access-date=June 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718175418/http://www.lifeline-international.org/looking_for_help |archive-date=July 18, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
*'']'' (2013 documentary film) *'']'' (2013 documentary film)
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 21:25, 20 November 2024

Service providing immediate emergency telephone counseling

Suicide
Social aspects
Crisis
Types and methods
Epidemiology
History
In warfare
Related phenomena
By country
Organizations

A crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency telephone counseling, usually by trained volunteers. The first such service was founded in England in 1951 and such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide, many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including rape, bullying, self-harm, runaway children, human trafficking, and people who identify as LGBTQ+ or intersex. Despite crisis hotlines being common, their effectiveness in reducing suicides is not clear.

Effectiveness

Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not been well studied for efficacy. One study found that people's thoughts of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line, and were lessened for several weeks after their call. Some callers frequently call crisis helplines, which can take up time from those with more immediate crises.

History

As a suicide prevention initiative, these signs on the Golden Gate Bridge promote a special telephone that connects to a crisis hotline, as well as a 24/7 crisis text line.
A poster for the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (under its former name, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline), a crisis line in the United States and Canada

Such services began in 1953, when Chad Varah, an English vicar, founded The Samaritans service, which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom. The first Samaritans branch in the United States was established in Boston in 1974.

Crisis and Suicide Hotline started in Seattle, WA in 1964 run by Crisis Connections, formerly Crisis Clinic after the death of a 12-year old girl by a letter carrier. In addition to Boston, there are currently Samaritan branches in Falmouth, Massachusetts (serving the Cape Cod and Islands area), the Merrimack Valley, and the Fall River/New Bedford area. Outside of Massachusetts, there are branches in New York City, Providence, Hartford, Albany, and Keene, New Hampshire.

In the United States, the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was founded in 1958 and was the first in the country to provide a 24-hour suicide prevention crisis line and use community volunteers in providing hotline service. Bernard Mayes started the San Francisco Suicide Prevention with a hotline named "Call Bruce" in 1962. A similar service, Lifeline, was established in Australia in 1963.

Another service, the volunteer-run crisis helpline Lifelink Samaritans Tas. Inc, originally called Launceston Lifelink, was established in 1968 by concerned citizens of Launceston, Tasmania, who decided to create a phone service based on the principles of The Samaritans. The rationale was that people often become suicidal because they cannot discuss their emotional pain with family and friends.

This service provides emotional support 24 hours a day to people throughout Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations. The organization is a member of Befrienders Worldwide and has a "twinning" relationship with Northampton Samaritans in the UK. Lifelink Samaritans is the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia and receives at least 5,000 calls a year. In December 2018 Lifelink Samaritans celebrated 50 years of service.

Telephone counseling

An operator for Sweden's Mind Självmordslinjen (suicide prevention hotline) at work.

Telephone emotional support and crisis hotlines provide a similar telephone support service, and both usually accept crisis and non-crisis calls. In the United States, many college campuses have established telephone counseling lines serviced by volunteers. These hotlines serve callers in crisis, but also serve to provide a listening ear for people who "just need to talk". Typically, hotlines are staffed by trained professionals, and are not intended to replace professional, long-term counseling services. They are rather intended to carry callers through an immediate situation. Such hotlines exist at the University of Maryland, the University of Minnesota, Tufts University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Drexel University, Caldwell University, and Texas A&M University.

The term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used – which does not imply crisis or counseling, and can include email and text messaging. Such services have allowed for the wider dissemination of resources for people facing mental health crises.

With developments in mobile telephony, the use of text or SMS (short message service) has been utilized by counseling services. Youthline, a youth-oriented crisis helpline in New Zealand, began providing a text messaging counseling support line in 2004.

Contact details

Main article: List of suicide crisis lines
Country Organization/Purpose/Focus Hotline/Resource
Australia Lifeline offers 24/7 crisis support and suicide prevention services by phone. The organisation also has an online chat service. 13 11 14
Australia Suicide Call Back Service is a nationwide service that provides professional 24/7 telephone and online counselling to people who are affected by suicide. In addition, the organisation also provides online chat and video chat services 1300 659 467
Australia Beyond Blue provides nationwide information and support regarding anxiety, depression, and suicide. The helpline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In addition, the organisation also provides online chat. 1300 224 636
Australia Kids Helpline is a 24-hour nationwide service that provides access to crisis support, suicide prevention and counselling services for Australians aged 5–25. In addition the Kids Helpline does also provide online chat services. 1800 55 1800
Brazil Centro de Valorização da Vida (CVV) 188
Mexico Consejo Psicológico e Intervención en Crisis por Teléfono (SAPTEL) is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. 0155 5259-8121
India Muktaa Mental Health Helpline is available from 12 to 8 PM IST. 0788-788-9882
Iran Iran Crisis Text Line: It is a free, confidential 24/7 national text-message service. 123
New Zealand Lifeline Aotearoa is an organization providing free 24-hour counseling and phone help lines. It provides support, information and resources to people at risk of suicide, family and friends affected by suicide and people supporting someone with suicidal thoughts and/or suicidal behaviours. 0800 LIFELINE

