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{{short description|Misplaced Pages list article}} {{Short description|None}}
{{update|date=August 2016}} {{Update|date=August 2016}}
{{Expand list|date=May 2011}} {{Incomplete list|date=May 2011}}


The following is a list of ] that occurred in ] (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly): The following is a list of ] that occurred in ] and the ] (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):


==Antiquity== ==Antiquity==
Line 22: Line 22:
|] |]
|Greeks |Greeks
|<ref></ref> |<ref>;</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
Line 46: Line 46:
|] |]
|Romans and Italians |Romans and Italians
|<ref>Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; </ref><ref></ref> |<ref>Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; </ref><ref></ref>
|} |}


Line 71: Line 71:
|August 838 |August 838
|] |]
|30,000–70,000<ref>{{cite book | last=Treadgold | first=Warren T. | authorlink=Warren Treadgold | title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8047-1462-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ | ref=harv}}</ref> |30,000–70,000<ref>{{cite book | last=Treadgold | first=Warren T. | author-link=Warren Treadgold | title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8047-1462-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ }}</ref>
|Abbasid Caliphate |Abbasid Caliphate
|Byzantines |Byzantines
Line 90: Line 90:
|Muslim and Christian population |Muslim and Christian population
| |
|-
|]
|24 December 1144
|]
|{{hs|00000}}Unknown
|]
|Population of Edessa
|Population massacred by Zengid Turks
|- |-
|] |]
Line 110: Line 102:
|8–13 April 1204 |8–13 April 1204
|] |]
|many civilians killed<ref>{{cite book|first=Jill N.|last=Claster| title=Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396|publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781442600584 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP6OzSDQJlwC&pg=PA214| pages=35}}</ref>
|many civilians killed
<ref>{{cite book|first=Jill N.|last=Claster| title=Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396|publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781442600584 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP6OzSDQJlwC&pg=PA214| pages=35}}</ref>
|Crusaders |Crusaders
|Byzantines |Byzantines
|The city was sacked and looted. |The city was sacked and looted.
|-
|]
|18 May 1268
|]
|{{hs|14000}}14,000
|]
|Christians
|14,000 Christians slaughtered by the forces of ].
|- |-
|] |]
|1453 |1453
|] |]
|4,000<ref>{{cite book|last=Philippides|first=Marios|title=Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies|year=2007|publisher=ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies|location=Tempe, Ariz.|isbn=978-0866983464|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8focAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Fuller/> |4,000<ref>{{cite book|last=Philippides|first=Marios|title=Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies|year=2007|publisher=ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies|location=Tempe, Ariz.|isbn=978-0866983464|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8focAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Fuller/>
|Ottomans
|Byzantines
|4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.<ref name=Fuller>{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=J.F.C.|title=A military history of the Western World|year=1987|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=0306803046|pages=522|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNXZAAAAMAAJ|edition=.}}</ref>
|-
|]
|1461<ref>], ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 106</ref>
|Trabzon
|
|Ottomans
|Trebizonds
|
|-
|}


