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{{Redirect|Spis||SPIS (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|Spis||SPIS (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Historical region in Slovakia and Poland}}
]
{{Infobox settlement
⚫ ]
|native_name = {{lang|sk|Spiš}}, {{lang|pl|Spisz}}
⚫ '''Spiš''' (]: ''Cips/Zepus/Scepus'', {{lang-de|Zips}}, {{lang-hu|Szepesség}}, {{lang-pl|Spisz}}) is a region in north-eastern ], with a very small area in south-eastern ] (14 villages{{efn|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ];}}). Spiš is an informal designation of the territory, but it is also the name of one of the 21 ]. The region is not an administrative division in its own right, but between the late 11th century and 1920 it was an administrative county of the ], (see separate article ]).
|settlement_type = ]
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|color = #ffffff
|photo1a = Spiš Castle from the south in Spiš, Slovakia, 2016 June.jpg{{!}}Spiš Castle
|photo1b = Niedzica zamek1.JPG{{!}}Niedzica Castle
⚫ |photo2a = Levoča (2).jpg{{!}}Town hall in Levoča
|photo2b = Poprad centrum 01.JPG{{!}}Main square in Poprad
|spacing = 2
|border = 0
|size = 260
}}
|image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: ]|]|Town hall in ]|]}}
|image_map = Slovakia Spis.gif
|map_caption = Spiš on the map of Slovakia
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{SVK}}<br />{{POL}}
|seat_type = Largest city
|seat = ]
|timezone = ]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
}}
⚫ '''Spiš''' ({{langx|pl|Spisz}} {{IPA|pl|ˈspiʂ|}}; {{langx|hu|Szepesség}} or {{lang|hu|Szepes}}; {{langx|de|Zips}} {{IPA|de|tsɪps|}}){{efn|] as ''Cips'', ''Zepus'', ''Scepus'', ''Scepusia'' or ''Scepusium''.}} is a region in north-eastern ], with a very small area in south-eastern ] (more specifically encompassing 14 villages).{{efn|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].}} Spiš is an informal designation of the territory, but it is also the name of one of the 21 ]. The region is not an administrative division in its own right, but between the late 11th century and 1920 it was an administrative county of the ] (see separate article ] in this regard).


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The name is probably related to the appellative ''spiška'', ''špiška'' known from Slovak (Eastern Slovakia and ]) and Moravian dialects (]) - a (cut) stick, a piece of wood or sugar, etc. Old Slavic ''pьchjati'', ''pichjati'' - to stab, to cut → prefixed form sъ-pich-jь → after patalization and extinction of ]s ''spiš''. Spiš probably means "a cut forest". The theory is supported also by the fact that almost all early Latin documents mention Spiš as ''silva Zepus'' (or with similar transcription) - the name of forest area.<ref name="ondrus">{{cite book |last=Ondruš|first=Šimon |title=Studia Academica Slovaca 9 |chapter=Pôvod názvov stovenských vrchov, hradov a stotíc |location=Bratislava |pp=281–282|publisher=Slovenská akadémia vied |year=1980 |language=Slovak}}</ref> The name is probably related to the appellative ''spiška'', ''špiška'' known from Slovak (Eastern Slovakia and ]) and Moravian dialects (]) - a (cut) stick, a piece of wood or sugar, etc. Old Slavic ''pьchjati'', ''pichjati'' - to stab, to cut → prefixed form sъ-pich-jь → after palatalization and extinction of ]s ''spiš''. Spiš probably means "a cut forest". The theory is supported also by the fact that almost all early Latin documents mention Spiš as ''silva Zepus'' (or with similar transcription) - the name of forest area.<ref name="ondrus">{{cite book |last=Ondruš|first=Šimon |title=Studia Academica Slovaca 9 |chapter=Pôvod názvov stovenských vrchov, hradov a stotíc |location=Bratislava |pages=281–282|publisher=Slovenská akadémia vied |year=1980 |language=sk}}</ref>


Another theory is a derivation from ] ''szép'' – nice, beautiful → Szepes. However, according to ] this etymology is linguistically impossible. The Slovak and the Polish name could not be derived from Hungarian Szepes because the combination "consonant-e-consonant-e-consonant" is valid and common in Slovak (but also in other Slavic languages) without any need for phonetic adaptation and similar changes are not documented. On the other hand, the assumed phonetic adaptation Slavic ''Spiš'' → Hungarian ''Szepes'' depends on well known changes in the Hungarian language like vowel insertion (i.e. ] → Szelepcsény) and vowel harmonization.<ref name="ondrus"/> Another theory is a derivation from ] {{Lang|hu|szép}} – nice, beautiful → Szepes. However, according to ] this etymology is linguistically impossible. The Slovak and the Polish name could not be derived from Hungarian Szepes because the combination "consonant-e-consonant-e-consonant" is valid and common in Slovak (but also in other Slavic languages) without any need for phonetic adaptation and similar changes are not documented. On the other hand, the assumed phonetic adaptation Slavic ''Spiš'' → Hungarian ''Szepes'' depends on well known changes in the Hungarian language like vowel insertion (i.e. ] → Szelepcsény) and vowel harmonization.<ref name="ondrus"/>


