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{{Short description|Racial classification}}
:''"Whites" redirects here. For other uses, see ].''
{{redirect-several|White people|Whites|White man|White woman}}
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{{use American English|date=April 2020}}
'''White''' is a ] of people generally used for those of mostly ]. It is also a ] specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ] and point of view.


Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White race or pan-European identity. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their ] among other physical characteristics, entered the major ] in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved greater acceptance in ], in the context of ] ] and ] in the European colonies. Scholarship on ] distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions, which focused on physical complexion rather than the idea of race. Prior to the ], no European peoples regarded themselves as "White", but rather defined their identity in terms of their religion, ancestry, ethnicity, or ].<ref>{{Cite book |quote=On both sides of the chronological divide between the modern and the pre-modern (wherever it may lie), there is today a remarkable consensus that the earlier vocabularies of difference are innocent of race. |last=Nirenberg |first=David |author-link=David Nirenberg|title=The Origins of Racism in the West |chapter=Was there race before modernity? The example of 'Jewish' blood in late medieval Spain |pages=232–264 |editor1-first=Miriam |editor1-last=Eliav-Feldon |editor2-first=Benjamin H. |editor2-last=Isaac |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Ziegler |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=2009 |chapter-url=http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227110913/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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] and ]]]
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] white man]]
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Contemporary ]s and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "White race" as a ] with no scientific basis.
In the context of basic ], the term '''White people''' (also '''white race''' or '''whites''') is used to denote "... a ] group having light-coloured skin, especially of European ancestry." <ref name="dictionary1">, from the ''Compact Oxford English Dictionary''.</ref>


{{TOC limit|3}}
In contexts that extend upon or modify this basic meaning, there exist a wide range of semantic refinements and differing connotations. In these contexts, the term is applied with varying degrees of formality, consistency, and analytic rigor. All such contexts are impossible to exhaustively enumerate, but include ], ], ], ], ] and ].


== Physical descriptions in antiquity ==
The concepts underlying this term affect discourse on national identity, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], racial ] and ].
{{Main|Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness}}
]'' fresco of the tomb of ], depicting (from left) four groups of people: four ], a ]n, a ]ine, and an ].]]


According to anthropologist ]:
The variability and breadth of associations with this term also differs internationally. People who are considered white in one part of the world during a certain time period may not be considered white in other parts of the world, or in a different time period.
{{blockquote|In ancient Egypt as a whole, people were not designated by color terms&nbsp;... Egyptian inscriptions and literature only rarely, for instance, mention the dark skin color of the Kushites of Upper Nubia. We know the Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in their works of art, to the extent that the pigments at the time permitted.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95377-2 |last=Jablonski |first=Nina G. |title=Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color |location=Berkeley |year= 2012 |page=106}}</ref>}}
]'', from Roman ], circa 100 BC, depicting the ] cavalry of ] fighting ]ns under ] at the ]]]
The ] (]) ] known as the '']'' distinguishes "four groups" in a procession. These are the ], the ]ine and ]ite peoples or "Asiatics", the "]" and the "fair-skinned ]".<ref>{{cite book |quote=The first are RETH, the second are AAMU, the third are NEHESU, and the fourth are THEMEHU. The RETH are Egyptians, the AAMU are dwellers in the deserts to the east and north-east of Egypt, the NEHESU are the ], and the THEMEHU are the fair-skinned Libyans. |translator=E. A. Wallis Budge |year=1905 |title=Book of Gates |chapter=chapter VI. The gate of Teka-hra |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/gate/gate20.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112202/http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/gate/gate20.htm |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The Egyptians are depicted as considerably darker-skinned than the Levantines (persons from what is now ], ], ] and ]) and Libyans, but considerably lighter than the Nubians (modern ]).


The assignment of ] to certain persons date to the very old age in a number of ], but these differences were not necessarily used in respect to skin colors. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color.<ref name="Dee 2004" /> Similarly, the '']'' uses {{lang|sa|]}} "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity.<ref>], "Rgvedic History" in: ''The Indo-Aryans of South Asia'' (1995): "while it would be easy to assume reference to skin color, this would go against the spirit of the hymns: for Vedic poets, black always signifies evil, and any other meaning would be secondary in these contexts."</ref> Ancient Egyptians, ] and ] generally depicted women as having pale or white skin while men were depicted as dark brown or tanned.<ref name="Eaverly2013">{{cite book |author=Mary Ann Eaverly |year=2013 |title=Tan Men/Pale Women: Color and Gender in Archaic Greece and Egypt, a Comparative Approach |publisher=University of Michigan Press |page=85 |isbn=978-0-472-11911-0 |oclc=1055877879 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9WAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> As a result, men with pale or light skin, ''leukochrōs'' (λευκόχρως, "white-skinned") could be considered weak and effeminate by ] writers such as ] and ].<ref name="WardLott2008chapter1">{{cite book | first = Rachana| last = Kamtekar| chapter = Chapter 1 Distinction Without a Difference? Race and ''Genos'' in Plato| editor1 = Julie K. Ward | editor2 = Tommy L. Lott | year= 2008 | title = Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | pages = 15–16 | isbn = 978-0-470-75204-3 | oclc = 1039168694 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dDg76N2Oz6IC&pg=PA15}}</ref> According to Aristotle "Those whose skin is too dark are cowardly: witness Egyptians and the Ethiopians. Those whose skin is too light are equally cowardly: witness women. The skin color typical of the courageous should be halfway between the two."<ref name="Sassi2001">{{cite book | author = Maria Michela Sassi | date = 2001 | title = The Science of Man in Ancient Greece | publisher = University of Chicago Press | page = 50| isbn = 978-0-226-73530-6 | oclc = 1000991167 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ft5QZ9HtvckC}}</ref> Similarly, ] describes ] prisoners of war as "white-skinned because they were never without their clothing, and soft and unused to toil because they always rode in carriages" and states that Greek soldiers as a result believed "that the war would be in no way different from having to fight with women."<ref name="Hunt2002">{{cite book | author = Peter Hunt | date = 9 May 2002 | title = Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 164 | isbn = 978-0-521-89390-9 | oclc = 248925851 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V_HGeohJIlgC&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson2014">{{cite book | author = Godfrey Hutchinson | year=2014 | title = Sparta: Unfit for Empire | publisher = Frontline Books | page = 20 | isbn = 978-1-84832-222-6 | oclc = 1026663126 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hPm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref>
==History of the term==


Classicist James H. Dee states "the Greeks do not describe themselves as 'White people'{{snd}}or as anything else because they had ''no'' regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves."<ref name="Dee 2004">James H. Dee, "Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'?" ''The Classical Journal'', Vol. 99, No. 2. (December 2003 – January 2004), pp. 162 ''ff.''</ref> People's skin color did not carry useful meaning; what mattered is where they lived.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |last=Painter |first=Nell |title=The History of White People |location=New York |year=2016 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/1 }}</ref> ] described the ] ] as having deep ] and bright ]<ref>Herodotus: '']'', 4.108.</ref> and the Egyptians – quite like the ] – as {{lang|el|melánchroes}} ({{lang|el|μελάγχροες}}, "]") and ].<ref>Herodotus: ''Histories'', 2.104.2.</ref> He also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as ], which was {{lang|el|Aithíopes}} ({{lang|el|Αἰθίοπες}}, "burned-faced").<ref>Herodotus: ''Histories'', 2.17.</ref> Later ] described the ]ns as black and the ] as having red hair and blue eyes.<ref>Xenophanes of Colophon: , J. H. Lesher, University of Toronto Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8020-8508-3}}, p. 90.</ref> In his description of the Scythians, ] states that the cold weather "burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."<ref name="JonesPotterSmith1923">{{cite book | editor1 = William Henry Samuel Jones | editor2 = Paul Potter | editor3 = Wesley D. Smith | author1 = Hippocrates | author2 = Héraclite d'Éphèse | date = 1923 | title = Hippocrates, Volume 1 | publisher = Harvard University Press | pages = 125–126 | isbn = 978-0-674-99162-0 | oclc = 1004814805 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TlEMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref>{{sfn|Painter|2016|p=10}}
''Black'' has been used to describe sub-Saharan Africans since ancient history. The ancient history of the use of ''white'' is somewhat less clear, but there is evidence for it. For example, the Amherst Papyri, scrolls written in ancient Ptolemaic Greek, contain a well-studied reference to the use of ''black'' and ''white'' to refer to skin color. More recently, the term was applied with the development of ] in the ]. ] in ] (1735) used the terms ''rufus'' (red), ''albus'' (white), ''luridus'' (yellow), and ''niger'' (black) to describe the races. Subsequently ] in Von den verschiedenen Rassen den Menschen (About The Different Races of Men - 1775) uses ''weiß'' (white).


== Modern racial hierarchies ==
==Social vs. physical perceptions of ''white''==
The term "White race" or "White people" entered the major ] in the later seventeenth century, originating with the ] of ] at the time, in the context of the ]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'? |date=2004 |last=Dee |first=James H. |journal=The Classical Journal |issue=2 |volume=99 |pages=157–167 |jstor=3298065 }}</ref> and the enslavement of ] in the ].<ref name=":0" /> It has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of pseudoscientific research, which culminated in ], which was later widely repudiated by the scientific community. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking… made social categories into racial truths."<ref name=":0">{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |page=139 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> Bruce David Baum, citing the work of ], states, "the history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other peoples) as members of a superior 'white race'."<ref>{{cite book |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9892-8 |last=Baum |first=Bruce David |title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: A political history of racial identity |date=2006 |page=247 }}</ref> Alastair Bonnett argues that "white identity", as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting ] of ] and history.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonnett|2000}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2023}}
{{seealso|Race|Social interpretations of race|Race and multilocus allele clusters}}


According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the ]:
In many countries, such as the United States, the definition of white has changed over the years. <ref name="Dealing with Diversity">{{cite book | last =Adams | first =J.Q. | authorlink = | coauthors =Pearlie Strother-Adams | year =2001 | title =Dealing with Diversity | publisher =Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company | location =Chicago, IL |id = 0-7872-8145-X}}</ref> Even though the natural sciences may have been used throughout history to justify varying treatments based on racial background, race today is largely considered a sociological construct, the definition of which is subject to change as society evolves.<ref name="Dealing with Diversity">{{cite book | last =Adams | first =J.Q. | authorlink = | coauthors =Pearlie Strother-Adams | year =2001 | title =Dealing with Diversity | publisher =Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company | location =Chicago, IL |id = 0-7872-8145-X}}</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">{{cite book | last = Thompson | first = William | authorlink = | coauthors = Joseph Hickey | year = 2005 | title = Society in Focus | publisher = Pearson | location = Boston, MA| id = 0-205-41365-X}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based on language, religion, and geography. ... the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of racial conflict in '']'' and '']''). Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of race ... Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic" category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations into a single "race" ... .|sign=Gregory Jay|source="Who Invented White People? A Talk on the Occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1998"<ref name=GJay>{{cite web|author=Gregory Jay |url=http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Whitenesstalk.html |title=Who Invented White People? A Talk on the Occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1998 |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502063801/http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Whitenesstalk.html |archive-date=2 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}


In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, "East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as White, never as yellow."<ref name="Keevak">{{Cite book |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |last=Keevak |first=Michael |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2011 |pages=26–27}}</ref> Michael Keevak's history ''Becoming Yellow'', finds that ] were redesignated as being yellow-skinned because "yellow had become a ''racial'' designation," and that the replacement of White with yellow as a description came through pseudoscientific discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |last=Keevak |first=Michael |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2011 |page=2}}</ref>
{{section stub}}


=== A social category formed by colonialism ===
==Definitions==
A three-part racial scheme in color terms was used in seventeenth-century ] under Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |pages=113–116 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in ] to the social categories of ] and ]: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized."<ref name=":2">{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |page=115 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, the novel term {{lang|es|español}} ("Spaniard") was being equated in written documents with {{lang|es|blanco}}, or "White".<ref name=":2" /> In Spain's American colonies, ], ] ({{lang|es|indios}}), ], or ] ancestry formally excluded individuals from the "purity of blood" ({{lang|es|]}}) requirements for holding any public office under the Royal Pragmatic of 1501.<ref name=TwinamPassing>{{Cite book |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3895-2 |pages= |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Smolenski |editor2-first=Thomas J. |editor2-last=Humphrey |last=Twinam |first=Ann |title=New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas |chapter=Racial Passing: Informal and Official 'Whiteness' in Colonial Spanish America |location=Philadelphia |date=2005 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newworldordersvi0000unse/page/249 }}</ref> Similar restrictions applied in the military, some religious orders, colleges, and universities, leading to a nearly all-White priesthood and professional stratum.<ref name=TwinamPassing /><ref name="Duenas">{{Cite book |publisher=University Press of Colorado |isbn=978-1-60732-019-7 |last=Duenas |first=Alcira |title=Indians and mestizos in the 'lettered city' reshaping justice, social hierarchy, and political culture in colonial Peru |location=Boulder, CO |access-date=23 April 2012 |date=2010 |url= http://site.ebrary.com/id/10408953}}</ref> Blacks and {{lang|es|indios}} were subject to tribute obligations and forbidden to bear arms, and black and {{lang|es|indio}} women were forbidden to wear jewels, silk, or precious metals in early colonial Mexico and Peru.<ref name=TwinamPassing /> Those {{lang|es|pardos}} (people with dark skin) and {{lang|es|mulattos}} (people of mixed African and European ancestry) with resources largely sought to evade these restrictions by passing as White.<ref name=TwinamPassing /><ref name=Duenas /> A brief royal offer to buy the privileges of Whiteness for a substantial sum of money attracted fifteen applicants before pressure from White elites ended the practice.<ref name=TwinamPassing />


In the ] in ] and the Caribbean, the designation ''English'' or ''Christian'' was initially used in contrast to Native Americans or Africans. Early appearances of White race or White people in the Oxford English Dictionary begin in the seventeenth century.<ref name="Dee 2004" /> Historian Winthrop Jordan reports that, "throughout the colonies the terms ''Christian'', ''free'', ''English'', and ''white'' were ... employed indiscriminately" in the seventeenth century as proxies for one another.<ref>{{Cite book |title=White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro |last=Jordan |first=Winthrop |date=1974 |page=97}}</ref> In 1680, Morgan Godwyn "found it necessary to explain" to English readers that "in ], 'white' was 'the general name for Europeans.'"<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=The Invention of the White Race |last=Allen |first=Theodore |publisher=Verso |date=1994 |location=New York |page=351 |volume=2}}</ref> Several historians report a shift towards greater use of ''White'' as a legal category alongside a hardening of restrictions on free or Christian blacks.<ref>Baum (2006), p. 48. ], ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro'' 1974, p. 52, puts the shift to ''white'' from earlier ''Christian'', ''free'', and ''English'' to around 1680. {{cite book |first=Theodore |last=Allen |title=The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control |url=http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html |publisher=Verso |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-86091-660-4 |access-date=24 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107233149/http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''White'' remained a more familiar term in the American colonies than in Britain well into the 1700s, according to historian ].<ref name=":3" />
===United States===
{{main|White American}}
David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was in direct effort to mentally distance slaveowners from slaves.<ref>Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998). </ref> By the 18th century, ''white'' had become well established as a racial term. In the ], confusion over the designation ''white'' or '']'' is considerable, due partly to the introduction of the term '']'' in the 1980 ].


=== Scientific racism ===
The 2000 ], speaking of race categories, states, "They generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."<ref>'''' from '''U.S. Census Bureau''', 14 March 2001. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref>
]" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic"]]
Western studies of ] and ] in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries developed into what would later be termed ]. Prominent European pseudoscientists writing about human and natural difference included a ''White'' or ''West Eurasian'' race among a small set of human races and imputed physical, mental, or aesthetic superiority to this White category. These ideas were discredited by twentieth-century scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x |issn=1728-4457 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=385–415 |last=Hirschman |first=Charles |title=The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race |journal=Population and Development Review |date=2004 }}</ref>


==== Eighteenth century beginnings ====
Nevertheless, recent research indicates that self-described race is a near-perfect indicator of an individual's genetic profile, at least in the United States. Using 326 genetic markers, Tang et al. (2005) identified 4 genetic clusters among 3,636 individuals sampled from 15 locations in the United States, and were able to correctly assign individuals to groups that correspond with their self-described race ("white", "African American", "East Asian", or "Hispanic") for all but five individuals (an error rate of 0.14%). They conclude that ancient ancestry, which correlates tightly with self-described race and not current residence, is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population. <ref>Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies </ref>.
In 1758, ] proposed what he considered to be natural ] categories of the human species. He distinguished between '']'' and ''Homo sapiens europaeus'', and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white ], red ], yellow ] and black ]. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, his descriptions of these groups included cultural patterns and derogatory stereotypes.<ref name="nature1">Sarah A. Tishkoff and Kenneth K. Kidd (2004): ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714020241/http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html |date=14 July 2016 }}), ''Nature Genetics''.</ref>


] discovered in 1795, which he used to hypothesize origination of Europeans from the ].]]
It should be noted, though, that racial admixture is important among US ethnic groups. For example, the above used article states that from the genetic perspective, Hispanics generally represent a differential mixture of European, Native American and African ancestry, and that the sample used was of a single location in Texas and was composed of Mexican Americans. As to African Americans, it also states that this group has an estimated White admixture of 10%-20%, while many whites also have some degree of non-White admixture.


In 1775, the ] ] asserted that "The white color holds the first place, such as is that of most European peoples. The redness of the cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom to be seen in the rest".<ref name=Painter>{{cite conference |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |conference=Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race – November 7–8, 2003 – Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut |title=Why White People are Called Caucasian? |date=2003 |book-title=Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at Yale University |page=20 |url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |access-date=9 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020105628/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>
The ] give national origin a racial value. This can be confusing in regards to people of ]s and ] who are grouped together by law with ]s. The U.S. Census assumes that all Jewish Americans are white, but this is not the case. For example, by responding "]i" in the ], a person will be categorized as white, even though not all Israelis are of European descent (] or ]); they may be Jews of ]n (]), Middle Eastern (]), Yemenite (], considered by some a Mizrahi subgroup), or ] descent (see ] for more information on Jewish ethnic diversity), or may instead be ] or ] (who may or may not identify themselves as Arabs).