==Ottoman Empire== ==Ottoman Empire==
Line 142: Line 138:
!class="unsortable"|Notes !class="unsortable"|Notes
|- |-
|]
|]
|1821–1829
|1821
|] |]
|Unknown
|unknown
|Ottoman government |Ottoman government and Greek rebels
|] |], Turks, ] and Jews
|Massacres were committed by both sides during the conflict.
|Greek Orthodox Patriarch ] and other notables were executed.
|- |-
|] |]
|1840 |1840
|] |]
|4,000
|10,000<ref name="gaunt32">{{Harvnb|Gaunt|Beṯ-Şawoce |2006|p=32}}</ref>
|] Emirs of Buhtan, ] and Nurullah |] Emirs of Bhutan, ] and Nurullah
|]. |]
|Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident) |Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident).
|- |-
|] |]
|1894–1896 |1894–1896
|Eastern ] |Eastern ]
|100,000–300,000<ref>]. '']''. New York: ], 2006, p. 42. {{ISBN|0-8050-7932-7}}.</ref> |80,000–300,000<ref>]. '']''. New York: ], 2006, p. 42. {{ISBN|0-8050-7932-7}}.</ref>
|]<br />],<br />Turkish, Kurdish tribes |]<br />],<br />Turkish, Kurdish tribes
|] |]
Line 171: Line 167:
|25,000 |25,000
|] and Kurdish irregulars |] and Kurdish irregulars
|] and ] |] and ]
| |
|- |-
Line 177: Line 173:
|April 1909 |April 1909
|] |]
|20,000
|15,000–30,000<ref name="ShamefulAct">]. '']''. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"</ref><ref>Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny</ref>
|local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to ] government |local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to ] government
|Armenians |Armenians
Line 185: Line 181:
|October 1912-June 1913 |October 1912-June 1913
|] |]
|5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamza, Jusuf, 1945-|title=Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija|date=1995|work=Logos-a|isbn=9989-601-21-6|location=Skopje|oclc=40838454}}</ref> |5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamza, Jusuf, 1945-|title=Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija|date=1995|publisher=Logos-a|isbn=9989-601-21-6|location=Skopje|oclc=40838454}}</ref>
|Bulgarian army |Bulgarian army
|Turks |Turks
| |
|-
|Havsa Massacre
|1912
|Havsa in Edirne Vilayet
|10
|Bulgarian army
|Turks
|Turkish quarter was almost entirely burnt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars| url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=International%20Commission%20to%20Inquire%20into%20the%20Causes%20and%20Conduct%20of%20the%20Balkan%20Wars|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|year=1914}}</ref>
|- |-
|Edeköy Massacre |Edeköy Massacre
Line 196: Line 200:
|Bulgarian army |Bulgarian army
|Turks |Turks
|Many incidents of torture and robbery<ref name=":0" /> |Many incidents of torture and robbery.<ref name=":0" />
|- |-
|Ethnic cleansing of ] |]
|Summer 1913 |1913
|]; ], ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carnegie Endowment for International peace, Report to inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. CHAPTER III. Bulgarians, Turks and Servians, 2. Thrace, p.130-131|url=http://www.ilinden.info/en/carnegie/chapter3_2.}}</ref>
|]
|50,000–60,000<ref>Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of |60,000<ref>Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of
the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</ref><ref>{{citation|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4|chapter=Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria|title=Migration in the Southern Balkans|page=68|series=IMISCOE Research Series|year=2015|last1=Vukov|first1=Nikolai|isbn=978-3-319-13718-6}}</ref> the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</ref><ref>{{citation|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4|chapter=Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria|title=Migration in the Southern Balkans|page=68|series=IMISCOE Research Series|year=2015|last1=Vukov|first1=Nikolai|isbn=978-3-319-13718-6|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|] government |] government, Ottoman army
|Bulgarians |Bulgarians
| |
Line 219: Line 223:
!class="unsortable"|Notes !class="unsortable"|Notes
|- |-
| ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref> | ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-date = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 | s2cid = 71515470 }}</ref>
| 1917–1922
| 1913–1922
| ] | ]
| 500,000–900,000 | 300,000–900,000
| ] government | ] government
| ] | ]
| Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name="AIHG-NYT">Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm|date=2007-06-07}}, , 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> | Reports detail massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities.<ref name=NYTarchives> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name="AIHG-NYT">Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm|date=2007-06-07}}, , 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I| year=2006| last1=Travis| first1=Hannibal| journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention| volume=1| issue=3| pages=327–371}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I| year=2006| last1=Travis| first1=Hannibal| journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention| volume=1| issue=3| pages=327–371| url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=gsp}}</ref>
| 1914–1918 | 1914–1918
| Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire and ]
| 270,000–750,000 | 250,000-275,000
| Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes | Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes
| ] | ]
| Denied by the Turkish government | Denied by the Turkish government.
|- |-
| ] | ]
| 1915–1917
| 1915–1918
| Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Empire
| 850,000–1,800,000 | 600,000-1,500,000
| Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes | Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes
| ] | ]
| The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were systematically massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars.<ref name= "24.04.1998">{{cite web | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title= Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher=Armenian genocide | accessdate= 25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name = "Ferguson">{{Cite book | authorlink = Niall Ferguson | last = Ferguson | first = Niall | title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59420-100-5 | page = | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177 }}</ref><ref name = "IAGS">{{Cite journal | publisher = Genocide Watch | url = http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | title = A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars | date = 13 June 2005}}</ref> It is the second most studied case of genocide after the ].<ref name="nazi">{{Citation | last = Rummel | first = RJ | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = The Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2 | date = 1 April 1998}}</ref> | The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide.<ref name= "24.04.1998">{{cite web | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title= Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher=Armenian genocide | access-date= 25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name = "Ferguson">{{Cite book | author-link = Niall Ferguson | last = Ferguson | first = Niall | title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59420-100-5 | page = | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177 }}</ref><ref name = "IAGS">{{Cite journal | publisher = Genocide Watch | url = http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | title = A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars | date = 13 June 2005}}</ref> It is the second most publicised case of genocide after the ].<ref name="nazi">{{Citation | last = Rummel | first = RJ | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = The Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2 | date = 1 April 1998}}</ref>
|-
|Massacres in ]
|1914-1918
|]
|128,000-600,000<ref name=Rummel>{{cite book|last=J. Rummel|first=Rudolph|title=Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|year=1998|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825840105|pages=82, 83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&q=Given+the+other+estimates+and+the+overall+populations+involved,+I+estimate+that+from+128,000+to+600,000+Moslem+Turks+and+Kurds+were+killed&pg=PA83}}</ref>
|] and possibly Armenian irregulars
|] (] and ])
|According to ], 128,000-600,000 Muslim Turks and Kurds were killed (death toll includes death by famine and diseases) by Russian troops and possibly Armenian irregulars during World War I.<ref name="Rummel" />
|- |-
| Massacres in the ] valley <!-- <br /><small>(partly in the ])</small> --> | Massacres in the ] valley <!-- <br /><small>(partly in the ])</small> -->
Line 248: Line 260:
| 45,000<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199654918|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176}}</ref> | 45,000<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199654918|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176}}</ref>
| ] regiments | ] regiments
| ] | Muslim population (Turks and Kurds)
| During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his ] from ] with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the ] valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'" <ref name="google176"/> | During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his ] from ] with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the ] valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"<ref name="google176"/>
|- |-
|Massacres in ] and ] |Massacres against Kurdish civilians
|1915-1918<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=McDowall |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TN4fEAAAQBAJ&dq=600%2C000+kurds+dead+in+1918&pg=PA125 |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |date=2021-03-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-0077-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Haner |first=Murat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO80DwAAQBAJ&dq=mcdowall+%282000%2C+p.+106%29&pg=PT53 |title=The Freedom Fighter: A Terrorist's Own Story |date=2017-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-59141-6 |language=en}}</ref>
|1918<ref name="Mark Levene 1938">''Mark Levene.'' The Crisis of Genocide. Devastation: The European Rimlands 1912–1938. — Oxford University Press, 2013. — Т. I. — С. 217. — {{ISBN|9780199683031}}.</ref>
|Ottoman Empire
|] and ]
|600,000-700,000<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Eller |first=Jack David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8CxvhZfPYoC |title=From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict |date=1999 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08538-5 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref>
|8000-10,000<ref name="Mark Levene 1938"/>
|Assyrian and Armenian irregulars led by Agha Petros
|], ] and ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaymaz|first=Çağlar Kıvanç|last2=Birinci|first2=Salih|last3=Camcı|first3=Aykut|date=2017-02-07|title=Military tourism in Erzurum city and its surrounding / Erzurum kenti ve yakın çevresinde askeri turizm|journal=Journal of Human Sciences|volume=14|issue=1|pages=250|doi=10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4121|issn=2458-9489}}</ref>
|Kurds
|Muslim population
|In 1914, the Russians defeated the Ottoman Army. Then using the help provided by the Armenians and Assyrian irregular military forces, they penetrated deep into Anatolia and invaded major Kurdish cities. It is estimated that more than 600,000 Kurds lost their lives between 1915 and 1918.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Blincoe |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk-JEAAAQBAJ&dq=600%2C000+kurds+killed+between+1918&pg=PT136 |title=Ethnic Realities and the Church (Second Edition): Lessons from Kurdistan |date=1979-06-01 |publisher=William Carey Publishing |isbn=978-0-87808-049-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
|
|- |-
|Urmia Massacres<ref>{{Cite journal | website=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title= The Executive Power of the Sabail District Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University New Azerbaijan Party's Sabail District Organization"": url https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf| doi= 10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055}}</ref>
| 1918
| Ottoman Empire and Persia
| 140,000-145,000<ref> The land of Zoroaster | First: Dehghan | Last: Ali | Page: 539 </ref><ref name="revival"></ref>
| ] and ] forces<ref name="revival"></ref>
| ] and ]<ref name="revival"></ref>
| The Muslims living in Khoy, Salmas and Urmia faced massacres committed by Christians (Armenians and Assyrians) during March-April of 1918<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf | page=97 }} </ref>
|} |}


Line 273: Line 292:
!class="unsortable"|Notes !class="unsortable"|Notes
|- |-
|]
|Kozan Massacre
|1920 |1920
|], ]
|] and ]
|5,000–12,000
|Unknown
|Turks
|Armenians |Armenians
|<ref name="mark">{{cite book|last=Levene|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRgbAgAAQBAJ&q=immediate+consequence+was+a+range+of+Armenian+atrocities+against+Muslims:+the+massacres+in+Erzinjan+and+Erzurum+from+late+...+close+to+10,000+estimated+to+have+been+butchered+in+the+two+cities%E2%80%94being+notable+for+their+scale+and+ugliness&pg=PA217|title=Devastation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780191505546|pages=227}}</ref><ref name="Kerr1973">{{cite book|last=Kerr|first=Stanley Elphinstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTRTIfxu0NoC&q=marash+turks+4500&pg=PA195|title=The Lions of Marash|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1973|isbn=9781438408828|pages=195–196}}</ref><ref>''Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache''</ref>
|Turkish civilians
|-
|Occurred during ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=YARAR|first=Hülya|title=Ermeniler Ve Türk-Ermeni İlişkileri|date=2002|journal=OTAM(Ankara|pages=035–057|doi=10.1501/otam_0000000482|issn=1019-469X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conway|first=Martin|date=2010|title=The Armenian Church Beyond the 1700th Anniversary. By Aram I. Antelias. Lebanon, Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia 2001. Pp. 71.|journal=Mission Studies|volume=27|issue=1|pages=137–138|doi=10.1163/157338310x498530|issn=0168-9789}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=İnam|first=Ahmet|date=2014|title=Ahlâk ve İçtenlik|journal=Kilikya|volume=1|issue=1|pages=15–17|doi=10.5840/kilikya2014112|issn=2148-7898}}</ref>
|{{Interlanguage link|Kahyaoğlu Katliamı|lt=Kahyaoğlu Farm Massacre|tr||WD=}}
|June 11, 1920
|], ]
|64+ to ~200
|Armenians
|Turks
|Report which was given to ] included 43 men, 21 women and tens of children. Other estimates are up to 200.<ref>{{Cite book|last=YURTSEVER|first=Cezmi|title=Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba|year=2015|pages=4–22}}</ref>
|-
|]
|January 28–29, 1921
|waters of the ]
|15
|]/] (disputed)
|]
|Mustafa Suphi the founder of the ] and his 14 comrades were assassinated while they were being sent to ] for trial<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/10888/28-29-ocak-karadeniz-katliami-nin-101-yili|title=28/29 Ocak Karadeniz Katliamı'nın 101. Yılı - Ahmet Kardam - Birikim Yayınları|date=28 January 2022|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|last=Kardam|first=Ahmet|language=tr}}</ref>
|} |}