(0800 543 354)

4357 (Text)

New Zealand The Lowdown, website developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Health aimed at young New Zealanders suffering from depression 0800 111 757 (depression); 0800 37 66 33 (general youth issues)
United Kingdom and Ireland Samaritans provides a hotline providing emotional support in the UK and Ireland. 116 123
Canada Talk Suicide Canada, a 24/7 hotline for callers in the Canada 1-833-456-4566
45645 (Text, 4 p.m. to midnight ET only); 988 service TBD
United States United Way, a hotline for accessing local services 211
United States (participating cities) Hotline for non-emergency municipal services 311
United States and Canada (regional) Hotline for road and traffic conditions 511
United States The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, a 24/7 hotline for callers in the United States 988
United States TDD/TTY services at the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 711 or a preferred relay service then 988
United States National Runaway Safeline, hotline and live chat for runaway, homeless, and at-risk youth 1-800-RUNAWAY
(1-800-786-2929)
United States US Veterans Crisis Hotline 988
Then press 1 when prompted
United States An American hotline aimed principally at LGBT teenagers, run by The Trevor Project 866-48-TREVOR
(866-488-7386)
United States American anonymous youth violence reporting hotline created by The Center to Prevent Youth Violence 1-866-SPEAK-UP
(1-866-773-2587)
United States The Boys Town National Hotline, a 24/7 hotline staffed by specially trained Boys Town counselors 1-800-448-3000
United States, Canada, United Kingdom A free, 24/7 SMS Hotline providing emotional support for those in crisis provided by Crisis Text Line. In Canada, the service is also provided with a partnership by Kids Help Phone. In the U.K, Shout, an affiliate to the hotline that was founded by the Royal Foundation, operates in the U.K. 741-741 (United States)
686-868 (Canada)
85258 (United Kingdom)

The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines (VESH) represents 1200 member centres in 61 countries. It has been formed by:

See also

References

  1. ^ Sakinofsky I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S – 20S. PMID 17824349. Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.
  2. ^ Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. (July 2016). "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 3 (7): 646–59. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. hdl:1854/LU-8509936. PMID 27289303. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.
  3. Preventing Suicide: A Technical Package of Policy, Programs, and Practices (PDF). CDC. 2017. p. 7. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  4. Middleton, Aves; Gunn, Jane; Bassilios, Bridget; Pirkis, Jane (February 11, 2014). "Systematic review of research into frequent callers to crisis helplines". Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 20 (2): 89–98. doi:10.1177/1357633X14524156. PMID 24518928.
  5. Samaritanshope.org Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  6. https://www.crisisconnections.org/about/
  7. "Capesamaritans.org". Capesamaritans.org. September 24, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
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  9. "Samaritans-fallriver.org". Samaritans-fallriver.org. August 26, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  10. "Samaritansnyc.org". Samaritansnyc.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  11. "Samaritansri.org". Samaritansri.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  12. Suicidology.org Archived July 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. Orgsites.com Archived January 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  14. "Volunteersolutions.org". Volunteersolutions.org. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  15. Brief History of Suicide Prevention in the United States. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. September 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  16. Whiting, Sam (April 28, 2012). "Bernard Mayes to be honored as lifeline to the suicidal". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  17. "About Us". San Francisco Suicide Prevention. October 25, 2023. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  18. Willard, Jessica (September 8, 2018). "Capesamaritans.org". The Examiner. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  19. "University of Maryland - Counseling Center at University of Maryland". www.counseling.umd.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
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  21. "Tufts Ears for Peers | "Promise me you will always remember: you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." –A.A. Milne". sites.tufts.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  22. "Nightline: Barnard-Columbia Peer Listening". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  23. "EARS - Empathy, Assistance & Referral Service". ears.dos.cornell.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  24. "Peer Counseling - Counseling and Health Services". Counseling and Health Services. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  25. "The Counseling Center- Hotlines - Caldwell University, New Jersey". Caldwell University, New Jersey. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
  26. "HelpLine | Student Counseling Service". scs.tamu.edu. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  27. Haxell, A. (2014). Textual activity at Youthline (NZ). New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 34(2), 18-31.
  28. "Lifeline Australia - 13 11 14 - Crisis Support and Suicide Prevention". www.lifeline.org.au. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  29. "Suicide Call Back Service". Suicide Call Back Service. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
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  32. "CVV". cvv.org.br. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  33. "Help". Welcome to Your Lowdown. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  34. "Get Help". Talk Suicide Canada. July 9, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
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  38. "Mayor Bloomberg Commemorates Ten Years of NYC311, the Nation's Largest and Most Comprehensive 311 Service". March 11, 2013.
  39. Aultman-Hall, Lisa (December 1999). "Evaluation of ARTIMIS Telephone Information System" (PDF). Report No. KTC-99-66.
  40. "Home". Lifeline. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  41. "New Law Creates 988 Hotline For Mental Health Emergencies". NPR.org. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  42. "Veterans Crisis Hotline - Hotline & Online Chat". Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  43. "Lifeline & Trevor Chat". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  44. "SPEAK UP Hotline Info". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
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