In the various editions of his ''On the Natural Variety of Mankind'', he categorized humans into four or five races, largely built on Linnaeus' classifications. But while, in 1775, he had grouped into his "first and most important" race "Europe, Asia this side of the Ganges, and all the country situated to the north of the Amoor, together with that part of North America, which is nearest both in position and character of the inhabitants", he somewhat narrows his "Caucasian variety" in the third edition of his text, of 1795: "To this first variety belong the inhabitants of Europe (except the Lapps and the remaining descendants of the Finns) and those of Eastern Asia, as far as the river Obi, the Caspian Sea and the Ganges; and lastly, those of Northern Africa."<ref name=Blumtreat>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Anthropological Treatises''. Longman Green, London 1865, pp. 99, 265 ff.</ref><ref name="nature1" /><ref>{{cite book |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |last=Painter |first=Nell |title=The History of White People |location=New York, NY |date=2010 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/79 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-0-87220-458-4 |pages=27–37|editor=Robert Bernasconi |last=Blumenbach |first=Johann Friedrich |title=The Idea of Race |chapter=On the Natural Variety of Mankind |location=Indianapolis, IN |date=2000}}</ref> Blumenbach quotes various other systems by his contemporaries, ranging from two to seven races, authored by the authorities of that time, including, besides Linnæus, ], ] and ]. <!-- The article on Blumenbach seems to state just the opposite of this: "Blumenbach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and ]. ] and ] would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were held to be the physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly crafty, literal-minded nature.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}" -->
===Canada===
In the results of ]'s 2001 ], ''white'' is one category in the ''population groups'' data variable, derived from data collected in question 19 (the results of this question are also used to derive the ''visible minority groups'' variable). <ref>The data from question 19 of the 2001 census is collected "to support programs that promote equal opportunity for everyone to share in the social, cultural and economic life in Canada". The visible minority categories are defined in the Employment Equity Act: Chinese, South Asian, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Korean, and Japanese. The population groups variable includes the same groups—although multiple-response data is counted differently—as well as "white" and "aboriginal self-reporting". Question 19 is in the Long Form census questionnaire, which is filled out by about twenty percent of respondents. See "About this Variable: Visible Minority Groups" and "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada: Visible Minority Groups". </ref>


In the question of color, he conducts a rather thorough inquiry, considering also factors of ] and ], but ultimately believes that "climate, and the influence of the soil and the temperature, together with the mode of life, have the greatest influence".<ref>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Anthropological Treatises''. Longman Green, London 1865, p. 107.</ref> Blumenbach's conclusion was, however, to proclaim all races' attribution to one single human species. Blumenbach argued that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., depended on environmental factors, such as ] and diet. Like other ], Blumenbach held to the "]" of racial origins. He claimed that ] were ] inhabitants of Asia,<ref>Brian Regal: ''Human Evolution. A guide to the debates''. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara/CA 2004, p. 72. Also see Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Institutions of physiology'', translated by John Elliotson. Bensley, London 1817.</ref> and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors such as the sun and poor diet. He consistently believed that the degeneration could be reversed in a proper environmental control and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Marvin Harris|title=The rise of anthropological theory. A history of theories of culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUUYN3X18dwC&pg=PA84|access-date=5 April 2012|year=2001|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-0133-3|pages=84 ff}}</ref>
In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, '"members of visible minorities" means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour'. In the 2001 Census, persons who marked-in Chinese, South Asian, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Japanese or Korean were included in the visible minority population. <ref>In the 2001 Census, data on members of visible minorities for employment equity purposes was based on responses to question 19. This question was introduced for the first time in the 1996 Census. The 2001 question is similar to the one used in the 1996 Census. Prior to 1996, data on visible minorities were derived from responses to the ethnic origin question, in conjunction with other ethno-cultural information, such as language, place of birth and religion. See Human Resources and Social Development Canada </ref>


==== Nineteenth and twentieth century: the "Caucasian race" ====
A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to ].<ref>Census 2001: 2B (Long Form)</ref>
{{Main|Caucasian race}}


Between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries,<ref>Baum (2006), p. 120, gives the range 1840 to 1935.</ref> race scientists, including most ] classified the world's populations into ], which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the ], named after people of the ] but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races and was incorporated as a formal category of both pseudoscientific research and, in countries including the United States, social classification.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpObO9a05p0C&q=caucasian+United+States+social+classification&pg=PA109|title=Culturally Alert Counseling: A Comprehensive Introduction|first=Garrett|last=McAuliffe|date=2018|publisher=Sage|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4129-1006-4}}</ref>
===Norway===
According to the Norwegian Social Science Data Service, white is a possible answer to ethnic/people group category question. After ], ], ] and other Nordics, it is mentioned as white/]. Other categories are ], ]/]/Caribbean and "other".<ref> Norsk samfunnsvitenskapelig datatjeneste </ref> Statistics Norway considers the Asian category to include ].<ref>Statistics Norway</ref>


There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus, ] (1939) included the populations native to all of ] and ] under the Caucasian label, while ] (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and ] (1920) classified as "]" most of the populations of the ], ] and Central Asia, and counted as "White" only the European peoples and their descendants, as well as some populations in parts of ] and the northern areas of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOaoAwAAQBAJ&q=Caucasian+race+Morocco,+Algeria+And+Tunisia&pg=PA59|title=Race and America's Immigrant Press: How the Slovaks were Taught to Think Like White People|first=Robert M.|last=Zecker|date=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing US|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4411-6199-4}}</ref> Some authorities,{{Who|date=August 2015}} following Huxley (1870), distinguished the '']'' or "light Whites" of Northern Europe with the '']'' or "dark Whites" of the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbt4OKLs85gC&q=Thomas+Henry+Huxley+Xanthochroi+light+whites|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information|date=30 May 2018|publisher= University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>
===United Kingdom and Ireland===
In the UK, the ] uses the term ''White'' as an ethnic category. The terms '']'', ''White Irish'' and ''White Other'' are used. ''White British'' includes ], ] and ] peoples, as well as residents of ] who identify as British. The category ''White Other'' includes all white people not from the British Isles.<ref>'''', '''Ethnicity and Identity, National Statistics online.''' Retrieved 03 November 2006.</ref><ref>'''', '''Ethnicity and religion'''. Retrieved 03 November 2001.</ref> People of Middle Eastern ancestry are not seen as white people in the UK.<ref>Kissoon, Priya. King's College of London. Asylum Seekers: National Problem or National Solution. 2005. November 7, 2006.</ref>


Although modern ] often invoke ] iconography on behalf of ], ] repudiated the idea of a unified White race, instead promoting ]. In Nazi propaganda, Eastern European ] were often referred to as ] (subhuman in English), and the relatively under-developed economic status of Eastern European countries such as Poland and the USSR was attributed to the racial inferiority of their inhabitants.<ref>Bendersky, Joseph W. 2007 ''A concise history of Nazi Germany'' Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp.161–162.</ref> Fascist Italy took the same view, and both of these nations justified their colonial ambitions in Eastern Europe on racist, anti-Slavic grounds.<ref>Benito Mussolini, Richard Washburn Child, Max Ascoli, Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press, 1998. pp. 105–106.</ref> These nations were not alone in their view; during the ] and ], there were numerous cases{{snd}}regardless of the position in the ] of the person{{snd}}where European ethnic groups and nations labeled or treated other Europeans as members of another, somehow "inferior race". Between the Enlightenment era and interwar period, the racist worldviews fit well into the liberal worldview, and they were almost general among the liberal thinkers and politicians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel Steiman|title=Paths to Genocide|year=1997|page=180|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230371330}}</ref>
The term ] ''does not'' refer to people with black skin, but instead to ]. The term White Irish is not used in the UK in contrast with Black Irish; it refers to the ethnically Irish immigrant population in Britain. British surnames such as White, Whitlock, Whited and Whitehead also trace their origins to blonde or white hair color.


== Census and social definitions in different regions ==
===China===
{{Race}}
In ], an ethnic minority known as ], refer to themselves as "white people" and the term Bai, meaning "white", became their official name in 1956.<ref></ref> The Bai People hold the white colour in high esteem and call themselves "Baizi", "Baini" or "Baihuo", which means white people. In 1956, of their own will they were named the Bai Nationality by Chinese Authorities. <ref></ref>
{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2024}}
Definitions of White have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the ] and ].<ref name="Dealing with Diversity">{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=J. Q. |first2=Pearlie |last2=Strother-Adams |date=2001 |title=Dealing with Diversity |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-7872-8145-8}}</ref> Through the mid to late twentieth century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see ], ], ], ]). Below are some census definitions of White, which may differ from the social definition of White within the same country. Some countries do not ask questions about race or colour at all in their census. The social definition has also been added where possible.


=== Africa ===
{{section stub}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 7.3%
| 4,504,252
| ]<ref>{{cite book |title= People of South Africa|url= https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-people#:~:text=The%20white%20population%20percentage%20declined,overall%20increase%20of%20three%20years. |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2022|accessdate= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 0.2%
| 34,111
| 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/Demography/Census/2022_PHC_Report_27012023_Final.pdf|title= 2022 Population and Housing Census |page=15|accessdate= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 1%
| 220,000
| 2014<ref name="cia5">{{cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Angola |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ |access-date=2014-01-31 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 3%
| TBD
| 2013<ref name="cia6">{{cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |access-date=2013-09-26 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 2%
| 42,868
| 2019<ref name="Census2019">{{cite web |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics |accessdate=28 July 2021 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 1.2%
| 13,693
| 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Malawians criticize TNM over white CEO: Do we not have black people? Malawi 24 |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/03/22/malawians-criticize-tnm-over-white-ceo-do-we-not-have-black-people/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 2.6%
| 13,000
| 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-09 |title=RGPH 2014 |url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509042714/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-05-09 |access-date=2024-08-04 }}</ref>
|-
|]
| 6%
| 150,000
| 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia vows to change 'status-quo' of white-farm ownership |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/namibia-vows-to-change-status-quo-of-white-farm-ownership-20191208 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 0.3%
| 40,000
| 2013<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adogame |first=Afe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4etLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity |year=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-3667-1 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}


==== South Africa ====
==Physical Traits==
{{main|Human physical appearance}} {{Main|White South Africans}}
{{See also|Afrikaners|White Africans of European ancestry}}
White ] first arrived in South Africa around 1652.<ref name="vaque1989">{{cite book |editor1-first=Charles C. |editor1-last=Thomas McGhee |title=The plot against South Africa |date=1989 |edition=2nd |publisher=Varama |location=Pretoria |isbn=978-0-620-14537-4}}</ref><ref name="swapo">{{cite book |last=Fryxell |first=Cole |title=To Be Born a Nation |pages=9, 327}}</ref> By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some 2,000 Europeans and their descendants were established in the region. Although these early ]s represented various nationalities, including German peasants and French ]s, the community retained a thoroughly Dutch character.<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Irving |title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa |pages=120–166}}</ref>


The ] captured ] in 1795 during the ] and ] South Africa from Amsterdam in 1814. The ] numbered about 4,000 and were introduced in 1820. They represented groups from ], ], ], or ] and were typically more literate than the Dutch.<ref name="zastudy" /> The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a greater influx of English speakers who were able to develop the mining industry with capital unavailable to Afrikaners.<ref name="zastudy" /> They have been joined in more subsequent decades by former colonials from elsewhere, such as ] and ], and poorer British nationals looking to escape famine at home.<ref name="zastudy" />
]. Darker shades represent darker skin tones, using ]. See ].]]
Although there is no single universal definition of White, if we base our definition on ] <ref name="dictionary1"/>, we can associate some traits with Whites. As discussed below, these are traits which are either quite rare or non-existant among non-white populations.


Both Afrikaners and English have been politically dominant in South Africa during the past; due to the controversial ] under '']'', the nation's predominantly Afrikaner government became a target of condemnation by other African states and the site of considerable dissension between 1948 and 1991.<ref name="vaque1989" />
Human hair and eye color is unusually diverse in northern and eastern Europe. The many alleles involved (at least seven for hair color) and their independent origin over a short span of evolutionary time indicate some kind of selection. Sexual selection is particularly indicated because it is known to favor color traits and color polymorphisms. In addition, hair and eye color is most diverse in what used to be, when first peopled by hunter-gatherers, a unique ecozone of low-latitude continental tundra. This type of environment skews the operational sex ratio (OSR) of hunter-gatherers toward a male shortage in two ways: (1) men have to hunt highly mobile and spatially concentrated herbivores over longer distances, with no alternate food sources in case of failure, the result being more deaths among young men; (2) women have fewer opportunities for food gathering and thus require more male provisioning, the result being less polygyny. These two factors combine to leave more women than men unmated at any one time. Such an OSR imbalance would have increased the pressures of sexual selection on early European women, one possible outcome being an unusual complex of color traits: hair- and eye-color diversity and, possibly, extreme skin depigmentation. <ref>http://www.ehbonline.org/article/PIIS1090513805000590/abstract</ref>


There were 4.6 million Whites in South Africa in 2011,<ref>{{cite book |title=South Africa: Time running out: The report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42 |publisher=University of California Press |date=1981 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-520-04547-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm|title=South Africa's population|last=Mafika|date=11 August 2017|work=Brand South Africa|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121063400/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> down from an all-time high of 5.2 million in 1995 following a wave of emigration commencing in the late twentieth century.<ref>, fin24.com, 24 September 2006</ref> However, many returned over time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 May 2014|title=Why white South Africans are coming home|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27252307|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>


=== Asia ===
====Hong Kong====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 0.8%
| 61,582
| ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hong Kong population 2021 census table:3.9|url= https://www.census2021.gov.hk/doc/pub/21c-main-results.pdf |access-date= May 21, 2024|website=www.censtatd.gov.hk|page=47}}</ref>
|}
In the recent 2021 census of Hong Kong, 61,582 people identified as white representing 0.8% of the total population.


===Hair Colour=== ==== Philippines ====
{{Main|Spanish Filipinos}}
{{Template:Light hair coloration map|float=right}}
In the ] at ], in the ], a genetic study by the ], shows that 5% of the population are ]ans that had arrived due to the Spanish colonization of the archipelago, most of which are ]<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092418/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 7, 2016|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|access-date=December 21, 2017}} National Geographic Genetic Study</ref><ref name="JournalHuman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C | title = Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1 | journal = Human Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–11 | publisher = University of Florida Press | date = 2019 | language = en | url = https://www.academia.edu/38744342 | doi = 10.5744/fa.2019.1005 | s2cid = 159266278 | quote = ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture. | access-date = September 13, 2020 | doi-access = | archive-date = January 7, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133718/https://www.academia.edu/38744342/Classification_Trends_Among_Modern_Filipino_Crania_Using_Fordisc_3_1 | url-status = live | issn=2573-5020}}</ref>
{{main|Hair color}}


====Dark==== === Australia and Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
{{Main|European Australians}}
The recent ] does not use the term “white” on their census form, therefore results showed 54.7% of the population identifying with a European ancestry.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au |format=XLSX}}</ref>
From 1788, when the ] was founded, until the early nineteenth century, most immigrants to Australia were ]. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the ] and other European countries. However, until the mid-nineteenth century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the ] populations.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
]
People of many nationalities, including many non-White people, emigrated to Australia during the ] of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still White and the goldrushes inspired the ] and policy, directed mainly at ].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}


From the late nineteenth century, the ] and later ] of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "]", which was consolidated and enabled by the ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601201917/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16 |date=1 June 2011}}. Foundingdocs.gov.au.</ref> but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any ] as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.
Dark hair is the most common color hair among white people.


Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after ] that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.<ref>Stephen Castles, "The Australian Model of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is It Applicable to Europe?," ''International Migration Review'', Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration. (Summer, 1992), pp. 549–567.</ref> Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from ] or ]), as were ] inhabitants (such as ], ] and ]) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from ] and to a lesser degree ], ] and ]. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and geographic origin were officially terminated.
====Blond====


Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial origin in 1971 and 1976, and by self-declared ancestry alone since 1981, meaning no attempt is now made to classify people according to skin color.<ref name="referendum1967">{{cite web |url= http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0Feature+Article2July+2011 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and the Census After the 1967 Referendum |work=Abs.gov.au |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> As at the 2016 census, it was estimated by the ] that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.<ref name="humanrights.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf |title=Leading for change |website= humanrights.gov.au|access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>
{{main|Blonde}}


==== New Zealand ====
] is a relatively rare ] ], occurring in 1.7 to 2% of the world population with the majority of natural blondes being white. {{fact}}
{{Main|European New Zealanders}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 67.8%
| 3,383,742
| ]<ref name="StatsNZ">{{Cite web |title=2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Stats.govt.nz}}</ref>
|-
|}


According to the ] 67.8% or 3,383,742 people identified with a European ethnic origin, down from 70.2% in 2018,<ref name="StatsNZ"/><ref name="2018census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts|title=2018 Census population and dwelling counts {{!}} Stats NZ|website=www.stats.govt.nz|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref> and 90.6% in ].<ref name="cicred1916">{{cite book|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c37.pdf|title=1974 World Population Year: The Population of New Zealand|publisher=Committee for International Co-ordination of National Research in Demography (CICRED)|date=1974|access-date= 7 September 2024|page=53|postscript=: Table 3.11: Total Population by Ethnic Origin, 1916–1971}}</ref>
Blond hair is genetically associated with lighter ] such as blue, green, or light brown and with pale, often freckled, skin tones. It ranges from nearly white (platinum blond, ]-haired) to a dark golden blond. Strawberry blond is a rare type: a mixture of blond and red hair. Blondness is a ]. Blond hair has more ] than ] but has less than ]. Natural blondes have the thinnest strand of hair but have more hair on their heads than others, with an average of 140,000 hairs.
In ], 95.0% of the population was of European descent.<ref name="Historical and statistical survey">{{cite web|url=http://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1946-I.2.5.3.12&l=mi&e=-------10--1------0-- |title=Historical and statistical survey|page=18|accessdate=7 September 2024}}</ref>


The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of ]. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant, and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish),<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163314/https://teara.govt.nz/en/germans/page-1 |date=21 April 2018 }} (from the ])</ref> France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.
Lighter hair colors occur naturally in humans of all ethnicities, as rare mutations<ref name="The Times">, from ]. Note, the end of the Times article reiterates the ] hoax; the online version replaced it with a rebuttal.</ref>
, but at such low rates that it is hardly noticeable in most populations, or is only found in children. In certain European populations, however, the occurrence of blond hair is more frequent, and often remains throughout adulthood, leading to misinterpretation that blondness is a European trait. Based on recent ] information, it is probable that humans with blond hair became distinctly numerous in Europe about 11,000 to 10,000 years ago during the last ]. Before then, Europeans had dark brown hair and dark eyes, which is predominant in the rest of the world.<ref name="The Times"/>


In the 1860s, the discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The ] actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the ] recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20672|title=4. History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
====Red Hair====


In the 1870s, MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports, and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20686|title=5. History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority and did so for the next 150 years.
{{Main|Red hair}}


==== Other Oceania ====
'''Red hair''' (also referred to as '']'', '']'', or '']'') is a ] that varies from a deep red through to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment ] and relatively low levels of the dark pigment ]. People with red hair are often referred to as '''redheads'''.
{|class="sort wikitable" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 24.1%
| 65,490
| 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes|title=Population Structure of Communities|website=isee.nc|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144638/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes|archive-date=13 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 6.8%
| 10,491
| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPGU2020.DP1?g=040XX00US66&d=DECIA%20Guam%20Demographic%20Profile&tid=DECENNIALDPGU2020.DP1 |title= 2020 Island Areas Censuses Data on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics Now Available for Guam|website=United States Census|accessdate= May 21, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 2.4%
| 1,120
| ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195459/http://www.nmhcgov.net/resources/files/NMHC%202015%20AI%20-%20Public%20Review.pdf |date=11 September 2018 }} 2010 Census</ref>
|-
|]
| 1.0%
| TBD
| 2020<ref name="2020Census">{{cite report |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2020-Census-of-Population-and-Housing.pdf |title=2020 Census of Population and Housing of the Republic of Palau |date=August 2022 |publisher=Office of Planning and Statistics |location=Koror, Palau |volume=I Basic Tables |access-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119050949/https://www.palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2020-Census-of-Population-and-Housing.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 0.3%
| TBD
| 2021<ref name="cia4">{{cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=Samoa |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028124346/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=CIA – The World Factbook}}</ref>
|-
|}


=== Europe ===
Red is an uncommon hair color among humans, found mainly in Northern and Western European populations (and descendants of these populations), although it occurs in low frequencies throughout other parts of Europe and Asia. Red hair appears to be caused by a ] on ] which causes a mutation of the ] protein. It is associated with fair skin color, ]s, and sensitivity to ]. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration, with a common stereotype being the “fiery-tempered redhead”.