==Republic of Turkey (1923–present)== ==Republic of Turkey (1923–present)==

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" {|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|- |-
Line 292: Line 328:
! style="width:75px;"|Victims ! style="width:75px;"|Victims
!class="unsortable"|Notes !class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| Diyarbakir massacre
| 1925
| ], ]
| 15,200 (206 villages destroyed)
| Turkish security forces
| Kurds
| Part of ] between 1916 and 1934.<ref>{{citation |title=The making of modern Turkey : nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199603602 |last1=Üngör|first1=Ugur Ümit|page=129}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| July 1930 | July 1930
| ] | ]
| 4,500–15,000 | 5,000–15,000
| Turkish security forces | Turkish security forces
| Kurds
| ] ]
| 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed<ref name="Kahraman207-208">Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', pp. 207–208. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> | 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed<ref name="Kahraman207-208">Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', pp. 207–208. {{in lang|tr}}</ref>
|- |-
Line 305: Line 349:
|] |]
|1 |1
|Local people
|Government forces
|] |Jews
|Over 15.000 Jews had to flee from region{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} |Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from region<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Guttstadt|first=Corry|title=Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521769914|pages=65–66|oclc=870196866}}</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
|Summer 1937-Spring 1938 |Summer 1937-Spring 1938
|] |]
|7,594–13,806<ref>{{cite news|title=Dersim massacre monument to open next month|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|accessdate=June 6, 2013|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221013449/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|archivedate=21 December 2013}}</ref> |13,806–70,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Dersim massacre monument to open next month|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|access-date=June 6, 2013|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221013449/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref>
|Turkish security forces |Turkish security forces
|] ] |] Kurds/Zazas
|The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232606/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf |date=2016-01-08 }} Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.</ref><ref>İsmail Besikçi, ''Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi'', Belge Yayınları, 1990.</ref> |The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232606/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf |date=2016-01-08 }} Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.</ref><ref>İsmail Besikçi, ''Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi'', Belge Yayınları, 1990.</ref>
|- |-
|Zini Gediği Massacre |]
|6 August 1938 |6 August 1938
|] |]
|95 |95
|Turkish villagers |Turkish security forces
|Kurds
|Kurdish villagers
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715171755/http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-15|title=1938 Dersim Olayları: 'Zini' gün yüzüne çıkıyor! {{!}} Gündem Haberleri|date=2015-07-15|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demokrathaber.org/yasam/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-h4032.html|title=Zini Gediği katliamına soruşturma|website=https://www.demokrathaber.org/|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haberler.com/chp-li-aygun-den-zini-gedigi-katliami-dosyasi-3038110-haberi/|title='Zini Gediği Katliamı' Dosyası|website=Haberler.com|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mynet.com/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-180100053336|title=Zini Gediği Katliamı'na soruşturma|last=Mynet|website=Mynet YurtHaber|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715171755/http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-15|title=1938 Dersim Olayları: 'Zini' gün yüzüne çıkıyor! {{!}} Gündem Haberleri|date=2015-07-15|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demokrathaber.org/yasam/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-h4032.html|title=Zini Gediği katliamına soruşturma|website=www.demokrathaber.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haberler.com/chp-li-aygun-den-zini-gedigi-katliami-dosyasi-3038110-haberi/|title='Zini Gediği Katliamı' Dosyası|website=Haberler.com|date=5 October 2011 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mynet.com/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-180100053336|title=Zini Gediği Katliamı'na soruşturma|last=Mynet|website=Mynet YurtHaber|date=28 September 2011 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|33 Bullet Massacre
|July 1943 |July 1943
|] |]
|32 |32
|Turkish security forces
|Soldiers
|Kurds
|Turkish villagers
|33 Turkish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=oran|first=süleyman arif|date=2017-12-18|title=TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar'da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s.|journal=Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD)|doi=10.17335/sakaifd.349943|issn=2146-9806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yay|first=Mehmet|title=Elektromobilität|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-653-96816-3|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-00450-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritter|first=H.|date=1954-01-01|title=İstanbulBelediye KütüphanesiAlfabetikKatalogu. I. Osman Ergin Kitaplan. Arapça ve Farsça basma eserler. Tertipliyen M. ORHAN DURUSOY, Istanbul Belediye Kütüphanesi Müdürü. — İstanbul 1953, Millî Egitim basimevi. 16, 298 s.|journal=Oriens|volume=7|issue=1|pages=108|doi=10.1163/1877837254x00440|issn=0078-6527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ömür|first=Emre|date=2016-07-27|title=Cihangir Döneminde Babürlü Sarayında Dil Meselesi|journal=Asia Minor Studies|volume=4|issue=8|pages=126|doi=10.17067/ams.13248|issn=2148-9858|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asm/issue/23907/254798}}</ref> |33 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General ] for allegedly smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=oran|first=süleyman arif|date=2017-12-18|title=TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar'da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s.|journal=Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD)|doi=10.17335/sakaifd.349943|issn=2146-9806|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritter|first=H.|date=1954-01-01|title=İstanbulBelediye KütüphanesiAlfabetikKatalogu. I. Osman Ergin Kitaplan. Arapça ve Farsça basma eserler. Tertipliyen M. ORHAN DURUSOY, Istanbul Belediye Kütüphanesi Müdürü. — İstanbul 1953, Millî Egitim basimevi. 16, 298 s.|journal=Oriens|volume=7|issue=1|pages=108|doi=10.1163/1877837254x00440|issn=0078-6527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aras|first=Ramazan|title=The Formation of Kurdishness in Turkey: Political Violence, Fear and Pain|date=2013-11-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64871-9|pages=65|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Karahan village massacre
|October 1944
|]
|6
|Turkish security forces
|Kurds
|6 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General ]. This was the second massacre of Muğlalı, with the possibility of more uncovered massacres having been committed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muğlalı'nın gizli kalan ikinci 33 Kurşun Katliamı |url=https://anfapimobile1.news/guncel/muglali-nin-gizli-kalan-ikinci-33-kursun-katliami-18072}}</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
|6–7 September 1955 |6–7 September 1955
|] |]
|13–30<ref name=Libitsouni29>{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref> |13–30<ref name="Libitsouni29">{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref>
|Turkish government<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Amy|title=Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens|isbn=9780820335735|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHyA1DCtsnUC&pg=PA119|quote=...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.}}</ref> |Turkish government<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Amy|title=Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens|isbn=9780820335735|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHyA1DCtsnUC&pg=PA119|quote=...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.}}</ref>
|primarily ], as well as ] |primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, Jews