==Geography== ==Geography==
]]]

The region is situated between the ] and the ] River in the north, the springs of the ] River in the west, the ] Mountains (Slovak Ore Mountains) and ] in the south, and a line running from the town of ], via the ] (under which lies the 4,822 m long ], currently the longest in Slovakia), to the town of ] in the east. The core of the Spiš region is formed by the basins of the rivers ] and ], and the ]. Throughout its history, the territory has been characterized by a large percentage of forests - in the late 19th century, as much as 42.2% of Spiš was forest. The region is situated between the ] and the ] River in the north, the springs of the ] River in the west, the ] Mountains (Slovak Ore Mountains) and ] in the south, and a line running from the town of ], via the ] (under which lies the 4,822 m long ], currently the longest in Slovakia), to the town of ] in the east. The core of the Spiš region is formed by the basins of the rivers ] and ], and the ]. Throughout its history, the territory has been characterized by a large percentage of forests - in the late 19th century, as much as 42.2% of Spiš was forest.


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===Early history=== ===Early history===
] ]
''The history of the region until 1918 is given in more detail at ].'' ''The history of the region until 1920 is given in more detail at ].''


Traces of settlement in the ] era have been found in remains at ] (Gánóc) and ] (Besenyőfalu). Traces of settlement in the ] era have been found in remains at ] (Gánóc) and ] (Besenyőfalu).
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Many of the towns of Spiš developed from ]. The ] settlers had been invited to the territory from the mid-12th century onwards. The settlements founded by them in southern Spiš were mainly mining settlements (later towns). Consequently, until ] Spiš had a large German population (called Zipsers; see ]) who spoke ]; now, the only Zipser-speaking town is ]. Many smaller settlements were populated by settlers from Poland. Many of the towns of Spiš developed from ]. The ] settlers had been invited to the territory from the mid-12th century onwards. The settlements founded by them in southern Spiš were mainly mining settlements (later towns). Consequently, until ] Spiš had a large German population (called Zipsers; see ]) who spoke ]; now, the only Zipser-speaking town is ]. Many smaller settlements were populated by settlers from Poland.
]


In 1412, under the ], 16 towns, two castles and a number of villages in Spiš were ] to Poland by ] to finance his wars with the ] in ]. Among the towns that for 360 years belonged to Poland were: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>Krempaska (2012), 2-5.</ref> In 1772 all were annexed by ] as a part of the ]. In 1412, under the ], 16 towns, two castles and a number of villages in Spiš were ] to Poland by ] to finance his wars with the ] in ]. Among the towns that for 360 years belonged to Poland were: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>Krempaska (2012), 2-5.</ref> In 1772 all were annexed by the ].


In 1868, 21 Spiš settlements sent their demands, the 'Spiš Petition', to the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary, requesting special status for ]s within the Kingdom. In 1868, 21 Spiš settlements sent their demands, the 'Spiš Petition', to the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary, requesting special status for ]s within the Kingdom.


===Spiš after the creation of Czechoslovakia=== ===Spiš after the creation of Czechoslovakia===
In 1918 (and confirmed by the ] in 1920), the county became part of newly formed ]. A tiny part of the territory (situated in today's Poland below the ]), amounting to 195&nbsp;km² after an internal border dispute had been confirmed to be part of ] (at that time the western part of ]) as early as 1902. After ] northern Spiš was united with ] and became the subject of a long-running border dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia. (See separate article, ]. In 1923 Slovak Spiš was divided between the newly formed Sub-Tatra county (''Podtatranská župa'') and Košice county (''Коšická župa''). In 1928-1939 and 1945-1948 it was part of the newly created Slovak Land (''Slovenská krajina''). In 1918 (and confirmed by the ] in 1920), the county became part of newly formed ]. A tiny part of the territory (situated in today's Poland below the ]), amounting to 195&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> after an internal border dispute had been confirmed to be part of ] (at that time the western part of ]) as early as 1902. After ] northern Spiš was united with ] and became the subject of a long-running ]. In 1923 Slovak Spiš was divided between the newly formed Sub-Tatra county (''Podtatranská župa'') and Košice county (''Коšická župa''). In 1928-1939 and 1945-1948 it was part of the newly created Slovak Land (''Slovenská krajina'').