===Eye Colour=== ==== France ====
White people in France are a broad racial-based, or ]-based, social category in French society.
{{Template:Light eye coloration map|float=right}}
{{Main|Eye color}}


In statistical terms, the French government banned the collection of racial or ethnic information in 1978, and the ] (INSEE), therefore, does not provide census data on White residents or citizens in France. ] have, however, made cases,<ref name="newsweek2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/french-court-may-fine-little-known-rapper-alleged-racist-video-and-song-1287651|title=French Court May Fine Little-Known Rapper For Alleged Racist Song, 'Hang White People,' And Accompanying Music Video|author=Renata Birkenbuel|date=10 January 2020|work=]|quote=incitement to violence does not stop just because the intended victim is white}}</ref> and issued rulings, which have identified White people as a demographic group within the country.<ref name="bbc2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47633459|title=Hang White People: Rapper Nick Conrad fined over YouTube song|date=19 March 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
Those with non-European ancestry generally have darker eyes and less variability in eye color than those of European descent.<ref>Frudakis T, Thomas M, Gaskin Z, Venkateswarlu K, Chandra KS, Ginjupalli S, Gunturi S, Natrajan S, Ponnuswamy VK, Ponnuswamy KN. ''Genetics.'' 2003 Dec;165(4):2071-83. PMID 14704187.</ref> For example between 60 and 70 percent of the Norwegian population have blue eyes.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-225478/Norway</ref>
===Light Skin===


White people in France are defined, or discussed, as a racial or social grouping, from a diverse and often conflicting range of political and cultural perspectives; in anti-racism activism in France, from right-wing political dialogue or propaganda, and other sources.<ref name="Pettit2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/as-white-supremacists-try-to-remake-history-scholars-seek-to-preserve-the-record/|title=As White Supremacists Try to Remake History, Scholars Seek to Preserve the Record|author=Emma Pettit|date=5 August 2019|work=]|quote=] argues that white people in France, and in Europe in general, are being replaced by Muslim immigrants, in what he calls "genocide by substitution."}}</ref><ref name="wapo2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/a-black-french-rapper-sang-about-hanging-the-whites-he-may-now-be-prosecuted/2018/09/27/93482f68-c24e-11e8-97a5-ab1e46bb3bc7_story.html|title=A black French rapper sang about hanging 'the whites.' He may now be prosecuted.|author=James McAuley|date=27 September 2018|newspaper=]|quote="White people in France are not in danger," ] said, referencing the issue of police brutality. In 2016, for instance, a 24-year-old ] was trampled and killed by police in the town of ]}}</ref>
{{main|Human skin color}}


==== Background ====
Research indicates that the skin-whitening mutation occurred by chance in a single individual after the first human exodus from Africa, when all people were brown-skinned. That person's offspring apparently thrived as humans moved northward into what is now Europe where there is less sunlight available, helping to give rise to the lightest of the world's races. <ref name= "washpost">Washington Post: Scientists Find A DNA Change That Accounts For White Skin </ref> Relatively light-skinned people are found among many ethnic groups, like Asians who owe their relatively light skin to different mutations.<ref name= "washpost"/> Reduced melanin in white skinned people also reduces scarring.
Whites in France have been studied with regard the group's historical involvement in ]; how "whites in France have played a major international role in colonizing areas of the globe such as the ]."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective|chapter=Social Problems; France: Colonialism And Contemporary Racism|author=George Ritzer|author-link=George Ritzer|date=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-7619-2610-8|quote=] has a long tradition of overseas colonialism. While whites in the ] have historically exploited many ] mostly within the country, whites in France have played a major international role in colonizing areas of the globe such as the ].}}</ref>


They have been described as a privileged social class within the country, comparatively sheltered from racism and poverty. {{lang|de|]}} has reported how "most white people in France only know the banlieues as a kind of caricature". ], outer-city regions across the country that are increasingly identified with minority groups, often have residents who are disproportionately affected by unemployment and poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/movies-in-misery-an-escape-from-the-squalor-of-the-paris-banlieues-a-649c9e4a-7777-499e-8ae6-72cef8c0caa2|title=An Escape from the Squalor of the Paris Banlieues|author=Britta Sandberg|date=19 August 2020|work=]|quote=Most white people in France only know the ] as a kind of caricature, such as that presented by the right-wing populist ] during her political campaigns.}}</ref>
The advantage of light skin is that it does not block sunlight as effectively, leading to increased production of ], necessary for ] absorption and ] growth. The lighter skin of women may result from the higher calcium needs of women during ] and ]. The reduced blockage of sunlight can be a disadvantage as people with lighter skin are more prone to ] and skin cancer caused by repeated exposure to the sun.


The lack of census data collected by the ] and ] for Whites in France has been analyzed, from some academic perspectives, as masking racial issues within the country, or a form of false ]. Writing for ], French journalist ] suggests that "a large portion of White people in France are not used to having frank conversations about race and racism."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/10/10/french-whiteness-is-in-crisis/|title=French whiteness is in crisis|author=Rokhaya Diallo|author-link=Rokhaya Diallo|date=10 October 2019|publisher=]}}</ref> According to political sociologist ], "whites in France lie to themselves and the world by proclaiming that they do not have institutional racism in their nation."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Citizen Outsider: Children of North African Immigrants in France|chapter=From the Inside Flap|author=Jean Beaman|date=2017|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-520-29426-4}}</ref> Sociologist ] has written; "While many whites in France refuse to acknowledge institutionalized racism and ], there is widespread belief in the specter of 'anti-white racism'".<ref name="Fleming2020">{{Cite news|url=https://h-france.net/Salon/SalonVol12no1.6.Fleming.pdf|title=How to Be Less Stupid About Race in France|volume=12|page=3|author=Crystal Marie Fleming|author-link=Crystal Marie Fleming|date=2020|publisher=H-France Salon|quote=Finally, as I also argue in ''How to Be Less Stupid About Race'', those of us engaged in the work of ] in and outside of the academy, must continually disrupt efforts to establish a false equivalence between whites and racialized minorities. While many whites in ] refuse to acknowledge institutionalized racism and white supremacy, there is widespread belief in the specter of "anti-white racism,"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Be Less Stupid about Race: On Racism, White Supremacy, and the Racial Divide|author=Crystal Marie Fleming|author-link=Crystal Marie Fleming|date=2018|publisher=]|isbn= 978-0-8070-5077-4}}</ref>
==See also==


==== Use in right-wing politics ====
{| width="500px"
Accusations of anti-White racism,<ref name="Fleming2020" /> suggestions of the displacement of,<ref name="Pettit2019" /> or lack of representation for,<ref name="Fifield2006" /> the group, and rhetoric surrounding Whites in France experiencing poverty have been, at times, utilised by various right-wing political elements in the country. ]'s political scientist Angéline Escafré-Dublet has written that "the equivalent to a ] in France can be traced through the debate over the purported neglect of the 'poor Whites' in France".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power|chapter=The whiteness of cultural boundaries in France |volume=26 |author=Angéline Escafré-Dublet |date=2019|publisher=]}}</ref>
|- valign=top

|width="50%"|
In 2006, French politician ] suggested there were too many "players of colour" in the ] after he suggested that 7 of the 23-player squad were White.<ref name="Fifield2006">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jun/30/worldcup2006.sport3|title=We are Frenchmen says Thuram, as Le Pen bemoans number of black players|author=Dominic Fifield|date=30 June 2006|work=]}}</ref> In 2020, French politician ] stated that French actress ], who was born in ], should "go back to ]" if she "was not happy with seeing so many white people in France".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/02/myth-white-parisienne-is-being-challenged-lindsey-tramuta-alice-pfeiffer-and-aissa-maiga|title=The thin, white lie: challenging the 'French women' stereotype |author=Julia Webster Ayuso|date=2 July 2020|work=]}}</ref>
*]

*]
==== Republic of Ireland ====
*]
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
*]
|-
*]
|]
*]
| 87.4%
*]
| 4,444,145
*]
| ]<ref name="Migration & Diversity">{{cite web|title=Migration and Diversity – CSO – Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/migrationanddiversity/|website=CSO|date=30 May 2023|access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>
*]
|-
*]
*]
*]
*]
|width="50%"|
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
|} |}
According to the 2022 Irish census, 4,444,145 or 87.4% of the total population declared their race as “]” and Other White,<ref name="Migration & Diversity"/> this was a decline from 92.4% in ] and 94.24% in ].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Ethnicity – CSO – Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=CSO |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Migration & Diversity" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Irish Travellers |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414014423/http://cso.ie:80/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

People who identified as “White Irish” in 2022 were 3,893,056 or 76.5% of the total population, a decline from 87.4% in 2006.<ref name="Migration & Diversity"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Volume 05 – Ethnic or Cultural Background |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census2006results/volume5/vol_5_2006_complete.pdf}}</ref>

==== Malta ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 89.1%
| 462,997
| 2021<ref name="Housing">{{Cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing 2021: Final Report: Population, migration and other social characteristics (Volume 1)|url=https://nso.gov.mt/mt/themes_publications/census-of-population-and-housing-2021-final-report-population-migration-and-other-social-characteristics/|date=16 February 2023|access-date=5 February 2024|website=nso.gov.mt|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204200023/https://nso.gov.mt/mt/themes_publications/census-of-population-and-housing-2021-final-report-population-migration-and-other-social-characteristics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

As of the 2021 census, 89.1% self-identified as Caucasian racial origin. ]-born natives make up the majority of the island with 386,280 people out of a total population of 519,562.<ref name="Housing" /> However, there are minorities, the largest of which by European birthplace were: 15,082 from the United Kingdom, Italy (13,361) and Serbia (5,935). Among racial origins for the non-Maltese, 58.1% of all identified as Caucasian.<ref name="Housing"/>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Main|White people in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|White British|Other White|White Irish|White Polish|White Gypsy or Irish Traveller}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 96.6%
| 1,837,600
| 2021<ref name="2021 census ethnicity">{{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf |title=Main statistics for Northern Ireland – Statistical bulletin – Ethnic group |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=22 September 2022 |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 93.8%
| 2,915,848
| ]<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021#how-ethnic-composition-varied-across-england-and-wales|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. How ethnic composition varied across England and Wales |date=29 November 2022|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 92.9%
| 5,051,875
| ]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |title= Scotland's Census 2022 – Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion|date=21 May 2024|accessdate=21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 81.0%
| 45,783,401
| ]<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|}

==== Historical White identities ====
Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with status and wealth.<ref name=DrKarl>{{citation |first=Karl |last=Kruszelnicki |title=News in Science: Skin Colour 1 |url= http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/03/01/249992.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience|date=March 2001 }}</ref> This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be clearly seen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bonnett|2000|p=32}}</ref> The change in the meaning of White that occurred in the colonies (see ]) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to the ']' countries (England, Ireland, ] and ]). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status for the time being, and, during the nineteenth century, when the ] was at its peak, many of the ] and ] developed ] to those of lower social rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli0000dahr |url-access=registration |first=Ralf |last=Dahrendorf |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1959 |isbn=0-8047-0561-5}}</ref>

] discovered that ], ], ] and ] are all part of the same language family, which he termed the "]", and was distinct from the ] ]; this can be seen in context of the emerging ], which was also ].<ref name="DWB">{{Cite DWB |id=s-LHUY-EDW-1660 |title=Lhuyd, Edward (1660–1709), botanist, geologist, antiquary and philologist |author=Thomas Jones |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Language Classification. History and Method |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |last2=Poser |first2=William J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-88005-3 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |title=A History of Wales| page=54 |publisher=Penguin |year=1994 |location=London |isbn=0-14-014581-8}}</ref><ref name="Amgueddfa DNA">{{cite web |title=Who were the Celts? ... Rhagor |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1939/ |access-date=14 October 2009 |publisher=] |date=4 May 2007 |work=Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917180311/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1939/ |archive-date=17 September 2009}}</ref>

Just as race reified whiteness in America, Africa, and Asia, capitalism without social welfare reified whiteness with regard to social class in nineteenth-century Britain and Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time, associated with racial differences.<ref name="Bonnett 2000 31">{{Harvnb|Bonnett|2000|p=31}}</ref> For example, George Sims in his 1883 book ''How the poor live'' wrote of "a dark continent that is within easy reach of the General Post Office ... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain public sympathy as easily as savage tribes".<ref name="Bonnett 2000 31" />

==== Modern and official use ====
From the early 1700s, Britain received a small-scale immigration of black people due to the ].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm|title=Short History of Immigration|publisher=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> The oldest ] (as well as in Europe) dates from the nineteenth century.<ref name="Chinese">{{cite web |url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|archive-date=24 July 2009 |title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community |publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Since the end of World War II, a substantial immigration from the ], ] and ] (namely the ]) ] changed the picture more radically,<ref name="auto" /> while the adhesion to the ] brought with it a heightened immigration from ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/migration-flows-a8-and-other-eu-migrants-and-uk|title=Migration Flows of A8 and other EU Migrants to and from the UK|first=Carlos|last=Vargas-Silva|publisher=Migration Observatory, University of Oxford|date=10 April 2014|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

Today the ] uses the term ''White'' as an ethnic category. The terms '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' are used. These classifications rely on individuals' self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not an objective category.<ref name="ONS guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-group-statistics/ethnic-group-statistics--a-guide-for-the-collection-and-classification-of-ethnicity-data.pdf |title=Ethnic group statistics: A guide for the collection and classification of ethnicity data |date=2003 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |page=9 |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210156/http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-group-statistics/ethnic-group-statistics--a-guide-for-the-collection-and-classification-of-ethnicity-data.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Socially, in the UK ''White'' usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin.<ref>Kissoon, Priya.''Asylum Seekers: National Problem or National Solution''. 2005. 7 November 2006.</ref> As a result of the ] the White population stood at 85.5% in ] (White British: 79.8%),<ref name="CensusEngland">, accessed 13 June 2014.</ref> at 96% in ] (White British: 91.8%),<ref name="CensusScotland"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095905/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls |date=24 September 2015 }}, accessed 13 June 2014.</ref> at 95.6% in ] (White British: 93.2%),<ref name="CensusEngland" /> while in ] 98.28% identified themselves as White,<ref name="nisra.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-key-statistics-northern-ireland|title=2011 Census – Key Statistics for Northern Ireland|date=11 January 2017|website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/DC2206NI.xls|title=Table DC2206NI: National identity (classification 1) by ethnic group|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> amounting to a total of 87.2% White population (or {{circa|82%}} White British and Irish).<ref name="CensusEngland" /><ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web |url= http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/StatsBulletin2A.pdf |title=2011 Census: Key Results on Population, Ethnicity, Identity, Language, Religion, Health, Housing and Accommodation in Scotland – Release 2A|publisher=National Records for Scotland |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/Ethnic%20Group%20-%20Full%20Detail_QS201NI.XLS|title=NISRA 2011 Census: Ethnic Group: Accessed 3 June 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Bermuda (U.K.) ====
{{main|White Bermudians}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 30.5%
| 19,466
| 2016<ref name="Bermuda 2016 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf |title=Bermuda 2016 Census |publisher=Bermuda Department of Statistics |date = December 2016|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}
At the 2016 census the number of Bermudians who identify as white was 19,466 or 31 percent of the total population.<ref name="Bermuda 2016 Census" /> The White population of Bermuda made up the entirety of the Bermuda's population, other than a black and an Indian slave brought in for a very short-lived pearl fishery in 1616,<ref></ref> from settlement (which began accidentally in 1609 with the wreck of the Sea Venture) until the middle of the 17th century, and the majority until some point in the 18th century.

In 2010, census data found that White Bermudians accounted for 31% including 10% native Bermudians and 21% foreign-born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2010%20Census%20Report.pdf|title=2010 Official census (P.18)|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 69.8%
| 25,364,140
| ]<ref name="Canada2021CensusA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Canada2021CensusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |quote=In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups. |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|European Canadians}}
{{See also|Demographics of Canada}}
Of the over 36 million ] enumerated in 2021 approximately 25 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population.<ref name="Canada2021CensusA"/><ref name="Canada2021CensusB"/>

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, "'members of visible minorities' means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese, or Korean were included in the visible minority population.<ref>Human Resources and Social Development Canada, {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to ].<ref>Census 2001: 2B (Long Form)</ref>

==== Costa Rica ====
{{Main|White Costa Rican}}
The ] counted a total population of 5,044,197 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inec.cr/estimaciones-poblacion-vivienda-2022 |title=National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica|website= Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica, or INEC|access-date=28 August 2023|date=2022}}</ref> In 2022, the census also recorded ethnic or racial identity for all groups separately for the first time in more than ninety-five years since the 1927 census. Options included indigenous, Black or Afro-descendant, Mulatto, Chinese, ], white and other on section IV: question 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.inec.cr/sites/default/files/media/_por_que_se_hacen_estas_preguntas_1.pdf|title=INEC Cuestionario Censo 2022|website=INEC|date=2022|accessdate=6 April 2023}}</ref>
White people (including mestizo) make up 94%, 3% are ], 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |date=2007 |title=Costa Rica |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013932/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British, ], ], English, ], French, Irish, ] and ] families, as well a sizable Jewish (namely Ashkenazi and Sephardic) community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==== Cuba ====
{{Main|White Cubans}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 64.1%
| 7,160,399
| 2012<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|title=El Color de la Piel Según el Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2012|date=February 2016|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

].]]