|The killings are identified as genocidal by ].<ref name=alfredbkp>Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom {{cite web |url=http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-06-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130128173951/http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |archivedate=2013-01-28 }}</ref> Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |The killings are identified as genocidal by ].<ref name="alfredbkp">Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom {{cite web |url=http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |title=The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law - Genocide Studies and Prevention - Volume 2, Number 2 / August 2007 - University of Toronto Press |access-date=2013-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128173951/http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |archive-date=2013-01-28 }}</ref> Many of the non-Muslim minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
|- |-
|] |]
|May 1, 1977 |May 1, 1977
|] in ] |] in ]
|34<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin <!-- used to be http://www.bianet.org/2006/04/28/78385.htm -->|work=bianet|first=Emine|last=Özcan|date=2006-04-28|title=1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın|language=Turkish|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20110807165212/http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin|archivedate=2011-08-07}}</ref>-42<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|author=Mavioglu, Ertugrul|author2=Sanyer, Ruhi|title=30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)|date=2007-05-02|language=Turkish|work=]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223342/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> |34<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin <!-- used to be http://www.bianet.org/2006/04/28/78385.htm -->|work=bianet|first=Emine|last=Özcan|date=2006-04-28|title=1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110807165212/http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin|archive-date=2011-08-07}}</ref>-42<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|author=Mavioglu, Ertugrul|author2=Sanyer, Ruhi|title=30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)|date=2007-05-02|language=tr|work=]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223342/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref>
|Some unidentified armed people
|Unknown
|] demonstrators |Leftist demonstrators, civilians
|
|-
|Ümraniye Massacre
|March 1978
|] in ]
|5
|]
|Workers
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çaba|first=Deniz|date=2019-06-10|title=Sosyal Medya Çağında Gazetecilik ve İnovasyon: Twitter'da Gazetecilik Pratikleri Üzerine Bir Analiz|journal=İlef Dergisi|doi=10.24955/ilef.574429|issn=2148-7219}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| March 16, 1978 | March 16, 1978
| ] | ]
| 7
| 7 university students killed, 41 injured ,
| ], ], ] | ], ] (alleged)
| ] university students | ] university students
| Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978. | Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
|-
|]
|March 17, 1978
|] in ]
|5
|]
|] affiliated workers
|] claim that the victims were badly tortured.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Ümraniye'de Ülkücü diye 5 işçiyi öldürmüşlerdi 17 Mart 1978|url=https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/umraniyede-ulkucu-diye-5-isciyi-oldurmuslerdi-17-mart-1978-133513h.htm|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Yeni Çağ Gazetesi|language=tr}}</ref> Reaction to the aforementioned ].
|-
|]
|April 17, 1978
|]
|8
|], ]
|] Turks
|] and salafists attacked Alevi regions of city after assassination of {{Interlanguage link|Hamit Fendoğlu|lt=Hamit Fendoğlu|tr||WD=}} leaving 8 dead, including 3 children and 100 wounded. 1000 shops were looted and destroyed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3xSDwAAQBAJ&q=malatya+katliam%C4%B1&pg=PA88|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Dinsel Katliamlar: Geçmişten Günümüze Dinsel Katliamlar|date=2017|language=tr|publisher=Berfin Basın Yayın ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.|isbn=978-605-4399-55-0|first=Lütfe|last=Kaleli}}</ref>
|-
|]
|August 10, 1978
|], ]
|5
|]
|Civilians (claimed that they were ])
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 369: Line 436:
| ] | ]
| 7<ref>{{cite book|title=Reis: Gladio'nun Türk Tetikçisi|author=Yalçın, Soner|author2=Yurdakul, Doğan |chapter-url=http://www.timdrayton.com/sy.html#7|chapter=The Bahcelievler Massacre|publisher=Su Yayinlari|year=1997}}</ref> | 7<ref>{{cite book|title=Reis: Gladio'nun Türk Tetikçisi|author=Yalçın, Soner|author2=Yurdakul, Doğan |chapter-url=http://www.timdrayton.com/sy.html#7|chapter=The Bahcelievler Massacre|publisher=Su Yayinlari|year=1997}}</ref>
| ]
| ]
| ] member students
| ] students
| |
|- |-
Line 378: Line 445:
| 109<ref name=david>{{cite book|author=David McDowall|title=A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tarN6gfxX8C&pg=PA415|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-416-0|page=415}}</ref> | 109<ref name=david>{{cite book|author=David McDowall|title=A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tarN6gfxX8C&pg=PA415|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-416-0|page=415}}</ref>
| ]<ref name=david/> | ]<ref name=david/>
| ] Turks and Kurds | ] Kurds
| |
|- |-
|Piyangotepe Massacre |]
|May 16, 1979 |May 16, 1979
|] in ] |] in ]
|7 |7
|] |]
|Civilians
|]
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} |{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
|-
|Adana high school massacre
|September 19, 1979
|Adana Construction Vocational High School
|6
|]
|] affiliated teachers
|Müslüm Teke, Yılmaz Kızılay, Davut Korkmaz, Ahmet Güleç, Özcan Doruk and Mustafa Karaca were killed by 2 Leftist men. Reaction to the aforementioned Maraş massacre where the Grey Wolves killed more than a hundred civilians.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dualar 6 Şehit öğretmen için|url=https://www.adanapost.com/dualar-6-sehit-ogretmen-icin-96198h.htm|access-date=2020-07-23|website=adanapost|date=20 September 2017 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ülkücüleri öldüren katiller şimdi şiir yazıyor - Timeturk: Haber, Timeturk Haber, HABER, Günün haberleri, yorum, spor, ekonomi, politika, sanat, sinema|url=https://www.timeturk.com/tr/2012/07/17/ulkuculeri-olduren-katiller-siir-yaziyor.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.timeturk.com}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 394: Line 469:
| 57<ref>Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)</ref> | 57<ref>Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)</ref>
| ] | ]
| ] ] | ] Turks
| |
|- |-
|Ortabağ massacre |]
|January 23, 1987 |January 23, 1987
|] in ] |] in ]
|8
|8 dead, 15
5 injured
|] |]
|Civilians |Civilians
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Özçağlayan|first=Mehmet|last2=Yavuz Çakıcı|first2=Filiz|date=2019-08-01|title=Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)|journal=İnsan Ve İnsan Dergisi|pages=633–671|doi=10.29224/insanveinsan.453020|issn=2148-7537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/teror-kurbanlari-22-yil-sonra-anildi-10861299|title=Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı|last=A.A|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Özçağlayan|first1=Mehmet|last2=Yavuz Çakıcı|first2=Filiz|date=2019-08-01|title=Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)|journal=İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi|pages=633–671|doi=10.29224/insanveinsan.453020|issn=2148-7537|doi-access=free|hdl=11424/254199|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/teror-kurbanlari-22-yil-sonra-anildi-10861299|title=Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı|last=A.A|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=26 January 2009 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
Line 410: Line 484:
| Pınarcık in ] | Pınarcık in ]
| 30 | 30
| ]/] (disputed)
| ] (alleged) <br/> The Turkish army (alleged)
| Civilians
| Kurdish civilians
| |
|- |-
|{{Interlanguage link|Çevrimli Katliamı|lt=Çevrimli massacre|tr||WD=}}
|Çevrimli Massacre
|June 11, 1990 |June 11, 1990
|] in ] |] in ]
|27
|27 dead, 6 injured
|] |]
|Civilians |Civilians
|In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member were killed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BAYKENT|first=Tuğrul|date=1996|title=Pierre Loti (14 Ocak 1850-10 Haziran 1923)|journal=OTAM(Ankara|doi=10.1501/otam_0000000166|issn=1019-469X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-20|title=Wayback Machine|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|title=ḤAZĪRĀN|doi=10.1163/_eifo_dum_1634}}</ref> |In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member was killed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BAYKENT|first=Tuğrul|date=1996|title=Pierre Loti (14 Ocak 1850-10 Haziran 1923)|journal=OTAM: Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi|doi=10.1501/otam_0000000166|issn=1019-469X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=PPK>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf |title=DÜNYADA ÖNEMLİ OLAYLAR KRONOLOJİSİ: PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976 – 2006) |language=tr |trans-title=CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE WORLD: PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan-Kurdistan Workers' Party): TERRORIST ORGANIZATION CHRONOLOGY (1976 – 2006)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-20|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=ḤAZĪRĀN |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l’Islam |doi=10.1163/_eifo_dum_1634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-remembers-27-people-massacred-by-pkk-terrorists/1872180|title=Turkey remembers 27 people massacred by PKK terrorists|date=10 June 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=Payan|first=Ekrem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/pkknin-cevrimli-katliaminda-34-yil-once-hayatini-kaybeden-27-kisi-anildi/3245547|title=PKK'nın Çevrimli katliamında 34 yıl önce hayatını kaybeden 27 kişi anıldı|date=19 June 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=Payan|first=Ekrem|language=tr}}</ref>
