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{{other uses|Robotnik (1983–1990)|Robotnik (disambiguation)}}
:''This article is about a newspaper of ]. For other newspapers of this name, and other meaning of this word, see ].''
{{Infobox Newspaper | {{Infobox Newspaper
name = Robotnik | | name = Robotnik
| logo = File:Robotnik logo.svg
image = ] | | image = Robotnik 28.10.1931.jpg
⚫ caption = Robotnik, front page of issue from 28 October, 1931. |
| image_size = 200px
⚫ type = varied, later daily ] |
⚫ | caption = Robotnik, front page of issue from 28 October 1931.
⚫ foundation = ] |
⚫ | type = varied, later daily ]
⚫ ceased publication = 1939 |
⚫ | foundation = 1894
⚫ political = ]|
⚫ | ceased publication = 1939
⚫ language = ] |
⚫ | political = ]
⚫ | language = ]
}} }}


'''Robotnik''' (''The Worker'') was the ] (underground) ] published by ] (PPS). '''''Robotnik''''' ({{IPA|pl|rɔˈbɔtɲik}}; ''The Worker'') was the '']'' (underground) ] published by the ] (PPS), and distributed in most major cities and towns in ] during ].<ref name="Urban"/>


It was first published on 12 July 1894 in ] by the Lithuanian branch of then-illegal PPS, led by future ] of ], ]<ref name="Urban">], ''Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg'' (Józef Piłsudski: A dreamer and a strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warszawa 1997, ISBN 83-7001-914-5, p.91-99</ref>. Among its other ]s was ], future ].<ref name="SW">. Short biography. Last accessed on 16 October 2006.</ref> In order to throw the ] ] and regular ] off track, the newspaper was first distributed in ]<ref name="Urban"/>. Piłdsudski would become one of the chief editors and writers for the newspaper, often he spent most of the day at the printing press<ref name="Urban"/>. Its first issue was printed in 1200 numbers, it was distributed in most major cities and towns in Poland<ref name="Urban"/>. In 1900 the police managed to find the ], Józef Piłsudski, along with several other members of PPS (including his wife, ]) were arrested and sentenced to imprisonment (Piłsudski would soon escape feigning ]).<ref name="Urban"/> ''Robotnik'' was first published on 12 July 1894 in ] near ] in the amount of 1,200 copies,<ref name="O kształt niepodległej"/> by the local branch of the then-illegal PPS,<ref name="literat.ug.edu.pl"/> led by the future ] of the ], ].<ref name="Urban"/> Among its other ]s was ], future ].<ref name="SW"/> In order to throw the ] ] and regular ] off track, the newspaper was first distributed in ].<ref name="Urban"/> Piłdsudski would become one of the chief editors and writers for the newspaper, and he often spent most of the day at the printing press.<ref name="Urban"/> In 1900 the police managed to find the ], leading to the arrest, sentencing, and imprisonment of Józef Piłsudski and several other members of PPS (including his wife, ]), although Piłsudski would soon escape by feigning ].<ref name="Urban"/>


In the following years Robotnik would be printed in various places by several groups of PPS, or related to it. From 1915 'Robotnik' was legalized, first legal issue was printed in ]. From 1919 to 1939 it became a normal, legal newspaper in the ]. Among its editors were ] (d.1927) and ] (1927-1939). Its notable contributors included ], ], ], ] and ], and its ] reached 10-20,000 issues. The last issue was released on 23 September 1939, in the fourth week of ]. In the following years ''Robotnik'' would be printed in various places by several groups of PPS, or related to it. From 1915 ''Robotnik'' was legalized; the first legal issue was printed in ]. From 1919 to 1939 it became a normal, legal newspaper in the ]. Among its editors were ] (died 1927) and ] (1927–1939). Its notable contributors included ], ], ], ] and ], and its ] reached 10–20,000 issues. The last issue was released on 23 September 1939, in the fourth week of the ].


After the ] (in 1926) of Piłsudski, who after the ] distanced himself from PPS, 'Robotnik' took an opposition stance towards his government; in return, some of its editions were subject to confiscations (only from 1926 to 1935 about 500 issues were confiscated).The journal was a strong supporter of PPS and ] in general; among the notable policies opposed by the journal was that of ].<ref name="as">], ''Why Didn't the Press Shout?'', KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2003, ISBN 0-88125-775-3, </ref> After the ] (in 1926) of Piłsudski, who after the ] distanced himself from PPS, ''Robotnik'' took an opposition stance towards his government; in return, some of its editions were subject to confiscations (only from 1926 to 1935 about 500 issues were confiscated).The journal was a strong supporter of PPS and ] in general; among the notable policies opposed by the journal was that of ].<ref name="as"/>


After the war several newspapers of that name were printed in Poland and abroad; among the most notable was ] published by ] movement from 1983-1990.<ref name="Kubik">], ''The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power'', Penn State Press, 1994, ISBN 0-271-01084-3, , </ref> After the war several newspapers of that name were printed in Poland and abroad; among the most notable was ] published by the ] movement from 1983–1990.<ref name="Kubik"/>

The current Polish Socialist Party (refounded in 1989) published the ''Nowy Robotnik'' ("The New Worker") from 2003 to 2006.