White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.one.cu/ |title=2012 Cuban Census |publisher=One.cu |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226105518/http://www.one.cu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza |publisher=Grupo Copesa |date=8 November 2013 |work=latercera.com |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020219/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the ] in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of Whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40–45%. Despite most White Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian and Russian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cubagenweb.org/french/index.htm#refugees |title=Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba}} (from )</ref>

During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early part of the twentieth century, large waves of ], ], ], ], and ] emigrated to Cuba. Many ] have also immigrated there, with some of them being ].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/travel/04journeys.html?em&ex=1170824400&en=254a263b2686376e&ei=5087%0A |title=In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life |access-date=19 November 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=4 February 2007}}</ref> Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist ]. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as White.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=19 April 2022|page=81}}</ref>

In 1953, it was estimated that 72.8% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 12.4% of African ancestry, 14.5% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and 0.3% of the population was of Chinese and or East Asian descent (officially called "amarilla" or "yellow" in the census). However, after the ], due to a combination of factors, mainly mass ] to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mixed population has increased, and the Chinese (or East Asian) population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.<ref name="Cuban Census">{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|pages=8, 17–18 |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information}}</ref>

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies at the ] says the present Cuban population is 38% White and 62% Black/Mulatto.<ref name="barrier">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|title=A barrier for Cuba's blacks – New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement|website=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821113550/http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".<ref>{{Cite news |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Afro-Cubans |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749d342c.html |access-date=17 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510214518/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

==== Dominican Republic ====

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 18.7%
| 1,611,752
| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.one.gob.do/media/fdholyvz/boleta-censal-xcnpv.pdf|title=Boleta Censal|website=Nacional de Población y Vivienda|accessdate=17 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|White Dominicans}}
They are 17.8% of the ]'s population, according to a 2021 survey by the ].<ref name="UNFPA-Encuesta-Autopercepcion">{{cite web|date=September 2021|location=Santo Domingo |title=Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana |publisher=Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (])|url=https://dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/encuesta_nacional_de_autopercepcion_racial_y_etnica_en_rd_100322.pdf|page=22|accessdate= May 31, 2024}}</ref> The majority of white Dominicans have ancestry from the first European settlers to arrive in ] in 1492 and are descendants of the ] and ] who settled in the ] during ], as well as the ] who settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. About 9.2% of the Dominican population claims a ] background, according to the 2021 Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas survey.<ref name="UNFPA-Encuesta-Autopercepcion"/>

==== El Salvador ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 12.7%
| 730,000
| 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/servers/redatam/htdocs/CPV2007S/Docs/RESULTADOS_FINALES.pdf|title=El Salvador: Censos de Población 2007|trans-title=El Salvador: Population Census 2007|language=es|publisher=digestyc.gob.sv|page=13|date=2008|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214714/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/servers/redatam/htdocs/CPV2007S/Docs/RESULTADOS_FINALES.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|White Salvadoran}}
In 2013, White Salvadorans were a minority ethnic group in El Salvador, accounting for 12.7% of the country's population. An additional 86.3% of the population were mestizo, having mixed Amerindian and European ancestry.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ |work=The World Factbook |title=El Salvador |access-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=U.S. ] }}</ref>

==== Guatemala ====
{{Main|White Guatemalan}}
In 2010, 18.5% of Guatemalans belonged to the White ethnic group, with 41.7% of the population being Mestizo, and 39.8% of the population belonging to the 23 ] groups.<ref name=INEX>{{cite web |url= http://www.ine.gob.gt/sistema/uploads/2014/02/26/5eTCcFlHErnaNVeUmm3iabXHaKgXtw0C.pdf |title=Caracterización estadística República de Guatemala 2012 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=INE}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Can't find these figures in the source|date=December 2014}} It is difficult to make an accurate census of Whites in ], because the country categorizes all non-indigenous people are mestizo or ] and a large majority of White Guatemalans consider themselves as mestizos or ladinos.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paZPVchKJMkC&q=white+Guatemalans+considered+himself+mestizo&pg=PA185|title=Ch'orti'–Maya Survival in Eastern Guatemala: Indigeneity in Transition|first=Brent|last=Metz|date=2006|publisher=UNM Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-3881-5}}</ref> By the nineteenth century the majority of immigrants were ], many who were bestowed ] and coffee plantations in ], while others went to ] and ]. Many young Germans married ] and ] ] women, which caused a gradual whitening. There was also immigration of ] to ] and this contributed to the mixture of ] and ] women in that region.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==== Honduras ====
{{Main|White Honduran}}
As of 2013, Hondurans of solely White ancestry are a small minority in Honduras, accounting for 1% of the country's population. An additional 90% of the population is mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====

] couple with their ten children), anonymous painter, ca. 1735, Mexico City. ], Mexico City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/imago/ima_curiel03.html|title=Retrato de la familia Fagoaga-Arozqueta |website=electronic magazine Imágenes of the Institute of Aesthetic Research of the ]}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 40%
| 52,000,000
| 2018<ref name="MMSI1">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2017 |title=Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional |trans-title=Results of the Intergenerational Social Mobility Module |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018 |website=INEGI |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|White Mexicans}}

White Mexicans are ] ] of complete or predominant ] descent.<ref name="fnavarrete" /> While the ] does conduct ethnic censuses on which a Mexican has the option of identifying as "White",<ref name="MMSI1" /> the results obtained from these censuses are not published. Instead, Mexico's government publishes the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" residing in the country; that percentage was 47%<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf |date=25 May 2017 }}, ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref> in 2010 and 49% in 2017.<ref name=MMSI2>, ''INEGI'', 3 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> Due to its less direct racial undertone, the label "Light-skinned Mexican" has been favored by the government and media outlets over "White Mexican" as the go-to choice to refer to the segment of Mexico's population possessing European physical traits<ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial en México |trans-title=Informative Document on Racial Discrimination in Mexico |url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133620/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=CONAPRED |language=es |publication-place=Mexico}}</ref> when discussing different ethno-racial dynamics in Mexico's society. Sometimes, nonetheless, "White Mexican" is used.<ref name=huffpost> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ |date=22 June 2018 }}, ''Huffington post'', 26 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref><ref name=ElUniversal>, {{lang|es|El Universal}}, 6 July 2017, Retrieved on 19 June 2018.</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Solís |first=Arturo |date=7 August 2018 |title=Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco |trans-title=Proven with data: in Mexico you are better off if you are white |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco/ |access-date=4 November 2018 |website=Forbes México |language=es-MX}}</ref>

Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the ]; and while during the colonial period, most European immigration was Spanish (mostly from northern provinces such as ], ], ] and the ],<ref name="MinerosYcomerciantes">{{cite book |last1=Branding |first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763–1810) |last2=Borah |first2=Woodrow |date=1975 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica |isbn=9789681613402 |page=150 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>), in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries European and European-derived populations from ] and ] did immigrate to the country. According to twentieth- and twenty-first-century academics, large-scale intermixing between the ] and the native ] produced a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the ].<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= 23 August 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> However, according to church and censal registers from the ], the majority (73%) of Spanish men married Spanish women.<ref name="San Miguel 2000">{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 }}</ref><ref name="MexicoRacista1" /> Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=12 September 2017|date=1998 |publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223}}</ref><ref>, ''fsu org'', 8 December 2016. Retrieved on 9 December 2018.</ref> and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<ref name="San Miguel 2000" />

Another ethnic group in Mexico, the ], is composed of people with varying degrees of European and indigenous ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Ray |first2=Nicolas |last3=Rojas |first3=Winston |last4=Parra |first4=Maria V. |last5=Bedoya |first5=Gabriel |last6=Gallo |first6=Carla |display-authors=etal |date=21 March 2008 |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 |pmc=2265669 |pmid=18369456 |quote=Large differences in the variation of individual admixture estimates were seen across populations, with the variance in Native American ancestry between individuals ranging from 0.005 in Quetalmahue to 0.07 in Mexico City (Figure 4, Figure S1, and Table S2), an observation consistent with previous studies... |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study, as in Mexico a large number of White people have been historically classified as Mestizos, because after the ] the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones in an effort to unite all Mexicans under the same racial identity.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" />

Estimates of Mexico's White population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as the ''World Factbook'' and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations, calculate Mexico's White population as only 9% or between one-tenth to one-fifth<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico/27384/Ethnic-groups|title=Mexico {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate).<ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book|author1=Federico Navarrete|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86}}</ref> Surveys that account for phenotypical traits and have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of ] as reference to classify a Mexican as White, the ] calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With a similar methodology, the ] obtained a percentage of 18.8%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the ] in collaboration with Mexico's ] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=25 September 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmid=25254375 |pmc=4177621 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PLOSG..10.4572R }}</ref> nationwide surveys in the general population that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's ] and Mexico's ] report percentages of 47%<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017" /> and 49%<ref name=MMSI2 /><ref name=MMSI1 /> respectively.

A study performed in hospitals in Mexico City reported that an average of 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented the ] skin ] known as the ] whilst it was absent in 48.2% of the analyzed babies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña–Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–100%) in Asian, Native American, and African children,<ref>{{cite book|page=90|edition=3rd, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|author=Miller|title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=978-0-7817-2076-2}}</ref> a medium frequency (50–70%) in Hispanic children,<ref name="tokyo" /> and a very low frequency (1–10%) in Caucasian children.<ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name=med>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068732-overview#a0199|title=Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|date=7 January 2017|access-date=8 October 2017|website=EMedicine.medscape.com}}</ref> and Mexican children of ] background.<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan|others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1-4612-2614-7}}</ref> According to the ] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>, {{lang|es|El Universal}}, January 2012. Retrieved on 3 July 2017.</ref>

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of ] population, where, according to the American historian and anthropologist ] the majority of the people have no native admixture or is of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of ].<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline |title=The United States and Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish|access-date=18 May 2017|date=1963 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-49706-1|page=104}}</ref> In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized; thus, they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists. The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of Whites during the ]. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/123878.Los-indios-barbaros-de.html |work=Elsiglodetorreon.com |first=Raúl |last=Cuéllar Moreno |date=12 December 2004 |language=es |title=Coahuila y sus Hombres / Los indios bárbaros del norte}}</ref>

A number of settlements on which European immigrants have maintained their original culture and language survive to this day and are spread all over Mexican territory; among the most notable groups are the ] who have colonies in states as variated as Chihuahua<ref name="insular">{{cite news |title= Mexico's insular Mennonites under siege, overlooked: The Tribune's Oscar Avila reports on Mexico's insular and targeted sect |first=Oscar |last=Avila |newspaper=McClatche-Tribune Business News |location=Washington |date=22 November 2008 |page=8 }}</ref> or Campeche<ref>, {{lang|es|El Financiero}}, 1 March 2018. Retrieved on 8 December 2018.</ref> and the town of ] in the state of Puebla, inhabited nearly in its totality by descendants of Italian immigrants that still speak their Venetian-derived dialect.<ref name="montagner">{{cite journal |last= Montagner Anguiano |first= Eduardo |title= El dialecto véneto de Chipilo |trans-title= The Venician dialect of Chipilo |journal= Orbis Latinus |language= es |access-date= 19 July 2011 |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110821/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-date= 6 June 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==== Nicaragua ====
{{Main|White Nicaraguan}}
As of 2013, the White ethnic group in Nicaragua accounts for 17% of the country's population. An additional 69% of the population is ], having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.<ref name=cia3>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ |work=The World Factbook |title=Nicaragua |access-date=22 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. ] }}</ref> In the nineteenth century, ] was the subject of ]an immigration, mostly from ], ] and the ], who often married native Nicaraguan women. Some ] were given land to grow coffee in ], ] and ], although most Europeans settled in ].<ref>''Eddy Kuhl'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204133911/http://selvanegra.com/eddy/?p=308 |date=4 December 2014 }} Consultado, 5 December 2014.</ref> In the late seventeenth century, pirates from ], ] and ] mixed with the indigenous population and started a settlement at Bluefields (]).<ref>{{lang|es|Revista Vinculado}} Retrieved, 5 December 2014.</ref>

==== Puerto Rico (U.S.)====
{{Main|White Puerto Ricans|Puerto Ricans|Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico}}
] had a small stream of predominantly European immigration.<ref name="Census1899">{{cite web |title=Report on the Census of Porto Rico, 1899|date=20 July 2015 |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|access-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live|website=Census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720184053/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2015 }}</ref> Puerto Ricans of ], ] and French descent comprise the majority.
According to the most recent ], the number of people who identified as "White alone" was 536,044 with an additional non-Hispanic 24,548, for a total of 560,592 or 17.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|website=Census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

Previously in 1899, one year after the United States acquired the island, 61.8% or 589,426 people self-identified as White.<ref name="Census1899" /> One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% or 3,064,862;<ref name="topuertorico.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/pdf/2kh72.pdf|title=Racial composition data for Puerto Rico: 2000 Census|website=Topuertorico.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> due to a change of race perceptions, mainly because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the "White island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific racism.<ref name=HPRBWHITE> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |date=7 February 2012 }}. (PDF).</ref>

Hundreds are from ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' (]), which allowed European Catholics to settle on the island with a certain amount of free land.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 17.1%
| 560,592
| ]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html|title= Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020 |website=census.gov|date=25 August 2021|access-date= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cde.wisc.edu/|title=Home|website=Center for Demography and Ecology}}</ref> Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the ] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time since 1950, allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports, most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "White"; few declared themselves to be Black or some other race.<ref name=autogenerated2>. Mona.uwi.edu.</ref> However, it was estimated that 20% of White Puerto Ricans may have Black ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |title=What You Need to Know About Puerto Rico's Black History &#124; PushBlack Now |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729015340/https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Trinidad and Tobago ====
{{Main article|White Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 0.7%
| –
| 2011<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf |date=19 October 2017 }} Ethnic Composition: "Caucasian '''0.6%''', Portuguese '''0.1%'''", Total: 0.7% (p. 15)</ref>
|-
|}

==== United States ====
{{Main|White Americans|European Americans}}
{{See also|Demographics of the United States|Definitions of whiteness in the United States}}
] in each county in 2020.]]

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
! colspan="6" text-align:center;"|White population – United States Census<ref name="census.gov">. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203928/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |date=18 January 2015 }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212043137/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |date=12 February 2020 }}. Factfinder.census.gov.</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | %
|-
| '''1790'''||{{0}}{{0}}3,172,006||80.7
|-
| '''1800'''||{{0}}{{0}}4,306,446||81.1
|-
| '''1850'''||{{0}}19,553,068||84.3
|-
| '''1900'''||{{0}}66,809,196||87.9
|-
| '''1940'''||118,214,870||89.8 ''(highest)''
|-
| '''1950'''||134,942,028||89.5
|-
| '''1980'''||188,371,622||83.1
|-
| '''2000'''||211,460,626||75.1<ref name="Wpop2000">, Census 2000 Brief C2010BR-05., U.S. Census Bureau, September 2011.</ref>
|-
| '''2010'''||223,553,265||72.4<ref name="Wpop2010">, Census 2010 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.</ref><ref name="Census2020" />
|-
| '''2020'''|| 204,277,273 ||61.6<ref name="Census2020">, retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref> ''(lowest)''
|}

The cultural boundaries separating ] from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor ] of the ], suggests that the construction of the White race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.<ref>Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, ''Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War'' (New York, 1998).</ref> By the eighteenth century, ''White'' had become well established as a racial term. Author John Tehranian has noted the changing classifications of immigrant ethnic groups in American history. At various times each of the following groups has been allegedly excluded from being considered White, despite generally having been considered legally White under the US census and US naturalization law:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=jpps |title=The 'Becoming White Thesis' Revisited |publisher=The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/03/22/sorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on/ |title=Sorry, but the Irish were always 'white' (and so were Italians, Jews and so on) |newspaper=] |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] of ] and ] descent, Slavs, and ].<ref name=Tehranian /> On several occasions ] were "racially" discriminated against in their early years of immigration<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmio |first1=Armas K. E. |title=History of the Finns in Michigan |date=2001 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4000-4 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm4L4aHcqDQC&pg=PA17 |quote=She had barely reached the front porch when the friend's mother realized that her daughter's playmate was a Finn. Helmi was turned away immediately, and the daughter of the house was forbidden to associate with 'that Mongolian'. John Wargelin, a pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and a former president of Suomi College, also tells how, when he was a child in Crystal Falls some years earlier, he and his friends were ridiculed and stoned on their way to school. 'Because of our strange language,' he says, 'we were considered an alien race who had no right to settle in this country.' }}</ref> and not considered European but "Asian". Some believed that they were of ] ancestry rather than "native" ] origin due to the Finnish language belonging to the ] and not the Indo-European language family.<ref>Eric Dregni, ''Vikings in the Attic: In search of Nordic America'', p. 176.</ref>

During American history, the process of officially being defined as ''White'' by law often came about in court disputes over the pursuit of ]. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered ] only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52&nbsp;cases, people denied the status of White by immigration officials sued in court for status as White people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian says that this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage, and a community's role in the United States.<ref name=Tehranian>{{cite journal |last1=Tehranian |first1=John |title=Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America |journal=The Yale Law Journal |date=2000 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=817–848 |doi=10.2307/797505 |id={{ProQuest|198550989}} |jstor=797505 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol109/iss4/4/ }}</ref>

In 1923, the ] decided in '']'' that people of ]n descent were not White men, and thus not eligible for citizenship.<ref name=Thind>''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit'', No. 202. Argued 11, 12 January 1923. —Decided 19 February 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</ref> While Thind was a high caste ] born in the northern ] and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not White or ] since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White people.<ref name=Thind /> In ''United States v. Cartozian'' (1925), an ] immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme Court agreed) that his nationality was White in contradistinction to other people of the Near East{{snd}}Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular{{snd}}on the basis of their Christian religious traditions.<ref name=Tehranian /> In conflicting rulings ''In re Hassan'' (1942) and ''Ex parte Mohriez'', United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as White, respectively, under immigration law.<ref name=Tehranian />