|- |-
|{{Interlanguage link|Çetinkaya Mağazası Katliamı|lt=Çetinkaya Store massacre|tr||WD=}}
|Çetinkaya Store Massacre
|December 25, 1991 |December 25, 1991
|] in ] |] in ]
|11
|11 (14 injured)
|] |]
|Civilians |Civilians
|The PKK attacks a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.<ref name=PPK /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Anadolu|date=2016-05-20|title=PKK terrorists' long history of attacking civilians: A grim timeline|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/05/20/pkk-terrorists-long-history-of-attacking-civilians-a-grim-timeline|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/video/gundem-videolari/cetinkaya-magazasi-katliaminin-31-yili-12-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti|title=Çetinkaya mağazası katliamının 31. yılı... 12 kişi hayatını kaybetti|date=25 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|archive-date=2016-01-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|Yolaç Village Massacre
|June 26, 1992 |October 21, 1992
|] |] in ]
|30
|10 (4 injured)
|] |]
|Civilians |Civilians
|Cevizdali village of Bitlis was raided during the nighttime, PKK militias killed 30 people, including 8 children, and wounded 20 others. Militias then burned whole the village by the news they received that soldiers are on the way to the village.<ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilkha.com/guncel/pkk-nin-katliam-yaptigi-bitlis-merkeze-bagli-cevizdali-koyu-siirt-iline-baglandi-182811|title=PKK'nin katliam yaptığı Bitlis merkeze bağlı Cevizdalı köyü Siirt iline bağlandı - İlke Haber Ajansı|date=6 January 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=ilkha.com|language=tr}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite document|title=ḤAZĪRĀN|doi=10.1163/_eifo_dum_1634}}</ref>
|- |-
| ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |accessdate=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |access-date=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref>
(aka Madımak massacre) (aka Madımak massacre)
| July 2, 1993 | July 2, 1993
| ] | ]
| 35 (+2 perpetrators)
| 37
| ], ]
| ]{{Citation needed|reason=no citation|date=February 2019}}
| ] intellectuals | ] and ] intellectuals
| |
|- |-
Line 451: Line 525:
| Başbağlar, near ] | Başbağlar, near ]
| 33 | 33
|]/] (disputed)<ref>{{Cite news |title=HDK: Başbağlar Katliamı hakkında adalet istiyoruz |work=Duvar |url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2020/07/05/hdk-basbaglar-katliami-hakkinda-adalet-istiyoruz}}</ref>
|]/] (disputed)
| Civilians
| Turkish civilians
| |
|- |-
|{{Interlanguage link|Digor Katliamı|lt=Digor massacre|tr||WD=}}
| Yavi massacre<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.erzurumgazetesi.com.tr/haber/Yavi-Sehitlerine-vefa/41804 |accessdate=2015-02-12 |title=Yavi Şehitlerine vefa |date=2010-06-23 |work=Erzurum gazetesi |language=Turkish}}</ref>
|August 14, 1993
|]
|17
|Turkish security forces
|Kurdish Civilians
|Opened fire on Kurdish villagers by the ]. 17 villagers including 7 children were killed and 63 were injured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Refworld &#124; Chronology for Kurds in Turkey |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artigercek.com/guncel/digor-katliami-31-yil-gecti-failler-cezasiz-kaldi-314369h|title=Digor Katliamı: 31 yıl geçti, failler cezasız kaldı|date=14 August 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=www.artigercek.com|language=tr}}</ref>
|-
|]
|October 3, 1993
|Vartinis, ]
|9
|]
|Civilians
|
|-
|]
|October 20–23, 1993
|] in ]
|30+
|]
|Kurdish Civilians
|Turkish security forces attacked the town of ], destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving 100 wounded.<ref name="licebook">{{Cite book|last1=Ron|first1=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b99dfVMJNRMC&q=lice+1993+turkey&pg=PA120|title=Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey|last2=Watch (Organization)|first2=Human Rights|date=1995|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=9781564321619|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.erzurumgazetesi.com.tr/haber/Yavi-Sehitlerine-vefa/41804 |access-date=2015-02-12 |title=Yavi Şehitlerine vefa |date=2010-06-23 |work=Erzurum gazetesi |language=tr}}</ref>
| October 25, 1993 | October 25, 1993
| Yavi, Çat, ] | Yavi, Çat, ]
| 38 | 38
| ] | ]
| Civilians
| Turkish civilians
| |
|- |-
| ] |]
|January 21, 1994
|], ]
|19
|]
|] and affiliated civilians
|The massacre may have been a ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worst terrorist strikes--worldwide |url=https://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp255i.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.johnstonsarchive.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey/kurd.htm |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/mardinde-28-yil-once-teroristlerce-katledilen-11i-cocuk-21-kisinin-acisi-dinmedi/2481354#|title=Mardin'de 28 yıl önce teröristlerce katledilen 11'i çocuk 21 kişinin acısı dinmedi|date=21 January 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=İbrahim Sincar|first=Halil|language=tr}}</ref>
|-
| ]
| March 23, 1994 | March 23, 1994
| Kuşkonar and Koçağılı villages, ]
| ], ]
| 38<ref name=zaman1>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |title=Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2012-01-11 |accessdate=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221014048/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |archivedate=2013-12-21 }}</ref> | 38<ref name=zaman1>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |title=Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2012-01-11 |access-date=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221014048/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |archive-date=2013-12-21 }}</ref>
| Turkish forces | ]
| Civilians of Kurdish origin | Kurdish Civilians
| The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR. | The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
|- |-
Line 474: Line 580:
| March 15, 1995 | March 15, 1995
| ] and ] | ] and ]
| 23<ref name="sg">{{cite news |url=http://www.stargazete.com/politika/diger-haberler-111243.htm |newspaper=Star Gazete |title=Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -|date=2008-07-04 |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> | 23<ref name="sg">{{cite news |url=http://www.stargazete.com/politika/diger-haberler-111243.htm |newspaper=Star Gazete |title=Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -|date=2008-07-04 |language=tr |access-date=2012-02-18 }}</ref>
| ], ] (alleged)
| Anonymous
| ]
| ] ]
| More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/> | More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/>
|- |-
|{{Interlanguage link|Güçlükonak Katliamı|lt=Güçlükonak massacre|tr||WD=}}
|Güçlükonak Massacre
|February 15, 1996 |February 15, 1996
|] in ] |] in ]
|11 |11
|]
|]
|Civilians |Civilians
|11 residents are shot and burned to death in a minibus by JITEM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/152000/eur440241998en.pdf|title="Birds or earthworms":the Güçlükonak Massacre, its alleged cover-up, and the prosecution of independent investigators|website=Amnesty|date=31 May 1998 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Zaman">{{cite web|last=Gün|first=Zeki|date=17 January 1996|url=http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1996/01/17/guncel/17pkk.html|title=PKK'dan bir vahset daha|publisher=]|access-date=11 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Vimeo">{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/3185111|title=Güçlükonak'ta ne oldu?|format=Video|publisher=Düşünce Suçuna Karşı Girişim|access-date=14 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827145913/http://vimeo.com/3185111}} ({{cite web|url=http://ihlsozluk.com/sozluk.php?process=eid&eid=196386|title=Videonun çözümü <!-- | access-date = 30 May 2009 -->}}{{Dead link|date=September 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref><ref name="SucDuyurusu1996">{{cite web|date=16 April 1996|url=http://www.antenna-tr.org/exel/1996.jpg|title=Suç Duyurusu|publisher=Barış İçin Bir Araya Çalışma Grubu|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827083501/http://www.antenna-tr.org/exel/1996.jpg|archive-date=27 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bianet.org/haber/devlet-bakani-guclukonak-katliamini-jitem-in-yaptigini-itiraf-etti-272535|title="Devlet Bakanı, Güçlükonak Katliamını JİTEM'in yaptığını itiraf etti"|date=7 January 2023|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/cumartesi-anneleri-980nci-haftada-guclukonak-katliamina-adalet-istedi-haber-1659674|title=Cumartesi Anneleri 980'nci haftada 'Güçlükonak Katliamı'na adalet istedi|date=6 January 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1996/01/17/guncel/17pkk.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419015440/http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1996/01/17/guncel/17pkk.html|archive-date=2013-04-19|access-date=}}</ref>