== References == == References ==
{{reflist|refs=
* {{Polish|Robotnik (gazeta)|16 October 2006}}
<references/>


<ref name="as">{{cite book|author=Robert Moses Shapiro|title=Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3lItIwOzCkC&pg=PA415|accessdate=12 October 2012|date=1 February 2003|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-775-5|pages=415–}}</ref>
⚫ == External links ==
⚫ *{{pl icon}} (Secret Printing Presses) - in 'Bibuła', another underground newspaper, Piłsudski described in 1903 the origins of 'Robotnik'


<ref name="Kubik">{{cite book|author=Jan Kubik|title=The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDLn-G487rAC&pg=PA160|accessdate=12 October 2012|year=1994|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-01084-7|pages=160–161}}</ref>
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
]
]


⚫ <ref name="literat.ug.edu.pl">Marek Adamiec, including In the 'Bibuła', another underground paper, Piłsudski described in 1903 the origins of 'Robotnik'. ''Virtual Library of Polish Literature. '' {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
]

<ref name="O kształt niepodległej">{{cite book |title= O kształt niepodległej |last=Friszke |first=Andrzej |authorlink=Andrzej Friszke |year=1989 |publisher=Biblioteka "Więzi" |location=Warszawa |isbn=83-7006-014-5 |page= 28 }}</ref>

<ref name="SW">. Short biography. Last accessed on 16 October 2006.</ref>

<ref name="Urban">], ''Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg'' (Józef Piłsudski: A dreamer and a strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warszawa 1997, {{ISBN|83-7001-914-5}}, p.91-99</ref>
}}

⚫ ==External links==
* (1st issue, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robotnik (1894-1939)}}
]
]
⚫ ]
]
]
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⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 21:21, 17 December 2024

For other uses, see Robotnik (1983–1990) and Robotnik (disambiguation).
Robotnik
Robotnik, front page of issue from 28 October 1931.
Typevaried, later daily newspaper
Founded1894
Political alignmentsocialist
LanguagePolish language
Ceased publication1939

Robotnik (Polish pronunciation: [rɔˈbɔtɲik]; The Worker) was the bibuła (underground) newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), and distributed in most major cities and towns in Poland during the Partitions.

Robotnik was first published on 12 July 1894 in Lipniszki near Wilno in the amount of 1,200 copies, by the local branch of the then-illegal PPS, led by the future Chief of State of the Second Polish Republic, Józef Piłsudski. Among its other editors was Stanisław Wojciechowski, future president of Poland. In order to throw the ochrana secret police and regular Russian police off track, the newspaper was first distributed in Warsaw. Piłdsudski would become one of the chief editors and writers for the newspaper, and he often spent most of the day at the printing press. In 1900 the police managed to find the printing press, leading to the arrest, sentencing, and imprisonment of Józef Piłsudski and several other members of PPS (including his wife, Maria Piłsudska), although Piłsudski would soon escape by feigning mental illness.

In the following years Robotnik would be printed in various places by several groups of PPS, or related to it. From 1915 Robotnik was legalized; the first legal issue was printed in Dąbrowa Górnicza. From 1919 to 1939 it became a normal, legal newspaper in the Second Polish Republic. Among its editors were Feliks Perl (died 1927) and Mieczysław Niedziałkowski (1927–1939). Its notable contributors included Zygmunt Zaremba, Stanisław Posner, Karol Irzykowski, Cezary Jellenta and Jan Nepomucen Miller, and its circulation reached 10–20,000 issues. The last issue was released on 23 September 1939, in the fourth week of the Polish September Campaign.

After the May Coup (in 1926) of Piłsudski, who after the First World War distanced himself from PPS, Robotnik took an opposition stance towards his government; in return, some of its editions were subject to confiscations (only from 1926 to 1935 about 500 issues were confiscated).The journal was a strong supporter of PPS and socialism in general; among the notable policies opposed by the journal was that of antisemitism.

After the war several newspapers of that name were printed in Poland and abroad; among the most notable was another underground paper published by the Solidarity movement from 1983–1990.

The current Polish Socialist Party (refounded in 1989) published the Nowy Robotnik ("The New Worker") from 2003 to 2006.

References

  1. ^ Bohdan Urbankowski, Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (Józef Piłsudski: A dreamer and a strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warszawa 1997, ISBN 83-7001-914-5, p.91-99
  2. Friszke, Andrzej (1989). O kształt niepodległej. Warszawa: Biblioteka "Więzi". p. 28. ISBN 83-7006-014-5.
  3. Marek Adamiec, Tajne Drukarnie (Secret Printing Presses) including Index of articles. In the 'Bibuła', another underground paper, Piłsudski described in 1903 the origins of 'Robotnik'. Virtual Library of Polish Literature. (in Polish)
  4. Stanisław Wojciechowski. Short biography. Last accessed on 16 October 2006.
  5. Robert Moses Shapiro (1 February 2003). Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 415–. ISBN 978-0-88125-775-5. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  6. Jan Kubik (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. Penn State Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-271-01084-7. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

External links

  • Scans (1st issue, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America)
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