In the early twenty-first century, the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some ] and ] individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they are not White and may not always be perceived as White by American society. The ] proposed but withdrew plans to add a new category for ] peoples in the ]. Specialists disputed whether this classification should be considered a White ethnicity or a race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/29/581541111/no-middle-eastern-or-north-african-category-on-2020-census-bureau-says|title=No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says|publisher=NPR|date=29 January 2018|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019|last1=Wang|first1=Hansi Lo}}</ref> According to Frank Sweet, "various sources agree that, on average, people with 12 percent or less admixture appear White to the average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a Mediterranean skin tone)".<ref>Frank W Sweet, ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme (3 July 2013), p. 50.</ref>

The current ] definition includes as White "a person having origins in any of ], the ] or ]."<ref name="Wpop2010" /> The ]'s ] describes White people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of ], the ], or ] through racial categories used in the ] Program adopted from the ''Statistical Policy Handbook'' (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce."<ref name="FBIpop">, U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 97 (2004) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055659/https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf |date=3 May 2015 }}</ref> The "White" category in the UCR includes non-black ].<ref>Anthony Walsh (2004). "''''". ]. p. 23. {{ISBN|1-59033-970-3}}</ref>

White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.<ref name="census.gov" /> A report from the ] in 2008 projects that by 2050, ] will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.<ref>Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103044422/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections |date=3 January 2010 }} Pew Research Center, 11 February 2008.</ref> According to a study on the genetic ancestry of Americans, White Americans (stated "European Americans") on average are 98.6% European, 0.2% African and 0.2% Native American.<ref name=23andme>{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Bryc | first1=Katarzyna | last2=Durand | first2=Eric Y. | last3=Macpherson | first3=J. Michael | last4=Reich | first4=David | last5=Mountain | first5=Joanna L. | title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States | date=18 September 2014 | biorxiv=10.1101/009340}}. . p.&nbsp;42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</ref> Whites born in those ] with higher proportions of African-American populations, tend to have higher percentages of African ancestry. For instance, according to the ] database, up to 13% of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1% African ancestry.<ref name=23andme /> White persons born in ] with the highest African-American populations tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.<ref name="Hadly">Scott Hadly, "Hidden African Ancestry Redux", '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322002312/http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ |date=22 March 2015 }}'', ], 4 March 2014.</ref> Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at ], has said that today the majority of the descendants of African slaves are White.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuckert |first1=Robert P. |title=African Ancestry of the White American Population |journal=The Ohio Journal of Science |date=May 1958 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=155–160 |hdl=1811/4532 }}</ref>

Black author ], in his book, '']'', reveals how racial divides and White decline, both real and perceived, shape democratic and economic urgencies in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NPR |title=What Is A 'Whitopia' – And What Might It Mean To Live There? |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/20/455909004/what-is-a-whitopia-and-what-might-it-mean-to-live-there |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> The book examines how White flight, and the fear of White decline, affects the country's political debates and policy-making, including housing, lifestyle, social psychology, gun control,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Benjamin |first1=Rich |title="Gun Control and The Politics of White Paranoia" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/gun-control-white-paranoia-and-the-death-of-martin-luther-king-jr |access-date=1 December 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and community. Benjamin says that such issues as fiscal policy or immigration or "Best Place to Live" lists, which might be considered race-neutral, are also defined by racial anxiety over perceived White decline.

==== One-drop rule ====
{{further|One-drop rule|Racial segregation}}
The "]" – that a person with any amount of known black African ancestry (however small or invisible) is considered black – is a classification that was used in parts of the United States.<ref>. People.vcu.edu (24 July 1994).</ref> It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 U.S. states between 1910 and 1931. Such laws were declared unconstitutional in 1967 when the Supreme Court ruled on ] while hearing '']''; it also found that ], based on enforcing the one-drop rule in classifying vital records, was unconstitutional. The one-drop rule attempted to create a binary system, classifying all persons as either Black or White regardless of a person's physical appearance. Previously persons had sometimes been classified as mulatto or ], including on censuses up to 1930. They were also recorded as Indian. Some people with a high proportion of European ancestry could ] "White", as noted above. This binary approach contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the ] era {{lang|es|]}} system), where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities. People are often classified not only by their appearance but by their class.

As a result of centuries of having children with White people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |first1=Katarzyna |last1=Bryc |first2=Adam |last2=Auton |first3=Matthew R. |last3=Nelson |first4=Jorge R. |last4=Oksenberg |first5=Stephen L. |last5=Hauser |first6=Scott |last6=Williams |first7=Alain |last7=Froment |first8=Jean-Marie |last8=Bodo |first9=Charles |last9=Wambebe |first10=Sarah A. |last10=Tishkoff |first11=Carlos D. |last11=Bustamante |date=2009 |volume=107 |number=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |display-authors=etal|bibcode= 2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref> and many people long accepted as White also have some African ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |first1=Mark D. |last1=Shriver |display-authors=etal |title=Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping |journal=Human Genetics |date=2003 |volume=112 |pages=387–399 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y |pmid=12579416 |issue=4 |s2cid=7877572 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112141/http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |title=Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States: Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule |author=Frank W Sweet |date=2004 |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221105552/http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the most notable examples of the latter is President ], who is believed to have been descended from an early African enslaved in America, recorded as "John Punch", through his mother's apparently White line.<ref name="goldstein">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/post/obama-descended-from-slave-ancestor-researchers-say/2012/07/30/gJQAUw4BLX_blog.html|title=Obama descended from slave ancestor |last=Goldstein |first=Bonnie| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=30 July 2012|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

In the twenty-first century, writer and editor ] renewed questions about the one-drop rule, saying that "easily one-third of black people have White DNA".<ref>Debra J. Dickerson: . Anchor Books, New York and Toronto, 2005.</ref> She says that, in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their full ] identities. Singer ], who is multi-racial, was publicly described as "another White girl trying to sing black". But in an interview with ], she said that, despite her physical appearance and having been raised primarily by her White mother, she did not "feel White".<ref>. Findarticles.com.</ref><ref>. Transcripts.cnn.com (19 December 2002).</ref>

Since the late twentieth century, ] has provided many Americans, both those who identify as White and those who identify as black, with more nuanced and complex information about their genetic backgrounds.<ref>Cf. Jim Wooten, , ] (2004).</ref>

====Other Caribbean====
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
|]
| 21.4%
| 17,450
| 2022<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=Fall 2022 Labour Force Survey |url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/page_docums/files/uploads/the_cayman_islands_labour_force_survey_r-16.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 13.3%
| 11,584
| 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Virgin Islands Summary File |website= data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url= https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALCROSSTABVI2020.CT1?d=DECIA%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands%20Detailed%20Crosstabulations |accessdate= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 7.9%
| 1,560
| 2001<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005537/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/TCI.pdf |date=5 February 2018 }} (p. 22)</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 5.4%
| 1,511
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/BVI/VGB-2016-09-08.pdf|title=Virgin Islands 2010 Population and Housing Census Report|website=unstats.un.org|page=57|accessdate= May 22, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 5.0%
| 16,600
| 2010<ref> "In 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was white and 26% black. Three centuries later, and according to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 91% of the population identified themselves as being black, five percent (5%) white and two percent (2%) of a mixed race (black and white) and (1%) other races and (1%) not stated." (pp. 10, 82)</ref>
|-
|'']'' ''(])''
| 3.2%
| 430
| 2011<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521021835/http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html |date=21 May 2015 }} Who are we? – Ethnic Composition and Religious Affiliation.</ref>
|-
|]
| 2.7%
| 6,140
| 2010<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |date=18 January 2017 }} Table 02.03: Population by Sex, Age Group and Ethnic Origin (pp. 51–54)</ref>
|-
|]
| 1.4%
| 1,480
| 2001<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195540/http://www.stats.gov.vc/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jSipdTnsXwM%3D&tabid=60 |date=11 September 2018 }} Population by Ethnic Groups (pp. 16–17) 1.4% white (608 "Portuguese" and 870 other "white").</ref>
|-
|]
| 0.8%
| 586
| 2013<ref name="cia7">{{cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Dominica |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominica/ |access-date=2013-06-05 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|]
| 0.2%
| 4,365
| 2011<ref name="cenc">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/digjamaica/docs/1_pdfsam_general_report_census_2011|title=1_pdfsam_General Report Census 2011 by diG Jamaica – Issuu|date=18 October 2012|website=issuu.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== South America ===
==== Argentina ====
{{Main|White Argentines|Ethnic groups of Argentina}}

] at the XXXIV ] in ].]]
] during the Immigrant's Day in ].]]

], along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the United States or Uruguay, is considered a country of immigrants where the vast majority originated from Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6347349.stm |title=Argentina's last Jewish cowboys |publisher=BBC News |date=12 February 2007 |access-date=6 January 2010 |first=Daniel |last=Schweimler}}</ref> White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (]), the central-western region (]), the southern region (]) and the north-eastern region (]).

White Argentines are mainly descendants of ] who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513143638/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html|url-status=dead|title=CIA – The World Factbook – Argentina|archive-date=13 May 2009}}</ref><ref>] and ] hold that «''la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un país de inmigración, entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.»'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531184634/http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf|date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref>El antropólogo brasileño ] incluye a la Argentina dentro de los ''«pueblos trasplantados»'' de América, junto con Uruguay, Canadá y Estados Unidos (Ribeiro, Darcy. ''Las Américas y la Civilización'' (1985). Buenos Aires: EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.)</ref><ref>El historiador argentino ] define a la Argentina como un ''«país aluvial» (Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en'' La experiencia Argentina y otros ensayos'', Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano, 1980, p. 64)''</ref> After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included ] (initially from ], Veneto and ], later from ], Calabria, and ]),<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502020738/http://www.feditalia.org.ar/arg/federaciones/feditalia_org_fed_regionales.html |date=2 May 2016 }} feditalia.org.ar</ref> and ] (most are ] and ], but there are ], ], ], and ]). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily ] from ], but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and ]; French which mainly came from the ] region of France; ], which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were ], ], ], but also ], ], ], ], ] and ]; Britons, mainly from England and ]; Irish who migrated due to the ] or prior famines and Scandinavians from ], Denmark, ], and ]. Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.

By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of ]' population was foreign-born.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101022944/http://alhim.revues.org/document432.html |date=1 November 2008 }}. Alhim.revues.org (3 November 2004).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm|title=Buenosaires.gov.ar|access-date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929183555/http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.<ref name=rock>Rock, David. ''Argentina: 1516–1982''. University of California Press, 1987.</ref> Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were White.<ref>Levene, Ricardo. ''History of Argentina''. University of North Carolina Press, 1937.</ref> European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following ].<ref name=rock /> It is estimated that Argentina received over 6 million European immigrants during the period 1857–1940.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416083729/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html |date=16 April 2016 }}. Yale.edu.</ref>

Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from ] and ], which have ] and ] majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.<ref name=rock />

Criticism of the national census states that data has historically been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in Argentina, leading to undercounting ]s and Mestizos.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203633/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/georegions/southamerica/argentina01.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Academic.udayton.edu.</ref> {{lang|es|África Viva}} (Living Africa) is a black rights group in ] with the support of the ], financial aid from the ] and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants" category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year where blacks were included as a separate category before it was eliminated by the government.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/27/MNGH0FU3UG1.DTL |title=Blacks in Argentina – officially a few, but maybe a million |first=Ruthie |last=Ackerman |date=27 November 2005 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

==== Bolivia ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 5%
| 600,000
| 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-bolivia.html|title=Ethnic Groups Of Bolivia|date=25 April 2017|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref><ref name="cia2">{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: Bolivia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/ |access-date=14 February 2017 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|White Bolivians}}

There is no present day data as the Bolivian census does not count racial identity for white people. However, past census data showed that in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.7% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 'Segunda parte'|pages=25–32|date=1900|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
{{Main|White Brazilians}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 43.5%
| 88,252,121
| ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=Panorama do Censo 2022|website=Panorama do Censo 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}
] in each department in 2022.]]

Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. According to the 2022 Census, they totaled 88,252,121 people and made up 43.5% of the Brazilian population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref>

As a term, "White" in Brazil is generally applied to people of European descent. The term may also encompass other people, such as Brazilians of ]n descent, and in some contexts, East Asians. Though Brazilians of East Asian descent are, in other contexts, classified as <!-- "Amarela" or "yellow" is the official census term used to describe Brazilians of East Asians descent.-->"Yellow"<!-- Do not change.--> (amarela).<ref name=Telles>{{Citation|pages=|title=Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil|author=Edward Eric Telles|chapter=Racial Classification|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-11866-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/272|quote=The Japanese were sometimes considered white. Lesser (1999) cites Federal Deputy Acylino de Ledo in a speech before the House who stated, "The Japanese colonists are even whiter than the Portuguese."}}</ref> The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as White people as their social status increases.<ref name=LATimes>Gregory Rodriguez, " ," LA Times, 3 September 2006. Note that the figures belie the title.</ref><ref>Rodriguez, Gregory. (3 September 2006) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184434/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white |date=2 April 2015 }}. Newamerica.net.</ref> Nevertheless, light-skinned ]es and Mestizos with European features were also historically deemed as more closely related to "whiteness" then unmixed Blacks.<ref name="LATimes" />

==== Chile ====
{{Main|Demographics of Chile}}
Scholarly estimates of the White population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 20%<ref name="BritannicaCL">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-198552/Chile |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 | quote=Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent.}}</ref> to 52%.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Lizcano Fernández|first1=Francisco|date=August 2005|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185|journal=Convergencia|language=es|volume=12|issue=38|pages=185–232}}</ref> According to a study by the ] about 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian,<ref name="UC">{{cite web |title=5.2.6. Estructura racial |url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/ |work=University of Chile |access-date=10 February 2013 |language=es }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> while the 2011 ] survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves White.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp |title=Online Data Analysis |date=2011 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Latinobarómetro |publisher=Corporación Latinobarómetro}}</ref>

During colonial times in the eighteenth century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile/24684/The-people |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 |quote=...Basque families who migrated to Chile in the 18th century vitalized the economy and joined the old Castilian aristocracy to become the political elite that still dominates the country.}}</ref> An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-dkcont01/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html |title=Presentación del libro Santiago de Chile |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Departmento de Salud |publisher=Eusko Jaurlaritza – Gobierno Vasco |last=Madariaga |first=Ainara}}</ref> The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=...de los Vascos, Oñati y Los Elorza |last=Elorza |first=Waldo Ayarza |date=1995 |pages=59, 65–66, 68}}</ref>

Chile was not an attractive place for European migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish, ], Irish, ], ], ], English, ], ] and ], in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile,<ref name=":1" /> since there was never a period of massive immigration, in contrast to neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "White" Latin American countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest of the continent. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a major role in Chilean society.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay. This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the construction of the Panama Canal. Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.<ref name=":1" /> In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200341/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Memoria Presidentada al Supremo Gobierno por la Comsion Central del Censo
|language=es |trans-title=Report Presented to the Supreme Government by the Central Census Commission |archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref> which fell to 1.8% in 1920,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052320/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Censo de Población de la República de Chile |language=es |trans-title=Population Census of the Republic of Chile |date=1920-12-15 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Default}}</ref> and 1.5% in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234924/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |url-status=dead|title=Resultados del X Censo de la Poblacion efectuado el 27 de Noviembre de 1930 y Estadisticas Comparativas con Censos Anteriores

|language=es |trans-title=Results of the X Population Census carried out on November 27, 1930 and Comparative Statistics with Previous Censuses |archive-date=3 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref>

After the failed ] in the German states,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile">{{cite book |title=Historia Contemporánea de Chile |last1=Salazar Vergara |first1=Gabriel |last2=Pinto |first2=Julio |author-link1=Gabriel Salazar|author-link2=Julio Pinto |date=1999 |publisher=] |location=Santiago de Chile |isbn=978-956-282-174-2 |chapter=La Presencia Inmigrante |pages=76–81 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Superpoblación |last=Durán |first=Hipólito |date=1997 |publisher=Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-923901-0-6 |chapter=El crecimiento de la población latinoamericana y en especial de Chile • Academia Chilena de Medicina |page=217 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA217 }}</ref> a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the ] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, ], ] and Austrians) settled mainly in ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Recuerdos del Pasado |last1=Pérez Rosales |first1=Vicente |author-link=Vicente Pérez Rosales |date=1860 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |location=Santiago de Chile |access-date=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC&q=Recuerdos+del+Pasado }}</ref> The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echile.de/index.php/es/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805064812/http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de|url-status=dead|title=Embajada de Chile en Alemania|archive-date=5 August 2009|website=echile.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102170531/http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Kuwi.europa-uni.de|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Another historically significant immigrant group were Croatian immigrants. The ], their descendants today, number at an estimated 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095402/http://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hrvatskiimigracije.es.tl – Diaspora Croata|archive-date=9 May 2016|website=hrvatskimigracije.es.tl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233703/http://www.matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |url-status=dead |date = 25 March 2009 | language = hr | title = Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu | first = Merien | last = Ilić |archive-date=4 June 2012 |publisher = ] }}</ref> Other authors claim on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |title=Hrvatski |work=Hrvatski.cl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195315/http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or ]) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population.<ref name=British>{{cite web |url= http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> Chileans of ] descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224632/http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|url-status=dead|title=ar.vg – Desde Argentina para el mundo|archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Most of them live either in the ] area or in the ] area, and ] is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.<ref name="auto1" /> The descendants of the ] reach 90,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925011120/http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|url-status=dead|title=Domain im Kundenauftrag registriert|archive-date=25 September 2009|website=schweizergruppe.sv.tc}}</ref> and it is estimated that about 5% of the ] has some ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412230551/http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|url-status=dead|title=5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances|archive-date=12 April 2008}}</ref> 184,000–800,000 (estimates) are ].<ref name=Italian-World>{{cite web|url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Migranti Torino |language=it |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.