|- |-
|Blue Bazaar Massacre |]
|March 13, 1999 |March 13, 1999
|] |]
|13
|13 (5 injured)
|] |]
|Civilians |Civilians
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr:80/1999/03/14/102176.asp|title=HURRIYET INTERNET|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712202625/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/03/14/102176.asp|archive-date=2012-07-12|url-status=live}}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr:80/1999/03/14/102176.asp|title=HURRIYET INTERNET|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712202625/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/03/14/102176.asp|archive-date=2012-07-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- |-
|Operation Back to Life |]
|December 19, 2000 |December 19, 2000
|] |]
|32
|32 (Hundreds were injured)
|Police forces and soldiers |Turkish security forces
|Leftist prisoners
|Prisoners
|Deaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090504155744/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|archive-date=2009-05-04|access-date=}}</ref> |Deaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|title=Otopsideki gerçek|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090504155744/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|archive-date=2009-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haber.sol.org.tr/haber/hayata-donus-katliaminin-23-yili-387975|title=Hayata Dönüş' katliamının 23. yılı...|date=19 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref>
|- |-
|{{Interlanguage link|Mart 2006 Diyarbakır olayları|lt=Diyarbakır events of March 2006|tr||WD=}}
|Zirve Publishing House Massacre
|March 28–31, 2006
|]
|14
|Turkish security forces
|Protesters
|14 Kurdish civilians including 6 children, 4 of them under the age of 10 were killed by the security forces in protests<ref name="refworld1hrw">{{cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/46fa537528.html |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/28-mart-olaylarinda-adalet-tesis-edilmedi-haber-1517491|title=‘28 Mart olaylarında adalet tesis edilmedi’|date=28 March 2021|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref>
|-
|]
|April 18, 2007 |April 18, 2007
|] |]
|3 |3
|Islamists
|Salafists
|German Christians
|Christian civilians
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Großbongardt |first=Annette |date=2007-04-23 |title=After the Missionary Massacre: Christian Converts Live In Fear in Intolerant Turkey |work=Spiegel Online |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/after-the-missionary-massacre-christian-converts-live-in-fear-in-intolerant-turkey-a-478955.html |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref>
|Deaths include 1 German and 2 Turks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/|title=Ana Sayfa|website=Milliyet|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| May 4, 2009 | May 4, 2009
| ], ] | Bilge, ]
| 44<ref name=reuters> Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009</ref> | 44<ref name="reuters"> Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009</ref>
| Village guards |]
| Civilians of Kurdish origin | Civilians
| ] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2009-05-05|work=Reuters}}</ref> | ] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|access-date=2009-05-05|work=Reuters}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| December 28, 2011 | December 28, 2011
| ], ] | ] in ]
| 34<ref name="zaman1"/> | 34<ref name="zaman1" />
| Turkish forces | ]
| Civilians of Kurdish origin | Kurdish Civilians
| Warplanes killed who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, villagers during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.<ref name="ah">{{cite news|date=2012-01-02|title=Uludere'de Sağ Kurtulan Encü Anlattı|language=tr|newspaper=Aktif Haber|url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/uluderede-sag-kurtulan-encu-anlatti-540900h.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108083237/http://www.aktifhaber.com/uluderede-sag-kurtulan-encu-anlatti-540900h.htm|archive-date=2012-01-08}}</ref><ref name="hdn1">{{cite news|title=Questions grow over Uludere intel failure|newspaper=]|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/questions-grow-over-uludere-intel-failure.aspx?PageID=238&NID=10450&NewsCatID=338|url-status=live|access-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234908/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/questions-grow-over-uludere-intel-failure.aspx?PageID=238&NID=10450&NewsCatID=338|archive-date=2013-12-30}}</ref><ref name="h">{{cite news|date=2011-12-30|title=35 Tabuta Kilometrelerce Gözyaşı|language=tr|newspaper=Haberler|url=http://www.haberler.com/35-tabuta-kilometrelerce-gozyasi-3226767-haberi/|url-status=live|access-date=2012-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108105603/http://www.haberler.com/35-tabuta-kilometrelerce-gozyasi-3226767-haberi/|archive-date=2012-01-08}}</ref>
| Warplanes killed villagers who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.
|- |-
|]
|]
|May 11, 2013 |July 20, 2015
|] |] in ]
|34
|52 (140 injured)
|]
|]
|] member university students
|
| |
|-
|]
|June 5, 2015
|]
|5 (100+ to 400+ injured)
|]
|] supporters
|Occurred before ]
|-
|]
|July 20, 2015
|], ]
|33 killed, 104 were reported injured.
|]
|Civilians students
|
|- |-
|] |]
|October 10, 2015 |October 10, 2015
|] |]
|109
|109 civilians killed, 500+ were reported injured.
|]
|Unknown <ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11925064/Ankara-bombing-Claims-emerge-that-culprit-could-be-brother-of-terrorist-involved-in-previous-atrocity.html |title = Ankara bombing: Claims emerge that culprit could be brother of terrorist involved in previous atrocity|date = 2015-10-11|last1 = Akkoc|first1 = Raziye}}</ref>
|Protesters, civilians
| Kurdish HDP party election rally for the ]
| |
|-
|]
|February 7, 2016
|], ]
| +178
|]
|Kurdish Civilians
|178 civilians, dozens of them children, some of them as young as 9 were burnt alive in three basements.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=Turkish forces accused of 'mass murder' in southeast |url=http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-forces-accused-of-mass-murder-in-southeast/a-19044651 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=In den Kellern von Cizre |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/47/47367/1.html |work=Telepolis}}</ref> Turkish government reacted to the massacre by calling it "baseless terror propaganda", and covering it up by flattening the ruins and filling the basements up with rubble.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Inside Cizre: Where Turkish forces stand accused of Kurdish killings |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36354742 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
|]
|February 17, 2016
|]
|30
|]
|Civilian employees of Turkish Armed Forces and soldiers
|
|- |-
|] |]
|March 13, 2016 |March 13, 2016
|] |]
|37 |38
|]
|]
|Civilians |Civilians
| |
|-
|Dürümlü Massacre
|May 12, 2016
|]
|16 dead, 23 injured
|]
|Civilians
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internethaber.com/diyarbakir-patlamasini-pkk-ustlendi-koyluleri-sucladi-1593510h.htm|title=Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!|last=Haber|first=Internet|date=2016-05-15|website=https://www.internethaber.com/diyarbakir-patlamasini-pkk-ustlendi-koyluleri-sucladi-1593510h.htm|language=tr-TR|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
|- |-
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|45 |45
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|July 15–16, 2016 |July 15–16, 2016
|] (Mainly ], ], ], ] and ]) |] (Mainly ], ], ], ] and ])
|270–350<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attempted coup in Turkey leaves 265 people dead|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/16/turkey-pm-attempted-coup-leaves-265-people-dead|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
|270–350
|]
|Turkish forces
|Civilians and Military |Civilians and soldiers
|Turkey witnessed the bloodiest coup attempt in its political history on July 15, 2016, when a section of the Turkish military launched a coordinated operation in several major cities to topple the government<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey's failed coup attempt: All you need to know|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/7/15/turkeys-failed-coup-attempt-all-you-need-to-know|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
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|-
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|August 20, 2016
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|57 (66 injured)
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| Civilians | Civilians
| A gunman opened fire in the Reina Nightclub during New Year celebrations
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| July 30, 2021
| ], ]
| 7
| Mehmet Altun
| Kurds
|} |}