==== Colombia ====
{{Main|White Colombian}}
The Colombian government does not carry out official racial censuses, nor does it carry out self-identification racial censuses as is the case in ], so the figures shown are usually based on data from populations considered "non-ethnic", which are those (Whites and Mestizos).{{clarify|reason=Unclear wording|date=August 2023}} According to the 2018 census, approximately 87.6% of the Colombian population are White or Mestizo.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Many Spanish began their explorations searching for gold, while other Spanish established themselves as leaders of the native social organizations teaching natives the ] and the ways of their ]. Catholic priests would provide education for Native Americans that otherwise was unavailable.<ref name=Stateuniversity>{{cite web|url=https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/281/Colombia-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html|title=Colombia – History Background|website=education.stateuniversity.com|language=en|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, 90 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/colombia/|title=Colombia: Background|date=2 November 2023 |publisher=Minority Rights Group|accessdate=2 March 2024}}</ref> The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European settlers. Many Native Americans were also killed by armed conflicts with European settlers.<ref name=Stateuniversity/>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2024}}

Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present-day incidence of business entrepreneurship in the region of ] is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits.<ref name="Amerikanuak">Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World by William A. Douglass, Jon Bilbao, p. 167</ref> Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage.<ref name="Amerikanuak" /> In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of different opportunities.<ref name="Amerikanuak" /> Basque priests were the ones who introduced handball into Colombia.<ref name=Pastor>Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America by José Manuel Azcona Pastor, p. 203</ref> Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.<ref name=Pastor /> In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.<ref name=Pastor />

In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.<ref name=LB>Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, p. 117</ref> There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt.<ref name=LB /> Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave.<ref name=LB /> ], a Colombian-German air transport corporation that was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote248.htm |title= SCADTA Joins the Fight |work= stampnotes.com |access-date= 19 November 2013 |archive-date= 24 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105620/http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote248.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The Italians arrived on the Colombian coast, and quickly moved towards the expanding agricultural areas. There, some of them achieved success in the commercialization of livestock, agricultural products, and imported goods, which later led to the transfer of their lucrative activities to Barranquilla. Some important buildings were created by Italians in the nineteenth century, like the famous ] of the capital. It is one of the most representative theatres of Colombia, with neoclassic architecture: was built by the Italian architect Pietro Cantini and founded in 1892; has more than 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft) for 900 people. This famous Italian architect also contributed to the construction of the ] of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pietro Cantini |url=https://www.epdlp.com/arquitecto.php?id=7661 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=epdlp.com}}</ref> Oreste Sindici was an Italian-born Colombian musician and composer, who composed the music for the Colombian national anthem in 1887. Oreste Sindici died in Bogotá on 12 January 1904, due to severe arteriosclerosis. In 1937 the Colombian government honored his memory.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-03-09 |title=::Presidencia de la República de Colombia:: |url=http://web.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno2.htm |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145026/http://web.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno2.htm |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref> After the Second World War, Italian emigration to Colombia was directed primarily toward ], ] and ]. They have Italian schools in ] (Institutes "]" and "]"),<ref>{{cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Camilo Torres |date=2021-10-07 |title=Educación a la Italiana en Bogotá |url=https://bogota.italiani.it/educacion-a-la-italiana-en-bogota/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=itBogotá |language=es}}</ref> ] ("Leonardo da Vinci") & ] ("Galileo Galilei"). The Italian migration government estimates that there are at least 2 million Colombians of Italian descent, making them the second largest and most numerous European group in the country after the ].<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |date=2018-02-09 |title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine |url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref>

The first and largest wave of immigration from the Middle East began around 1880 and remained during the first two decades of the twentieth century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Greater Syria (Syria and Lebanon) and Palestine, fleeing the then colonized Ottoman territories.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4103|title=La comunidad musulmana de Maicao (Colombia) |date=2005-12-15 |author=Diego Andrés Rosselli Cock |website=Webislam|language=es|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> Syrians, Palestinians, and Lebanese continued since then to settle in Colombia.<ref name=LABLAA>{{cite journal |journal=Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico |volume=XXIX |number=29 |url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol29/tierra3.htm |language=es |title=Continuación – En la tierra de las oportunidades: Los sirio-libaneses en Colombia |trans-title=Continuation – In the land of opportunities: The Syrian-Lebanese in Colombia |trans-journal=Cultural and Bibliographic Bulletin |date=1992 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061025184545/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol29/tierra3.htm |archive-date=25 October 2006}}</ref> Due to poor existing information it is impossible to know the exact number of Lebanese and Syrians that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 5,000–10,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Whatever the figure, Syrians and Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Those who left their homeland in the Middle East to settle in Colombia left for different reasons such as religious, economic, and political reasons.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Some left to experience the adventure of migration. After Barranquilla and Cartagena, Bogota stuck next to Cali, among cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.<ref name="LABLAA" /> The Arabs that went to ] were mostly ] with some ] and ], as well as Orthodox and Maronite Christians.<ref name=":4" /> The mosque of ] is the second largest mosque in Latin America.<ref name=":4" /> Middle Easterns are generally called {{lang|es|Turcos}} (Turkish).<ref name=":4" />

====Ecuador====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
|]
| 2.2%
| 374,925
| 2022<ref name="censoecuador">{{cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Ecuador: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022 |url=https://www.censoecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/InfoNacionalDatos.pdf |accessdate=22 May 2024 |website=censoecuador.gob.ec}}</ref>
|-
|}

According to the most-recent 2022 national census, 2.2% of Ecuadorians self-identified as European Ecuadorian, a decrease from 6.1% in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=21 September 2023|date=21 September 2023|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022|url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNWUzMjQwOWMtZjFhOS00NjczLTk0YTItNjcwZmRmY2YxMjkyIiwidCI6ImYxNThhMmU4LWNhZWMtNDQwNi1iMGFiLWY1ZTI1OWJkYTExMiJ9}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

==== Guyana ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 0.3%
| TBD
| 2016<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |title=Compedium 2: Population Composition |date=July 2016 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana |access-date= 7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}
In 2016, 0.3% of Guyana were of European descent, predominantly ].<ref name="statisticsguyana.gov.gy">{{Cite book |url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |title=Compedium 2: Population Composition |date=July 2016 |publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Paraguay ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 30%
| 1,750,000
| 2005<ref name="Lizcano">{{Cite journal |author=Francisco Lizcano Fernández |date=2005 |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10503808 |journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales |language=Spanish |volume=12 |issue=38 |pages=185–232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pastore |first=Carlos |title=La lucha por la tierra en el Paraguay: Proceso histórico y legislativo. |publisher=Antequera |year=1972 |page=526}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|White Paraguayans}}

==== Peru ====
{{Main|Peruvians of European descent}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 5.9%
| 1,336,931
| ]<ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|accessdate=5 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
According to the ] census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as White. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified Whites were in ] (10.5%), ] and ] (9.0% each), ] (8.1%), ] (7.7%), ] (7.5%), ] (7.2%) and ] (6.0%).<ref name="census2017" />

==== Suriname ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 0.3%
| 1,667
| 2012<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Suriname Census 2012 |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629112522/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-29 |access-date=2014-06-29 |publisher=UNSD}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{main|White Surinamese}}
In 2012, there were 1,667 or 0.3% of the population identified as white.<ref name="census"/>
Many Dutch settlers left Suriname after independence in 1975 and this diminished Suriname's Dutch population. Currently there are around 1,000 boeroes left in Suriname, and 3,000 outside Suriname.<ref name=mitrasing>{{cite book|title=Suriname, Land of Seven Peoples: Social Mobility in a Plural Society, an Ethno-historical Study|author=F.E.M. Mitrasing|year=1979|page=35}}</ref>

==== Uruguay ====
{{Main|Demographics of Uruguay}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 87.7%
| 2,800,000
| 2011<ref name=enhaasc />
|-
|}
Different estimates state that Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% White Uruguayans.<ref>. State.gov (2 April 2012).</ref><ref>. Cia.gov.</ref> Though Uruguay has welcomed immigrants from around the world, its population largely consists of people of ] origin, mainly ] and ]. Other European immigrants include Jews from Eastern and Central Europe.<ref>. Countrystudies.us.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHQDpz_uVi0C&q=uruguay+immigration+armenia+lebanon&pg=PA610|title=Financial Times World Desk Reference 2005|date=2005 |publisher=Penguin|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-7566-7309-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbSySBPlQT4C&q=uruguay+immigration+armenia+lebanon&pg=PA220|title=Rethinking Jewish-Latin Americans |first1=Jeff |last1=Lesser |first2=Raanan |last2=Rein |date=2018|publisher=UNM Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-4401-4}}</ref>
According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a White background, 9.1% chose black ancestry, and 4.5% chose an Amerindian ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).<ref name=enhaasc>{{cite web |title=Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Ancestry |language=es |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url= http://www.ine.gub.uy/enha2006/flash/Flash%20Ascendencia.pdf}}</ref>

==== Venezuela ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|]
| 43.6%
| TBD
| 2011<ref name="INE">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|title=Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)|pages=14, 65|website=Ine.gov.ve|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Main|Venezuelans of European descent|Venezuelan people|Immigration to Venezuela}}

According to the official Venezuelan census, the term "White" involves external issues such as light skin, shape, and color of hair and eyes, among other factors. Though the meaning and usage of the term "White" has varied in different ways depending on the time period and area, leaving its precise definition as somewhat confusing. The 2011 Venezuelan Census states that "White" in Venezuela is used to describe Venezuelans of European origin.<ref name="INE" /> The 2011 National Population and Housing Census states that 43.6% of the Venezuelan population (approx. 13.1 million people) identify as White.<ref name="INE" /><ref name="ine.gob.ve"> Venezuelan population by 30 June 2014 is 30,206,2307 according to the National Institute of Statistics</ref> ] by the ] shows an average admixture of 60.6% European, 23.0% Amerindian and 16.3% African ancestry in Venezuelan populations.<ref name=UB>{{cite thesis |last1=Godinho |first1=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |trans-title=The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations |language=pt |date=2008 |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542 |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112044147/https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The majority of White Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a consequence of the ]), Italy, and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed.

Spaniards were introduced into ] during the colonial period. Most of them were from ], ], ] and from the ]. Until the last years of World War II, a large part of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural impact was significant, influencing the development of Castilian in the country, its gastronomy, and customs. With the beginning of oil operations during the first decades of the twentieth century, citizens and companies from the United States, United Kingdom, and ] established themselves in Venezuela. Later, in the middle of the century, there was a new wave of originating immigrants from ] (mainly from Galicia, Andalucia and the Basque Country), ] (mainly from southern Italy and Venice) and ] (from Madeira) and new immigrants from ], ], ], ], ], and other European countries, among others, animated simultaneously by the program of immigration and colonization implanted by the government.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}


=== Bibliography ===
==Notes==
* Allen, Theodore, ''The Invention of the White Race'', 2 vols. Verso, London 1994.
<references />
* Baum, Bruce David, ''The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity''. NYU Press, New York and London 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9892-8}}.
* {{Citation|title=White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives |last1=Bonnett |first1=Alastair |year=2000 |publisher=Pearson |location=Harlow |url=https://www.lehmanns.de/shop/sozialwissenschaften/775682-9780582356276-white-identities |isbn=9780582356276}}
* Brodkin, Karen, ''How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America'', Rutgers, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8135-2590-X}}.
* {{Cite book|title=The Races of Europe |first=Carleton Stevens |last=Coon |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |year=1939 |url=https://archive.org/stream/racesofeurope031695mbp#page/n529/mode/2up}}
* Foley, Neil, ''The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
* Gossett, Thomas F., ''Race: The History of an Idea in America,'' New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
* Guglielmo, Thomas A., ''White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago'', 1890–1945, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-515543-2}}
* Hannaford, Ivan, ''Race: The History of an Idea in the West'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
* Ignatiev, Noel, ''How the Irish Became White'', Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-91825-1}}.
* Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015155/http://cshd.tamu.edu/pdfFiles/jackson.pdf |date=16 February 2008 |title=''Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering'' }} ''British Medical Bulletin'' 2004; 69: 215–35 {{doi|10.1093/bmb/ldh012}}. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
* Jacobson, Matthew Frye, ''Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race'', Harvard, 1999, {{ISBN|0-674-95191-3}}.
* Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). ''The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story''. Constable and Robinson, London. {{ISBN|978-1-84529-158-7}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |title=] |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |location=New York |oclc=317919383}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=NA |last2=Mahajan |first2=S |last3=Ramachandran |first3=S |last4=Zhao |first4=C |last5=Pritchard |first5=JK |author-link5=Jonathan K. Pritchard |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure |journal=PLOS Genet |volume=1 |issue=6| page=e70 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070 |pmid=16355252 |pmc=1310579 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=NA |author-link2=Jonathan K. Pritchard |last2=Pritchard |first2=JK |last3=Weber |first3=JL |last4=Cann |first4=HM |last5=Kidd |first5=KK |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Genetic structure of human populations |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5602| pages=2381–2385 |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |s2cid=8127224 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Segal |first1=Daniel A |year=2002 |title=Review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit |journal=] |volume=29 |issue=2| pages=470–73 |doi=10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470}}
* Smedley, Audrey, ''Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview,'' 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
* Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown, James S. Pankow, Michael A. Province, Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) ''Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' '''76:''' 268–275.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Ray |first2=Nicolas |last3=Rojas |first3=Winston |last4=Parra |first4=Maria V. |last5=Bedoya |first5=Gabriel |last6=Gallo |first6=Carla |last7=Poletti |first7=Giovanni |last8=Mazzotti |first8=Guido |last9=Hill |first9=Kim |date=21 March 2008 |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 |pmid=18369456 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=2265669 |doi-access=free}}


==Further reading== == Further reading ==
* Thomas A. Guglielmo, ''White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago'', 1890-1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
* Matthew Frye Jacobson, ''Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race'', Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
* Frank W. Sweet, ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme, 2005, ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
* Noel Ignatiev, ''How the Irish Became White'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
* Karen Brodkin, ''How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America'', Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
*Neil Foley, ''The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
*Theodore Allen, ''The Invention of the White Race'', 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
*Thomas F. Gossett, ''Race: The History of an Idea in America,'' New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
*Ivan Hannaford, ''Race: The History of an Idea in the West'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
*Audrey Smedley, ''Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview,'' 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
* "The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept" A textbook/workbook for thought, speech and/or action for victims of racism (White supremacy) Neely Fuller Jr. 1984
* Alfredo Tryferis, "Separated by a Common Language: The Strange Case of the White Hispanic," ''The Raw Story'', http://www.rawstory.com/exclusives/tryferis/hispanic.htm


* {{Cite book |last=Battalora |first=Jacqueline M. |title=Birth of a White Nation: The Invention of White People and Its Relevance Today |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-38281-5 |edition=2nd |location=New York, NY |oclc=1227818161}}
==External links==
* Precedents of legal opinions and judgments authored by US courts in ''whiteness'' cases filed by non-Europeans
*, by the Arab American Institute
*


==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|Wikisaurus:White person}}
*{{Commons category-inline|White (human racial classification)}}


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Latest revision as of 02:34, 22 December 2024

Racial classification Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see White people (disambiguation), Whites (disambiguation), White man (disambiguation), and White woman (disambiguation).

White is a racial classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ethnicity and point of view.

Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White race or pan-European identity. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their light skin among other physical characteristics, entered the major European languages in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved greater acceptance in Europe, in the context of racialized slavery and social status in the European colonies. Scholarship on race distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions, which focused on physical complexion rather than the idea of race. Prior to the modern era, no European peoples regarded themselves as "White", but rather defined their identity in terms of their religion, ancestry, ethnicity, or nationality.

Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "White race" as a social construct with no scientific basis.

Physical descriptions in antiquity

Main article: Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left) four groups of people: four Libyans, a Nubian, a Levantine, and an Egyptian.

According to anthropologist Nina Jablonski:

In ancient Egypt as a whole, people were not designated by color terms ... Egyptian inscriptions and literature only rarely, for instance, mention the dark skin color of the Kushites of Upper Nubia. We know the Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in their works of art, to the extent that the pigments at the time permitted.

The Alexander Mosaic, from Roman Pompeii, circa 100 BC, depicting the Ancient Macedonian cavalry of Alexander the Great fighting Achaemenid Persians under Darius III at the Battle of Issus

The Ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom) funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes "four groups" in a procession. These are the Egyptians, the Levantine and Canaanite peoples or "Asiatics", the "Nubians" and the "fair-skinned Libyans". The Egyptians are depicted as considerably darker-skinned than the Levantines (persons from what is now Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan) and Libyans, but considerably lighter than the Nubians (modern Sudan).

The assignment of positive and negative connotations of White and Black to certain persons date to the very old age in a number of Indo-European languages, but these differences were not necessarily used in respect to skin colors. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color. Similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity. Ancient Egyptians, Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans generally depicted women as having pale or white skin while men were depicted as dark brown or tanned. As a result, men with pale or light skin, leukochrōs (λευκόχρως, "white-skinned") could be considered weak and effeminate by Ancient Greek writers such as Plato and Aristotle. According to Aristotle "Those whose skin is too dark are cowardly: witness Egyptians and the Ethiopians. Those whose skin is too light are equally cowardly: witness women. The skin color typical of the courageous should be halfway between the two." Similarly, Xenophon of Athens describes Persian prisoners of war as "white-skinned because they were never without their clothing, and soft and unused to toil because they always rode in carriages" and states that Greek soldiers as a result believed "that the war would be in no way different from having to fight with women."

Classicist James H. Dee states "the Greeks do not describe themselves as 'White people' – or as anything else because they had no regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves." People's skin color did not carry useful meaning; what mattered is where they lived. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having deep blue eyes and bright red hair and the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes (μελάγχροες, "dark-skinned") and curly-haired. He also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes (Αἰθίοπες, "burned-faced"). Later Xenophanes of Colophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Thracians as having red hair and blue eyes. In his description of the Scythians, Hippocrates states that the cold weather "burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."

Modern racial hierarchies

The term "White race" or "White people" entered the major European languages in the later seventeenth century, originating with the racialization of slavery at the time, in the context of the Atlantic slave trade and the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Spanish Empire. It has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of pseudoscientific research, which culminated in scientific racism, which was later widely repudiated by the scientific community. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking… made social categories into racial truths." Bruce David Baum, citing the work of Ruth Frankenberg, states, "the history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other peoples) as members of a superior 'white race'." Alastair Bonnett argues that "white identity", as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history.

According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee:

Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based on language, religion, and geography. ... the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of racial conflict in Othello and The Tempest). Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of race ... Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic" category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations into a single "race" ... .

— Gregory Jay, "Who Invented White People? A Talk on the Occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1998"

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, "East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as White, never as yellow." Michael Keevak's history Becoming Yellow, finds that East Asians were redesignated as being yellow-skinned because "yellow had become a racial designation," and that the replacement of White with yellow as a description came through pseudoscientific discourse.

A social category formed by colonialism

A three-part racial scheme in color terms was used in seventeenth-century Latin America under Spanish rule. Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in South America to the social categories of colonialism and state formation: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized." By the mid-seventeenth century, the novel term español ("Spaniard") was being equated in written documents with blanco, or "White". In Spain's American colonies, African, Native American (indios), Jewish, or morisco ancestry formally excluded individuals from the "purity of blood" (limpieza de sangre) requirements for holding any public office under the Royal Pragmatic of 1501. Similar restrictions applied in the military, some religious orders, colleges, and universities, leading to a nearly all-White priesthood and professional stratum. Blacks and indios were subject to tribute obligations and forbidden to bear arms, and black and indio women were forbidden to wear jewels, silk, or precious metals in early colonial Mexico and Peru. Those pardos (people with dark skin) and mulattos (people of mixed African and European ancestry) with resources largely sought to evade these restrictions by passing as White. A brief royal offer to buy the privileges of Whiteness for a substantial sum of money attracted fifteen applicants before pressure from White elites ended the practice.