==Gallery== ==Gallery==
<gallery widths="140" heights="140">
<center>
<gallery perrow="6" widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:1895erzurum-victims.jpg|Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) File:1895erzurum-victims.jpg|Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
Image:Adanamass.PNG|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre File:Adanamass.PNG|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
Image:Smyrna-massacre greeks-killed line.jpg|Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the ] in Smyrna File:Smyrna-massacre greeks-killed line.jpg|Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the ] in Smyrna
Image:Dead_Armenian_girl_in_Aleppo_desert.jpg|Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" File:Dead Armenian girl in Aleppo desert.jpg|Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
</gallery></center> </gallery>

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist|30em}}


{{massacres}} {{massacres}}
{{Asia topic|List of massacres in}}
{{Europe topic |List of massacres in}}

{{Authority control}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 19:11, 22 December 2024

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in Anatolia and the Zagros Mountains (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Antiquity

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Fall of Miletus 494 BC Miletus Most Milesian men Persian Empire Greeks
Battle of Aegospotami 405 BC Aegospotami 3,000 Sparta Athenian sailors 3,000 Athenian sailors executed
Fall of Sestos 353 BC Sestos All males of Sestos Athens Greeks
Asiatic Vespers 88 BC Asia (Roman province) 80,000–150,000 Mithridates VI of Pontus Romans and Italians

Middle Ages

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Nika Revolt January 532 Constantinople 30,000 Byzantine Empire Byzantines About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.
Sack of Amorium August 838 Amorium 30,000–70,000 Abbasid Caliphate Byzantines
Battle of Levounion 29 April 1091 Enez tens of thousands Byzantine Empire & Cumans Pechenegs The Pechenegs consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near Enez they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the Pecheneg people were nearly wiped out.
Siege of Antioch 3 June 1098 Antioch Muslim and Christian population Crusaders Muslim and Christian population
Massacre of the Latins May 1182 Constantinople Uncertain – tens of thousands Byzantine mob Roman Catholics The bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
Siege of Constantinople (1204) 8–13 April 1204 Constantinople many civilians killed Crusaders Byzantines The city was sacked and looted.
Fall of Constantinople 1453 Constantinople 4,000 Ottomans Byzantines 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.
Siege of Trebizond 1461 Trabzon Ottomans Trebizonds

Ottoman Empire

Before 1914

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Massacres during the Greek War of Independence 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire Unknown Ottoman government and Greek rebels Greeks, Turks, Albanians and Jews Massacres were committed by both sides during the conflict.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 4,000 Kurdish Emirs of Bhutan, Badr Khan and Nurullah Assyrians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident).
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Eastern Ottoman Empire 80,000–300,000 Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye,
Turkish, Kurdish tribes 		Armenians
Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) 1895 Diyarbakır Vilayet 25,000 Young Turks and Kurdish irregulars Armenians and Assyrians
Adana massacre April 1909 Adana Vilayet 20,000 local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to Young Turk government Armenians
Ethnic cleansing of Turks in Edirne during First Balkan War October 1912-June 1913 Edirne Vilayet 5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre) Bulgarian army Turks
Havsa Massacre 1912 Havsa in Edirne Vilayet 10 Bulgarian army Turks Turkish quarter was almost entirely burnt.
Edeköy Massacre November 1912 Edeköy (nowadays Kadıdondurma) in Edirne Vilayet Thousands Bulgarian army Turks Many incidents of torture and robbery.
Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians 1913 Thrace; Bulgarköy, Edirne 60,000 Young Turk government, Ottoman army Bulgarians

World War I (1914–1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide 1917–1922 Ottoman Empire 300,000–900,000 Young Turk government Greeks Reports detail massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities.
Seyfo 1914–1918 Ottoman Empire and Persia 250,000-275,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Assyrians Denied by the Turkish government.
Armenian genocide 1915–1917 Ottoman Empire 600,000-1,500,000 Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes Armenians The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. It is the second most publicised case of genocide after the Holocaust.
Massacres in Eastern Anatolia 1914-1918 Eastern Anatolia 128,000-600,000 Russian Army and possibly Armenian irregulars Muslim population (Turks and Kurds) According to J. Rummel, 128,000-600,000 Muslim Turks and Kurds were killed (death toll includes death by famine and diseases) by Russian troops and possibly Armenian irregulars during World War I.
Massacres in the Çoruh River valley 1916 Çoruh River valley 45,000 Cossack regiments Muslim population (Turks and Kurds) During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his Cossacks from Batum with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the Chorokh valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"
Massacres against Kurdish civilians 1915-1918 Ottoman Empire 600,000-700,000 Assyrian and Armenian irregulars led by Agha Petros Kurds In 1914, the Russians defeated the Ottoman Army. Then using the help provided by the Armenians and Assyrian irregular military forces, they penetrated deep into Anatolia and invaded major Kurdish cities. It is estimated that more than 600,000 Kurds lost their lives between 1915 and 1918.
Urmia Massacres 1918 Ottoman Empire and Persia 140,000-145,000 Assyrian and Armenian forces Kurds and Turks The Muslims living in Khoy, Salmas and Urmia faced massacres committed by Christians (Armenians and Assyrians) during March-April of 1918

Post-World War I (1919–1923)

Main article: List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Massacre in Marash 1920 Marash, Aleppo Vilayet 5,000–12,000 Turks Armenians
Kahyaoğlu Farm Massacre [tr] June 11, 1920 Yeşiloba, Adana Vilayet 64+ to ~200 Armenians Turks Report which was given to Mustafa Kemal Pasha included 43 men, 21 women and tens of children. Other estimates are up to 200.
Karadeniz massacre January 28–29, 1921 waters of the Black Sea 15 Kemalists/Committee of Union and Progress (disputed) Communist Party of Turkey Mustafa Suphi the founder of the Communist Party of Turkey and his 14 comrades were assassinated while they were being sent to Erzurum for trial

Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Diyarbakir massacre 1925 Diyarbakir Province, Elazığ Province 15,200 (206 villages destroyed) Turkish security forces Kurds Part of Deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934.
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 5,000–15,000 Turkish security forces Kurds 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed
1934 Thrace pogroms 21 June-4 July 1934 Thrace 1 Local people Jews Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from region
Dersim rebellion Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,806–70,000 Turkish security forces Alevi Kurds/Zazas The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Zini Rift Massacre 6 August 1938 Erzincan Province 95 Turkish security forces Kurds
Muğlalı incident July 1943 Van Province 32 Turkish security forces Kurds 33 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı for allegedly smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.
Karahan village massacre October 1944 Van Province 6 Turkish security forces Kurds 6 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General Mustafa Muğlalı. This was the second massacre of Muğlalı, with the possibility of more uncovered massacres having been committed.
Istanbul pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul 13–30 Turkish government primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, Jews The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the non-Muslim minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Some unidentified armed people Leftist demonstrators, civilians
Beyazıt massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 Grey Wolves, Turkish deep state (alleged) Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Ümraniye massacre March 17, 1978 Ümraniye in Istanbul 5 Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist Grey Wolves affiliated workers Grey Wolves claim that the victims were badly tortured. Reaction to the aforementioned Beyazıt massacre.
Malatya massacre April 17, 1978 Malatya Province 8 Grey Wolves, Salafists Alevi Turks Grey Wolves and salafists attacked Alevi regions of city after assassination of Hamit Fendoğlu [tr] leaving 8 dead, including 3 children and 100 wounded. 1000 shops were looted and destroyed.
Balgat massacre August 10, 1978 Çankaya, Ankara 5 Grey Wolves Civilians (claimed that they were leftist)
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Grey Wolves Workers' Party of Turkey member students
Maraş massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevi Kurds
Piyangotepe massacre May 16, 1979 Keçiören in Ankara 7 Grey Wolves Civilians
Adana high school massacre September 19, 1979 Adana Construction Vocational High School 6 Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist Grey Wolves affiliated teachers Müslüm Teke, Yılmaz Kızılay, Davut Korkmaz, Ahmet Güleç, Özcan Doruk and Mustafa Karaca were killed by 2 Leftist men. Reaction to the aforementioned Maraş massacre where the Grey Wolves killed more than a hundred civilians.
Çorum massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Ortabağ massacre January 23, 1987 Uludere in Şırnak Province 8 PKK Civilians
Pınarcık massacre June 20, 1987 Pınarcık in Mardin Province 30 JİTEM/PKK (disputed) Civilians
Çevrimli massacre [tr] June 11, 1990 Güçlükonak in Şırnak Province 27 PKK Civilians In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member was killed.
Çetinkaya Store massacre [tr] December 25, 1991 Bakırköy in Istanbul 11 PKK Civilians The PKK attacks a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.
Cevizdalı massacre October 21, 1992 Cevizdalı in Bitlis Province 30 PKK Civilians Cevizdali village of Bitlis was raided during the nighttime, PKK militias killed 30 people, including 8 children, and wounded 20 others. Militias then burned whole the village by the news they received that soldiers are on the way to the village.
Sivas massacre

(aka Madımak massacre)

July 2, 1993 Sivas 35 (+2 perpetrators) Salafists, Grey Wolves Alevi and leftist intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 JİTEM/PKK (disputed) Civilians
Digor massacre [tr] August 14, 1993 Digor, Kars 17 Turkish security forces Kurdish Civilians Opened fire on Kurdish villagers by the Special Operation Department. 17 villagers including 7 children were killed and 63 were injured.
Vartinis massacre October 3, 1993 Vartinis, Muş province 9 Turkish Armed Forces Civilians
Lice massacre October 20–23, 1993 Lice in Diyarbakır Province 30+ Turkish Armed Forces Kurdish Civilians Turkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving 100 wounded.
Yavi Massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 PKK Civilians
Ormancık massacre January 21, 1994 Ormancık, Savur, Mardin Province 19 PKK Village guards and affiliated civilians The massacre may have been a chemical attack.
Kuşkonar and Koçağılı massacre March 23, 1994 Kuşkonar and Koçağılı villages, Şırnak 38 Turkish Air Force Kurdish Civilians The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23 JİTEM, Turkish deep state (alleged) Alevis More than 400 injured
Güçlükonak massacre [tr] February 15, 1996 Güçlükonak in Şırnak province 11 JİTEM Civilians 11 residents are shot and burned to death in a minibus by JITEM
Blue Market massacre March 13, 1999 Istanbul 13 PKK Civilians
Operation Back to Life December 19, 2000 Turkey 32 Turkish security forces Leftist prisoners Deaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers
Diyarbakır events of March 2006 [tr] March 28–31, 2006 Diyarbakır 14 Turkish security forces Protesters 14 Kurdish civilians including 6 children, 4 of them under the age of 10 were killed by the security forces in protests
Zirve Publishing House massacre April 18, 2007 Malatya 3 Islamists German Christians
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44 Village Guards Civilians Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.
Roboski airstrike December 28, 2011 Uludere in Şırnak Province 34 Turkish Air Force Kurdish Civilians Warplanes killed who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, villagers during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.
Suruç bombing July 20, 2015 Suruç in Şanlıurfa Province 34 ISIL Socialist Party of the Oppressed member university students
2015 Ankara bombings October 10, 2015 Ankara 109 ISIL Protesters, civilians
Cizre basement massacre February 7, 2016 Cizre, Şırnak +178 Turkish Armed Forces Kurdish Civilians 178 civilians, dozens of them children, some of them as young as 9 were burnt alive in three basements. Turkish government reacted to the massacre by calling it "baseless terror propaganda", and covering it up by flattening the ruins and filling the basements up with rubble.
February 2016 Ankara bombing February 17, 2016 Ankara 30 TAK Civilian employees of Turkish Armed Forces and soldiers
March 2016 Ankara bombing March 13, 2016 Ankara 38 TAK Civilians
2016 Atatürk Airport attack June 28, 2016 Atatürk Airport, Istanbul 45 ISIL Civilians
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt July 15–16, 2016 Turkey (Mainly Istanbul, Ankara, Malatya, Kars and Marmaris) 270–350 Peace at Home Council Civilians and soldiers Turkey witnessed the bloodiest coup attempt in its political history on July 15, 2016, when a section of the Turkish military launched a coordinated operation in several major cities to topple the government
2017 Istanbul nightclub attack January 1, 2017 Istanbul 39 ISIS Civilians A gunman opened fire in the Reina Nightclub during New Year celebrations
2021 Konya massacre July 30, 2021 Meram district, Konya Province 7 Mehmet Altun Kurds

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"

See also

References

  1. Herodotus 6.19.3;
  2. Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; Memnon 22.9.
  3. Plutarch, 24.4.
  4. This is the number given by Procopius, Wars (Internet Medieval Sourcebook.)
  5. Treadgold, Warren T. (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1462-2.
  6. ^ Grumeza, Ion (2010). The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500. University Press of America. p. 35. ISBN 9780761851356.
  7. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. University of Toronto Press. p. 35. ISBN 9781442600584.
  8. Philippides, Marios (2007). Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies. Tempe, Ariz.: ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 197. ISBN 978-0866983464.
  9. ^ Fuller, J.F.C. (1987). A military history of the Western World (. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press. p. 522. ISBN 0306803046.
  10. William Miller, Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 106
  11. Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  12. "Report of the International Commission to inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. (Washington, D. C.: Published by the Endowment. 1914. Pp. 413.)". The American Historical Review. April 1915. doi:10.1086/ahr/20.3.638. ISSN 1937-5239.
  13. Hamza, Jusuf, 1945- (1995). Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija. Skopje: Logos-a. ISBN 9989-601-21-6. OCLC 40838454.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1914.
  15. ^ "Rum çetelerinin karanlıkta kalan soykırımı: Edeköy Katliamı". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  16. "Carnegie Endowment for International peace, Report to inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. CHAPTER III. Bulgarians, Turks and Servians, 2. Thrace, p.130-131".
  17. Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
  18. Vukov, Nikolai (2015), "Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria", Migration in the Southern Balkans, IMISCOE Research Series, p. 68, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4, ISBN 978-3-319-13718-6
  19. IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
  20. "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  21. Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  22. Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID 71515470.
  23. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  24. Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  25. Travis, Hannibal (2006). ""Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (3): 327–371. doi:10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055.
  26. "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution". Armenian genocide. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  27. Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
  28. "A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars" (PDF). Genocide Watch. 13 June 2005. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998), "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective", The Journal of Social Issues, 3 (2)
  30. ^ J. Rummel, Rudolph (1998). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 82, 83. ISBN 9783825840105.
  31. ^ Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  32. ^ McDowall, David (2021-03-25). A Modern History of the Kurds. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-0077-9.
  33. ^ Haner, Murat (2017-09-11). The Freedom Fighter: A Terrorist's Own Story. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-59141-6.
  34. ^ Blincoe, Robert (1979-06-01). Ethnic Realities and the Church (Second Edition): Lessons from Kurdistan. William Carey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87808-049-6.
  35. ^ Eller, Jack David (1999). From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. University of Michigan Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-472-08538-5.
  36. "The Executive Power of the Sabail District Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University New Azerbaijan Party's Sabail District Organization"": url https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf". 10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055. doi:10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)
  37. The land of Zoroaster | First: Dehghan | Last: Ali | Page: 539
  38. ^ 2021, p. 106
  39. . p. 97 https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  40. Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation. Oxford University Press. p. 227. ISBN 9780191505546.
  41. Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash. SUNY Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 9781438408828.
  42. Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache
  43. YURTSEVER, Cezmi (2015). Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba. pp. 4–22.
  44. Kardam, Ahmet (28 January 2022). "28/29 Ocak Karadeniz Katliamı'nın 101. Yılı - Ahmet Kardam - Birikim Yayınları". Birikim (in Turkish). Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  45. Üngör, Ugur Ümit (2011), The making of modern Turkey : nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950, Oxford University Press, p. 129, ISBN 9780199603602
  46. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207–208. (in Turkish)
  47. Guttstadt, Corry (2013). Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780521769914. OCLC 870196866.
  48. "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  49. The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) Archived 2016-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.
  50. İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  51. "1938 Dersim Olayları: 'Zini' gün yüzüne çıkıyor! | Gündem Haberleri". 2015-07-15. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  52. "Zini Gediği katliamına soruşturma". www.demokrathaber.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-03-08.
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Lists of massacres
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See also
List of massacres in Asia
Sovereign states
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Dependencies and
other territories
List of massacres in Europe
Sovereign states
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Dependencies and
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