In the British colonies in North America and the Caribbean, the designation English or Christian was initially used in contrast to Native Americans or Africans. Early appearances of White race or White people in the Oxford English Dictionary begin in the seventeenth century. Historian Winthrop Jordan reports that, "throughout the colonies the terms Christian, free, English, and white were ... employed indiscriminately" in the seventeenth century as proxies for one another. In 1680, Morgan Godwyn "found it necessary to explain" to English readers that "in Barbados, 'white' was 'the general name for Europeans.'" Several historians report a shift towards greater use of White as a legal category alongside a hardening of restrictions on free or Christian blacks. White remained a more familiar term in the American colonies than in Britain well into the 1700s, according to historian Theodore W. Allen.

Scientific racism

Henry Strickland Constable's illustration in the nineteenth century which shows an alleged similarity between "Irish Iberian" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic"

Western studies of race and ethnicity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries developed into what would later be termed scientific racism. Prominent European pseudoscientists writing about human and natural difference included a White or West Eurasian race among a small set of human races and imputed physical, mental, or aesthetic superiority to this White category. These ideas were discredited by twentieth-century scientists.

Eighteenth century beginnings

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus proposed what he considered to be natural taxonomic categories of the human species. He distinguished between Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens europaeus, and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white Europeans, red Americans, yellow Asians and black Africans. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, his descriptions of these groups included cultural patterns and derogatory stereotypes.

The Georgian female skull Johann Friedrich Blumenbach discovered in 1795, which he used to hypothesize origination of Europeans from the Caucasus.

In 1775, the naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach asserted that "The white color holds the first place, such as is that of most European peoples. The redness of the cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom to be seen in the rest".

In the various editions of his On the Natural Variety of Mankind, he categorized humans into four or five races, largely built on Linnaeus' classifications. But while, in 1775, he had grouped into his "first and most important" race "Europe, Asia this side of the Ganges, and all the country situated to the north of the Amoor, together with that part of North America, which is nearest both in position and character of the inhabitants", he somewhat narrows his "Caucasian variety" in the third edition of his text, of 1795: "To this first variety belong the inhabitants of Europe (except the Lapps and the remaining descendants of the Finns) and those of Eastern Asia, as far as the river Obi, the Caspian Sea and the Ganges; and lastly, those of Northern Africa." Blumenbach quotes various other systems by his contemporaries, ranging from two to seven races, authored by the authorities of that time, including, besides Linnæus, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Christoph Meiners and Immanuel Kant.

In the question of color, he conducts a rather thorough inquiry, considering also factors of diet and health, but ultimately believes that "climate, and the influence of the soil and the temperature, together with the mode of life, have the greatest influence". Blumenbach's conclusion was, however, to proclaim all races' attribution to one single human species. Blumenbach argued that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., depended on environmental factors, such as solarization and diet. Like other monogenists, Blumenbach held to the "degenerative hypothesis" of racial origins. He claimed that Adam and Eve were Caucasian inhabitants of Asia, and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors such as the sun and poor diet. He consistently believed that the degeneration could be reversed in a proper environmental control and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race.

Nineteenth and twentieth century: the "Caucasian race"

Main article: Caucasian race

Between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, race scientists, including most physical anthropologists classified the world's populations into three, four, or five races, which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the Caucasian race, named after people of the Caucasus Mountains but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races and was incorporated as a formal category of both pseudoscientific research and, in countries including the United States, social classification.

There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus, Carleton S. Coon (1939) included the populations native to all of Central and Northern Asia under the Caucasian label, while Thomas Henry Huxley (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and Lothrop Stoddard (1920) classified as "brown" most of the populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, and counted as "White" only the European peoples and their descendants, as well as some populations in parts of Anatolia and the northern areas of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Some authorities, following Huxley (1870), distinguished the Xanthochroi or "light Whites" of Northern Europe with the Melanochroi or "dark Whites" of the Mediterranean.

Although modern neo-Nazis often invoke Nazi iconography on behalf of White nationalism, Nazi Germany repudiated the idea of a unified White race, instead promoting Nordicism. In Nazi propaganda, Eastern European Slavs were often referred to as Untermensch (subhuman in English), and the relatively under-developed economic status of Eastern European countries such as Poland and the USSR was attributed to the racial inferiority of their inhabitants. Fascist Italy took the same view, and both of these nations justified their colonial ambitions in Eastern Europe on racist, anti-Slavic grounds. These nations were not alone in their view; during the long nineteenth century and interwar period, there were numerous cases – regardless of the position in the political spectrum of the person – where European ethnic groups and nations labeled or treated other Europeans as members of another, somehow "inferior race". Between the Enlightenment era and interwar period, the racist worldviews fit well into the liberal worldview, and they were almost general among the liberal thinkers and politicians.

Census and social definitions in different regions

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Definitions of White have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the United States and Brazil. Through the mid to late twentieth century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see cleanliness of blood, casta, apartheid in South Africa, hypodescent). Below are some census definitions of White, which may differ from the social definition of White within the same country. Some countries do not ask questions about race or colour at all in their census. The social definition has also been added where possible.

Africa

South Africa 7.3% 4,504,252 2022
Zimbabwe 0.2% 34,111 2022
Angola 1% 220,000 2014
Botswana 3% TBD 2013
Kenya 2% 42,868 2019
Malawi 1.2% 13,693 2018
Morocco 2.6% 13,000 2020
Namibia 6% 150,000 2019
Zambia 0.3% 40,000 2013

South Africa

Main article: White South Africans See also: Afrikaners and White Africans of European ancestry

White Dutch people first arrived in South Africa around 1652. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some 2,000 Europeans and their descendants were established in the region. Although these early Afrikaners represented various nationalities, including German peasants and French Huguenots, the community retained a thoroughly Dutch character.

The Kingdom of Great Britain captured Cape Town in 1795 during the Napoleonic Wars and permanently acquired South Africa from Amsterdam in 1814. The first British immigrants numbered about 4,000 and were introduced in 1820. They represented groups from England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales and were typically more literate than the Dutch. The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a greater influx of English speakers who were able to develop the mining industry with capital unavailable to Afrikaners. They have been joined in more subsequent decades by former colonials from elsewhere, such as Zambia and Kenya, and poorer British nationals looking to escape famine at home.

Both Afrikaners and English have been politically dominant in South Africa during the past; due to the controversial racial order under apartheid, the nation's predominantly Afrikaner government became a target of condemnation by other African states and the site of considerable dissension between 1948 and 1991.

There were 4.6 million Whites in South Africa in 2011, down from an all-time high of 5.2 million in 1995 following a wave of emigration commencing in the late twentieth century. However, many returned over time.

Asia

Hong Kong

Hong Kong 0.8% 61,582 2021

In the recent 2021 census of Hong Kong, 61,582 people identified as white representing 0.8% of the total population.

Philippines

Main article: Spanish Filipinos

In the Far East at Southeast Asia, in the Philippines, a genetic study by the National Geographic, shows that 5% of the population are Southern Europeans that had arrived due to the Spanish colonization of the archipelago, most of which are Spanish Filipinos

Australia and Oceania

Australia

Main article: European Australians

The recent 2021 Australian census does not use the term “white” on their census form, therefore results showed 54.7% of the population identifying with a European ancestry. From 1788, when the first British colony in Australia was founded, until the early nineteenth century, most immigrants to Australia were English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the British Isles and other European countries. However, until the mid-nineteenth century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the Anglo-Celtic populations.

Australians of European origin from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected.

People of many nationalities, including many non-White people, emigrated to Australia during the goldrushes of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still White and the goldrushes inspired the first racist activism and policy, directed mainly at Chinese immigrants.

From the late nineteenth century, the Colonial/State and later federal governments of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "White Australia policy", which was consolidated and enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any European language as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.

Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after World War II that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time. Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from Latin America or Africa), as were autochthonous inhabitants (such as Maronites, Assyrians and Mandeans) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from Lebanon and to a lesser degree Iraq, Syria and Iran. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and geographic origin were officially terminated.

Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial origin in 1971 and 1976, and by self-declared ancestry alone since 1981, meaning no attempt is now made to classify people according to skin color. As at the 2016 census, it was estimated by the Australian Human Rights Commission that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.

New Zealand

Main article: European New Zealanders
New Zealand 67.8% 3,383,742 2023

According to the 2023 New Zealand census 67.8% or 3,383,742 people identified with a European ethnic origin, down from 70.2% in 2018, and 90.6% in 1966. In 1926, 95.0% of the population was of European descent.

The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant, and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.

In the 1860s, the discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.

In the 1870s, MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports, and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000. Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority and did so for the next 150 years.

Other Oceania

New Caledonia (Fr) 24.1% 65,490 2019
Guam (US) 6.8% 10,491 2020
Northern Mariana Islands (US) 2.4% 1,120 2010
Palau 1.0% TBD 2020
Samoa 0.3% TBD 2021

Europe

France

White people in France are a broad racial-based, or skin color-based, social category in French society.

In statistical terms, the French government banned the collection of racial or ethnic information in 1978, and the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE), therefore, does not provide census data on White residents or citizens in France. French courts have, however, made cases, and issued rulings, which have identified White people as a demographic group within the country.

White people in France are defined, or discussed, as a racial or social grouping, from a diverse and often conflicting range of political and cultural perspectives; in anti-racism activism in France, from right-wing political dialogue or propaganda, and other sources.

Background

Whites in France have been studied with regard the group's historical involvement in French colonialism; how "whites in France have played a major international role in colonizing areas of the globe such as the African continent."

They have been described as a privileged social class within the country, comparatively sheltered from racism and poverty. Der Spiegel has reported how "most white people in France only know the banlieues as a kind of caricature". Banlieues, outer-city regions across the country that are increasingly identified with minority groups, often have residents who are disproportionately affected by unemployment and poverty.

The lack of census data collected by the INED and INSEE for Whites in France has been analyzed, from some academic perspectives, as masking racial issues within the country, or a form of false racial color blindness. Writing for Al Jazeera, French journalist Rokhaya Diallo suggests that "a large portion of White people in France are not used to having frank conversations about race and racism." According to political sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "whites in France lie to themselves and the world by proclaiming that they do not have institutional racism in their nation." Sociologist Crystal Marie Fleming has written; "While many whites in France refuse to acknowledge institutionalized racism and white supremacy, there is widespread belief in the specter of 'anti-white racism'".

Use in right-wing politics

Accusations of anti-White racism, suggestions of the displacement of, or lack of representation for, the group, and rhetoric surrounding Whites in France experiencing poverty have been, at times, utilised by various right-wing political elements in the country. University of Lyon's political scientist Angéline Escafré-Dublet has written that "the equivalent to a White backlash in France can be traced through the debate over the purported neglect of the 'poor Whites' in France".

In 2006, French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen suggested there were too many "players of colour" in the France national football team after he suggested that 7 of the 23-player squad were White. In 2020, French politician Nadine Morano stated that French actress Aïssa Maïga, who was born in Senegal, should "go back to Africa" if she "was not happy with seeing so many white people in France".

Republic of Ireland

Ireland 87.4% 4,444,145 2022

According to the 2022 Irish census, 4,444,145 or 87.4% of the total population declared their race as “White Irish” and Other White, this was a decline from 92.4% in 2016 and 94.24% in 2011.

People who identified as “White Irish” in 2022 were 3,893,056 or 76.5% of the total population, a decline from 87.4% in 2006.

Malta

Malta 89.1% 462,997 2021

As of the 2021 census, 89.1% self-identified as Caucasian racial origin. Maltese-born natives make up the majority of the island with 386,280 people out of a total population of 519,562. However, there are minorities, the largest of which by European birthplace were: 15,082 from the United Kingdom, Italy (13,361) and Serbia (5,935). Among racial origins for the non-Maltese, 58.1% of all identified as Caucasian.

United Kingdom

Main article: White people in the United Kingdom See also: Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom, Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom, White British, Other White, White Irish, White Polish, and White Gypsy or Irish Traveller
Northern Ireland 96.6% 1,837,600 2021
Wales 93.8% 2,915,848 2021
Scotland 92.9% 5,051,875 2022
England 81.0% 45,783,401 2021

Historical White identities

Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with status and wealth. This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be clearly seen. The change in the meaning of White that occurred in the colonies (see above) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to the 'home land' countries (England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status for the time being, and, during the nineteenth century, when the British Empire was at its peak, many of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy developed extremely negative attitudes to those of lower social rank.

Edward Lhuyd discovered that Welsh, Gaelic, Cornish and Breton are all part of the same language family, which he termed the "Celtic family", and was distinct from the Germanic English; this can be seen in context of the emerging romantic nationalism, which was also prevalent among those of Celtic descent.

Just as race reified whiteness in America, Africa, and Asia, capitalism without social welfare reified whiteness with regard to social class in nineteenth-century Britain and Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time, associated with racial differences. For example, George Sims in his 1883 book How the poor live wrote of "a dark continent that is within easy reach of the General Post Office ... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain public sympathy as easily as savage tribes".

Modern and official use

From the early 1700s, Britain received a small-scale immigration of black people due to the transatlantic slave trade. The oldest Chinese community in Britain (as well as in Europe) dates from the nineteenth century. Since the end of World War II, a substantial immigration from the African, Caribbean and South Asian (namely the British Raj) colonies changed the picture more radically, while the adhesion to the European Union brought with it a heightened immigration from Central and Eastern Europe.

Today the Office for National Statistics uses the term White as an ethnic category. The terms White British, White Irish, White Scottish and White Other are used. These classifications rely on individuals' self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not an objective category. Socially, in the UK White usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin. As a result of the 2011 census the White population stood at 85.5% in England (White British: 79.8%), at 96% in Scotland (White British: 91.8%), at 95.6% in Wales (White British: 93.2%), while in Northern Ireland 98.28% identified themselves as White, amounting to a total of 87.2% White population (or c. 82% White British and Irish).

North America

Bermuda (U.K.)

Main article: White Bermudians
Bermuda (UK) 30.5% 19,466 2016

At the 2016 census the number of Bermudians who identify as white was 19,466 or 31 percent of the total population. The White population of Bermuda made up the entirety of the Bermuda's population, other than a black and an Indian slave brought in for a very short-lived pearl fishery in 1616, from settlement (which began accidentally in 1609 with the wreck of the Sea Venture) until the middle of the 17th century, and the majority until some point in the 18th century.

In 2010, census data found that White Bermudians accounted for 31% including 10% native Bermudians and 21% foreign-born.

Canada

Canada 69.8% 25,364,140 2021
Main article: European Canadians See also: Demographics of Canada

Of the over 36 million Canadians enumerated in 2021 approximately 25 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population.

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, "'members of visible minorities' means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese, or Korean were included in the visible minority population. A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to skin color.

Costa Rica

Main article: White Costa Rican

The 2022 census counted a total population of 5,044,197 people. In 2022, the census also recorded ethnic or racial identity for all groups separately for the first time in more than ninety-five years since the 1927 census. Options included indigenous, Black or Afro-descendant, Mulatto, Chinese, Mestizo, white and other on section IV: question 7. White people (including mestizo) make up 94%, 3% are black people, 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry, but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British, Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish (namely Ashkenazi and Sephardic) community.

Cuba

Main article: White Cubans
Cuba 64.1% 7,160,399 2012
Flagging of the Cuban medical brigade after helping in the 2016 Ecuador earthquake.

White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of Whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40–45%. Despite most White Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian and Russian descent.

During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early part of the twentieth century, large waves of Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Castilians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Many European Jews have also immigrated there, with some of them being Sephardic. Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist regime took power. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as White.

In 1953, it was estimated that 72.8% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 12.4% of African ancestry, 14.5% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and 0.3% of the population was of Chinese and or East Asian descent (officially called "amarilla" or "yellow" in the census). However, after the Cuban revolution, due to a combination of factors, mainly mass exodus to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mixed population has increased, and the Chinese (or East Asian) population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies at the University of Miami says the present Cuban population is 38% White and 62% Black/Mulatto. The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".

Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic 18.7% 1,611,752 2022
Main article: White Dominicans

They are 17.8% of the Dominican Republic's population, according to a 2021 survey by the United Nations Population Fund. The majority of white Dominicans have ancestry from the first European settlers to arrive in Hispaniola in 1492 and are descendants of the Spanish and Portuguese who settled in the island during colonial times, as well as the French who settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. About 9.2% of the Dominican population claims a European immigrant background, according to the 2021 Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas survey.

El Salvador

El Salvador 12.7% 730,000 2007
Main article: White Salvadoran

In 2013, White Salvadorans were a minority ethnic group in El Salvador, accounting for 12.7% of the country's population. An additional 86.3% of the population were mestizo, having mixed Amerindian and European ancestry.

Guatemala

Main article: White Guatemalan

In 2010, 18.5% of Guatemalans belonged to the White ethnic group, with 41.7% of the population being Mestizo, and 39.8% of the population belonging to the 23 Indigenous groups. It is difficult to make an accurate census of Whites in Guatemala, because the country categorizes all non-indigenous people are mestizo or ladino and a large majority of White Guatemalans consider themselves as mestizos or ladinos. By the nineteenth century the majority of immigrants were Germans, many who were bestowed fincas and coffee plantations in Cobán, while others went to Quetzaltenango and Guatemala City. Many young Germans married mestiza and indigenous Q'eqchi' women, which caused a gradual whitening. There was also immigration of Belgians to Santo Tomas and this contributed to the mixture of black and mestiza women in that region.

Honduras

Main article: White Honduran

As of 2013, Hondurans of solely White ancestry are a small minority in Honduras, accounting for 1% of the country's population. An additional 90% of the population is mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.

Mexico

Portrait of the Fagoaga Arozqueta family (a criollo couple with their ten children), anonymous painter, ca. 1735, Mexico City. Museo Nacional de San Carlos, Mexico City
Mexico 40% 52,000,000 2018
Main article: White Mexicans

White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of complete or predominant European descent. While the Mexican government does conduct ethnic censuses on which a Mexican has the option of identifying as "White", the results obtained from these censuses are not published. Instead, Mexico's government publishes the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" residing in the country; that percentage was 47% in 2010 and 49% in 2017. Due to its less direct racial undertone, the label "Light-skinned Mexican" has been favored by the government and media outlets over "White Mexican" as the go-to choice to refer to the segment of Mexico's population possessing European physical traits when discussing different ethno-racial dynamics in Mexico's society. Sometimes, nonetheless, "White Mexican" is used.

Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire; and while during the colonial period, most European immigration was Spanish (mostly from northern provinces such as Cantabria, Navarra, Galicia and the Basque Country,), in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries European and European-derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the country. According to twentieth- and twenty-first-century academics, large-scale intermixing between the European immigrants and the native Indigenous peoples produced a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the Mexican Revolution. However, according to church and censal registers from the colonial times, the majority (73%) of Spanish men married Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.

Another ethnic group in Mexico, the Mestizos, is composed of people with varying degrees of European and indigenous ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%. However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study, as in Mexico a large number of White people have been historically classified as Mestizos, because after the Mexican Revolution the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones in an effort to unite all Mexicans under the same racial identity.

Estimates of Mexico's White population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as the World Factbook and Encyclopædia Britannica, which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations, calculate Mexico's White population as only 9% or between one-tenth to one-fifth (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate). Surveys that account for phenotypical traits and have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as White, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%. With a similar methodology, the American Sociological Association obtained a percentage of 18.8%. Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively, nationwide surveys in the general population that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's National Council to Prevent Discrimination and Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography report percentages of 47% and 49% respectively.

A study performed in hospitals in Mexico City reported that an average of 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented the congenital skin birthmark known as the Mongolian spot whilst it was absent in 48.2% of the analyzed babies. The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–100%) in Asian, Native American, and African children, a medium frequency (50–70%) in Hispanic children, and a very low frequency (1–10%) in Caucasian children. The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American and Mexican children of Mestizo background. According to the Mexican Social Security Institute (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of White population, where, according to the American historian and anthropologist Howard F. Cline the majority of the people have no native admixture or is of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of northern Spaniards. In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized; thus, they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists. The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of Whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.

A number of settlements on which European immigrants have maintained their original culture and language survive to this day and are spread all over Mexican territory; among the most notable groups are the Mennonites who have colonies in states as variated as Chihuahua or Campeche and the town of Chipilo in the state of Puebla, inhabited nearly in its totality by descendants of Italian immigrants that still speak their Venetian-derived dialect.

Nicaragua

Main article: White Nicaraguan

As of 2013, the White ethnic group in Nicaragua accounts for 17% of the country's population. An additional 69% of the population is Mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry. In the nineteenth century, Nicaragua was the subject of central European immigration, mostly from Germany, England and the United States, who often married native Nicaraguan women. Some Germans were given land to grow coffee in Matagalpa, Jinotega and Esteli, although most Europeans settled in San Juan del Norte. In the late seventeenth century, pirates from England, France and Holland mixed with the indigenous population and started a settlement at Bluefields (Mosquito Coast).

Puerto Rico (U.S.)

Main articles: White Puerto Ricans, Puerto Ricans, and Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico had a small stream of predominantly European immigration. Puerto Ricans of Spanish, Italian and French descent comprise the majority. According to the most recent 2020 census, the number of people who identified as "White alone" was 536,044 with an additional non-Hispanic 24,548, for a total of 560,592 or 17.1% of the population.

Previously in 1899, one year after the United States acquired the island, 61.8% or 589,426 people self-identified as White. One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% or 3,064,862; due to a change of race perceptions, mainly because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the "White island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific racism.

Hundreds are from Corsica, France, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle on the island with a certain amount of free land.

Puerto Rico (US) 17.1% 560,592 2020

Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color. Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the 2000 census included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time since 1950, allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports, most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "White"; few declared themselves to be Black or some other race. However, it was estimated that 20% of White Puerto Ricans may have Black ancestry.

Trinidad and Tobago

Main article: White Trinidadians and Tobagonians
Trinidad and Tobago 0.7% 2011

United States

Main articles: White Americans and European Americans See also: Demographics of the United States and Definitions of whiteness in the United States
Proportion of White Americans in each county in 2020.
White population – United States Census
Year Population %
1790 003,172,006 80.7
1800 004,306,446 81.1
1850 019,553,068 84.3
1900 066,809,196 87.9
1940 118,214,870 89.8 (highest)
1950 134,942,028 89.5
1980 188,371,622 83.1
2000 211,460,626 75.1
2010 223,553,265 72.4
2020 204,277,273 61.6 (lowest)

The cultural boundaries separating White Americans from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor David R. Roediger of the University of Illinois, suggests that the construction of the White race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. By the eighteenth century, White had become well established as a racial term. Author John Tehranian has noted the changing classifications of immigrant ethnic groups in American history. At various times each of the following groups has been allegedly excluded from being considered White, despite generally having been considered legally White under the US census and US naturalization law: Germans, Greeks, White Hispanics, Arabs, Iranians, Afghans, Irish, Italians, Jews of European and Mizrahi descent, Slavs, and Spaniards. On several occasions Finns were "racially" discriminated against in their early years of immigration and not considered European but "Asian". Some believed that they were of Mongolian ancestry rather than "native" European origin due to the Finnish language belonging to the Uralic and not the Indo-European language family.

During American history, the process of officially being defined as White by law often came about in court disputes over the pursuit of citizenship. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered naturalization only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52 cases, people denied the status of White by immigration officials sued in court for status as White people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian says that this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage, and a community's role in the United States.

In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that people of Indian descent were not White men, and thus not eligible for citizenship. While Thind was a high caste Hindu born in the northern Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not White or Caucasian since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White people. In United States v. Cartozian (1925), an Armenian immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme Court agreed) that his nationality was White in contradistinction to other people of the Near East – Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular – on the basis of their Christian religious traditions. In conflicting rulings In re Hassan (1942) and Ex parte Mohriez, United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as White, respectively, under immigration law.

In the early twenty-first century, the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some Jewish and Arab individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they are not White and may not always be perceived as White by American society. The United States Census Bureau proposed but withdrew plans to add a new category for Middle Eastern and North African peoples in the U.S. Census 2020. Specialists disputed whether this classification should be considered a White ethnicity or a race. According to Frank Sweet, "various sources agree that, on average, people with 12 percent or less admixture appear White to the average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a Mediterranean skin tone)".

The current U.S. Census definition includes as White "a person having origins in any of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa." The U.S. Department of Justice's Federal Bureau of Investigation describes White people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa through racial categories used in the Uniform Crime Reports Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce." The "White" category in the UCR includes non-black Hispanics.

White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950. A report from the Pew Research Center in 2008 projects that by 2050, non-Hispanic White Americans will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005. According to a study on the genetic ancestry of Americans, White Americans (stated "European Americans") on average are 98.6% European, 0.2% African and 0.2% Native American. Whites born in those Southern states with higher proportions of African-American populations, tend to have higher percentages of African ancestry. For instance, according to the 23andMe database, up to 13% of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1% African ancestry. White persons born in Southern states with the highest African-American populations tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry. Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Ohio State University, has said that today the majority of the descendants of African slaves are White.

Black author Rich Benjamin, in his book, Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America, reveals how racial divides and White decline, both real and perceived, shape democratic and economic urgencies in America. The book examines how White flight, and the fear of White decline, affects the country's political debates and policy-making, including housing, lifestyle, social psychology, gun control, and community. Benjamin says that such issues as fiscal policy or immigration or "Best Place to Live" lists, which might be considered race-neutral, are also defined by racial anxiety over perceived White decline.

One-drop rule

Further information: One-drop rule and Racial segregation

The "one-drop rule" – that a person with any amount of known black African ancestry (however small or invisible) is considered black – is a classification that was used in parts of the United States. It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 U.S. states between 1910 and 1931. Such laws were declared unconstitutional in 1967 when the Supreme Court ruled on anti-miscegenation laws while hearing Loving v. Virginia; it also found that Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924, based on enforcing the one-drop rule in classifying vital records, was unconstitutional. The one-drop rule attempted to create a binary system, classifying all persons as either Black or White regardless of a person's physical appearance. Previously persons had sometimes been classified as mulatto or mixed-race, including on censuses up to 1930. They were also recorded as Indian. Some people with a high proportion of European ancestry could pass as "White", as noted above. This binary approach contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the Spanish colonial era casta system), where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities. People are often classified not only by their appearance but by their class.

As a result of centuries of having children with White people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture, and many people long accepted as White also have some African ancestry. Among the most notable examples of the latter is President Barack Obama, who is believed to have been descended from an early African enslaved in America, recorded as "John Punch", through his mother's apparently White line.

In the twenty-first century, writer and editor Debra Dickerson renewed questions about the one-drop rule, saying that "easily one-third of black people have White DNA". She says that, in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their full multi-racial identities. Singer Mariah Carey, who is multi-racial, was publicly described as "another White girl trying to sing black". But in an interview with Larry King, she said that, despite her physical appearance and having been raised primarily by her White mother, she did not "feel White".

Since the late twentieth century, genetic testing has provided many Americans, both those who identify as White and those who identify as black, with more nuanced and complex information about their genetic backgrounds.

Other Caribbean

Cayman Islands 21.4% 17,450 2022
US Virgin Islands (US) 13.3% 11,584 2020
Turks and Caicos (UK) 7.9% 1,560 2001
Virgin Islands (UK) 5.4% 1,511 2010
The Bahamas 5.0% 16,600 2010
Anguilla (UK) 3.2% 430 2011
Barbados 2.7% 6,140 2010
St. Vincent 1.4% 1,480 2001
Dominica 0.8% 586 2013
Jamaica 0.2% 4,365 2011

South America

Argentina

Main articles: White Argentines and Ethnic groups of Argentina
Italo descendants at the XXXIV Immigrant's Festival in Oberá.
Arab descendants during the Immigrant's Day in Buenos Aires.

Argentina, along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the United States or Uruguay, is considered a country of immigrants where the vast majority originated from Europe. White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (Pampas), the central-western region (Cuyo), the southern region (Patagonia) and the north-eastern region (Litoral).

White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania, Calabria, and Sicily), and Spain (most are Galicians and Basques, but there are Asturians, Cantabrians, Catalans, and Andalusians). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily Volga Germans from Russia, but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; French which mainly came from the Occitania region of France; Portuguese, which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were Croats, Bosniaks, Poles, but also Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Montenegrins; Britons, mainly from England and Wales; Irish who migrated due to the Great Irish Famine or prior famines and Scandinavians from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.

By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born. However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren. Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were White. European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following World War II. It is estimated that Argentina received over 6 million European immigrants during the period 1857–1940.

Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from Bolivia and Paraguay, which have Amerindian and Mestizo majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.

Criticism of the national census states that data has historically been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in Argentina, leading to undercounting Afro-Argentines and Mestizos. África Viva (Living Africa) is a black rights group in Buenos Aires with the support of the Organization of American States, financial aid from the World Bank and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants" category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year where blacks were included as a separate category before it was eliminated by the government.

Bolivia

Bolivia 5% 600,000 2017
Main article: White Bolivians

There is no present day data as the Bolivian census does not count racial identity for white people. However, past census data showed that in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.7% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.

Brazil

Main article: White Brazilians
Brazil 43.5% 88,252,121 2022
Proportion of White Brazilians in each department in 2022.

Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. According to the 2022 Census, they totaled 88,252,121 people and made up 43.5% of the Brazilian population.

As a term, "White" in Brazil is generally applied to people of European descent. The term may also encompass other people, such as Brazilians of West Asian descent, and in some contexts, East Asians. Though Brazilians of East Asian descent are, in other contexts, classified as "Yellow" (amarela). The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as White people as their social status increases. Nevertheless, light-skinned Mulattoes and Mestizos with European features were also historically deemed as more closely related to "whiteness" then unmixed Blacks.

Chile

Main article: Demographics of Chile

Scholarly estimates of the White population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 20% to 52%. According to a study by the University of Chile about 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian, while the 2011 Latinobarómetro survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves White.

During colonial times in the eighteenth century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country. An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin. The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.

Chile was not an attractive place for European migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish, Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats and Ashkenazi Jews, in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries.

The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile, since there was never a period of massive immigration, in contrast to neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay. Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "White" Latin American countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest of the continent. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a major role in Chilean society. Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay. This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the construction of the Panama Canal. Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes. In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population, which fell to 1.8% in 1920, and 1.5% in 1930.

After the failed liberal revolution of 1848 in the German states, a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region, these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians) settled mainly in Valdivia, Llanquihue and Los Ángeles. The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are of German origin.

Another historically significant immigrant group were Croatian immigrants. The Croatian Chileans, their descendants today, number at an estimated 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population. Other authors claim on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some Croatian ancestry. Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population. Chileans of Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000. Most of them live either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, and Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world. The descendants of the Swiss reach 90,000 and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry. 184,000–800,000 (estimates) are descendants of Italians. Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.

Colombia

Main article: White Colombian

The Colombian government does not carry out official racial censuses, nor does it carry out self-identification racial censuses as is the case in Argentina, so the figures shown are usually based on data from populations considered "non-ethnic", which are those (Whites and Mestizos). According to the 2018 census, approximately 87.6% of the Colombian population are White or Mestizo.

Many Spanish began their explorations searching for gold, while other Spanish established themselves as leaders of the native social organizations teaching natives the Christian faith and the ways of their civilization. Catholic priests would provide education for Native Americans that otherwise was unavailable. 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, 90 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died. The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European settlers. Many Native Americans were also killed by armed conflicts with European settlers.

Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present-day incidence of business entrepreneurship in the region of Antioquia is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits. Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage. In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of different opportunities. Basque priests were the ones who introduced handball into Colombia. Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration. In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.

In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia. There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt. Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave. SCADTA, a Colombian-German air transport corporation that was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the Western Hemisphere.

The Italians arrived on the Colombian coast, and quickly moved towards the expanding agricultural areas. There, some of them achieved success in the commercialization of livestock, agricultural products, and imported goods, which later led to the transfer of their lucrative activities to Barranquilla. Some important buildings were created by Italians in the nineteenth century, like the famous Colón Theater of the capital. It is one of the most representative theatres of Colombia, with neoclassic architecture: was built by the Italian architect Pietro Cantini and founded in 1892; has more than 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft) for 900 people. This famous Italian architect also contributed to the construction of the Capitolio Nacional of the capital. Oreste Sindici was an Italian-born Colombian musician and composer, who composed the music for the Colombian national anthem in 1887. Oreste Sindici died in Bogotá on 12 January 1904, due to severe arteriosclerosis. In 1937 the Colombian government honored his memory. After the Second World War, Italian emigration to Colombia was directed primarily toward Bogota, Cali and Medellin. They have Italian schools in Bogota (Institutes "Leonardo da Vinci" and "Alessandro Volta"), Medellín ("Leonardo da Vinci") & Barranquilla ("Galileo Galilei"). The Italian migration government estimates that there are at least 2 million Colombians of Italian descent, making them the second largest and most numerous European group in the country after the Spanish.

The first and largest wave of immigration from the Middle East began around 1880 and remained during the first two decades of the twentieth century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Greater Syria (Syria and Lebanon) and Palestine, fleeing the then colonized Ottoman territories. Syrians, Palestinians, and Lebanese continued since then to settle in Colombia. Due to poor existing information it is impossible to know the exact number of Lebanese and Syrians that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 5,000–10,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable. Whatever the figure, Syrians and Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence. Those who left their homeland in the Middle East to settle in Colombia left for different reasons such as religious, economic, and political reasons. Some left to experience the adventure of migration. After Barranquilla and Cartagena, Bogota stuck next to Cali, among cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945. The Arabs that went to Maicao were mostly Sunni Muslim with some Druze and Shiites, as well as Orthodox and Maronite Christians. The mosque of Maicao is the second largest mosque in Latin America. Middle Easterns are generally called Turcos (Turkish).

Ecuador

Ecuador 2.2% 374,925 2022

According to the most-recent 2022 national census, 2.2% of Ecuadorians self-identified as European Ecuadorian, a decrease from 6.1% in 2010.

Guyana

Guyana 0.3% TBD 2016

In 2016, 0.3% of Guyana were of European descent, predominantly Portuguese Guyanese.

Paraguay

Paraguay 30% 1,750,000 2005
Main article: White Paraguayans

Peru

Main article: Peruvians of European descent
Peru 5.9% 1,336,931 2017

According to the 2017 census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as White. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified Whites were in La Libertad (10.5%), Tumbes and Lambayeque (9.0% each), Piura (8.1%), Callao (7.7%), Cajamarca (7.5%), Lima Province (7.2%) and Lima Region (6.0%).

Suriname

Suriname 0.3% 1,667 2012
Main article: White Surinamese

In 2012, there were 1,667 or 0.3% of the population identified as white. Many Dutch settlers left Suriname after independence in 1975 and this diminished Suriname's Dutch population. Currently there are around 1,000 boeroes left in Suriname, and 3,000 outside Suriname.

Uruguay

Main article: Demographics of Uruguay
Uruguay 87.7% 2,800,000 2011

Different estimates state that Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% White Uruguayans. Though Uruguay has welcomed immigrants from around the world, its population largely consists of people of European origin, mainly Spaniards and Italians. Other European immigrants include Jews from Eastern and Central Europe. According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a White background, 9.1% chose black ancestry, and 4.5% chose an Amerindian ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).

Venezuela

Venezuela 43.6% TBD 2011
Main articles: Venezuelans of European descent, Venezuelan people, and Immigration to Venezuela

According to the official Venezuelan census, the term "White" involves external issues such as light skin, shape, and color of hair and eyes, among other factors. Though the meaning and usage of the term "White" has varied in different ways depending on the time period and area, leaving its precise definition as somewhat confusing. The 2011 Venezuelan Census states that "White" in Venezuela is used to describe Venezuelans of European origin. The 2011 National Population and Housing Census states that 43.6% of the Venezuelan population (approx. 13.1 million people) identify as White. Genetic research by the University of Brasília shows an average admixture of 60.6% European, 23.0% Amerindian and 16.3% African ancestry in Venezuelan populations. The majority of White Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War), Italy, and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed.

Spaniards were introduced into Venezuela during the colonial period. Most of them were from Andalusia, Galicia, Basque Country and from the Canary Islands. Until the last years of World War II, a large part of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural impact was significant, influencing the development of Castilian in the country, its gastronomy, and customs. With the beginning of oil operations during the first decades of the twentieth century, citizens and companies from the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands established themselves in Venezuela. Later, in the middle of the century, there was a new wave of originating immigrants from Spain (mainly from Galicia, Andalucia and the Basque Country), Italy (mainly from southern Italy and Venice) and Portugal (from Madeira) and new immigrants from Germany, France, England, Croatia, Netherlands, and other European countries, among others, animated simultaneously by the program of immigration and colonization implanted by the government.

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Battalora, Jacqueline M. (2021). Birth of a White Nation: The Invention of White People and Its Relevance Today (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-38281-5. OCLC 1227818161.

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