During ], when Czechoslovakia was divided, Spiš was part of independent ], and formed the eastern part of Tatra county (''Tatranská župa'') from 1940 to 1945. Slovakia joined the Axis, and the Polish part of Spiš (together with the Polish part of the ]) was transferred to Slovakia. During the war all the ] of the area were deported or murdered. When ] forces During ], when Czechoslovakia was divided, Spiš was part of independent ], and formed the eastern part of Tatra county (''Tatranská župa'') from 1940 to 1945. Slovakia joined the Axis, and the Polish part of Spiš (together with the Polish part of the ]) was transferred to Slovakia. During the war all the ] of the area were deported or murdered. When ] forces
approached from the east at the end of 1944, most of the ethnic Germans in Spiš fled westward, between mid-November 1944 and 21 January 1945 (see also ]). Their property was confiscated after the war (see ]). approached from the east at the end of 1944, most of the ethnic Germans in Spiš fled westward, between mid-November 1944 and 21 January 1945 (see also ]). Their property was confiscated after the war (see ]).


After World War II the prewar borders of Spiš were restored, with the most of the county going to Czechoslovakia, and a small part to Poland. In 1948, it became part of the newly created ] (''Košický kraj '') and ] (''Prešovský kraj''), whose borders however were completely different from those of the present-day regions of the same name. From July 1960 it became part of the newly created ] (''Východoslovenský kraj''), which ceased to exist in September 1990. After World War II the prewar borders of Spiš were restored, with most of the county going to Czechoslovakia, and a small part to Poland. In 1948, it became part of the newly created ] (''Košický kraj '') and ] (''Prešovský kraj''), whose borders however were completely different from those of the present-day regions of the same name. From July 1960 it became part of the newly created ] (''Východoslovenský kraj''), which ceased to exist in September 1990.


In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and Spiš became part of ]. In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and Spiš became part of ].
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Present-day Spiš has a number of ] settlements and Romani are a substantial minority there. Present-day Spiš has a number of ] settlements and Romani are a substantial minority there.


There are also 40,000-48,000 ] (Slovak: ''Gorali''; literally Highlanders). Although a negligible number in census terms, they are a distinctive minority with their own culture, and speak a dialect of ] (or Slovak-Polish dialect continuum<ref>Dudášová-Kriššáková, J. ''Goralské nárečia'' Bratislava 1993</ref>), especially elders.<ref>Kamocki, J.; Skawiński, M. "Problemy etniczności a narodowości na przykładzie Spiszu" In ''Terra Scepusiensis. Stav badań nad dziejami Spiszu'' Gładkiewicz R., Homza M. (eds.) Wrocław: Lewocz, 2003. {{ISBN|83-88430-25-4}} pp. 707-716.</ref><ref>Trajdos, T. M. (ed.) ''Spisz i Orawa w 75. rocznicę powrotu do Polski północnych części obu ziem'' Kraków, 1995. pp. 24-37.</ref> They consider themselves as Slovaks and, in present, speak mostly Slovak language. Official Slovak 2011's census reported only 3084 Poles living in Slovakia.<ref>http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab-10.pdf</ref> There are also 40,000-48,000 ] (Slovak: ''Gorali''; literally Highlanders). Although a negligible number in census terms, they are a distinctive minority with their own culture, and speak a dialect of ] (or Slovak-Polish dialect continuum<ref>Dudášová-Kriššáková, J. ''Goralské nárečia'' Bratislava 1993</ref> by some considered a language), especially elders.<ref>Kamocki, J.; Skawiński, M. "Problemy etniczności a narodowości na przykładzie Spiszu" In ''Terra Scepusiensis. Stav badań nad dziejami Spiszu'' Gładkiewicz R., Homza M. (eds.) Wrocław: Lewocz, 2003. {{ISBN|83-88430-25-4}} pp. 707-716.</ref><ref>Trajdos, T. M. (ed.) ''Spisz i Orawa w 75. rocznicę powrotu do Polski północnych części obu ziem'' Kraków, 1995. pp. 24-37.</ref> They consider themselves as Slovaks and, in present, speak mostly Slovak language. Official Slovak 2011's census reported only 3084 Poles living in Slovakia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab-10.pdf | title=Obyvateľstvo SR podľa národnosti – sčítanie 2011, 2001, 1991 | trans-title=Population of the Slovak Republic by nationality – census 2011, 2001, 1991 | language=sk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114093710/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab-10.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-14 }}</ref>

== Religion ==
In Spiš are the biggest and oldest churches such as a ] and ] (]). In the year ] the biggest was church the ]. Currently, the biggest church is the ].


==Economy== ==Economy==
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==Sources== ==Sources==
* Krempaská, Zuzanna, ''Sixteen Scepus Towns from 1412 to 1876'', Spišska Nova Vés: Spiš Museum. {{ISBN|9788085173062}} * Krempaská, Zuzana, ''Sixteen Scepus Towns from 1412 to 1876'', Spišska Nova Vés: Spiš Museum. {{ISBN|9788085173062}}


== Notes == == Notes ==
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==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links== ==External links==
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{{coord|49|5|N|20|30|E|display=title}} {{coord|49|5|N|20|30|E|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Spis}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spis}}
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Latest revision as of 17:42, 21 December 2024

"Spis" redirects here. For other uses, see SPIS (disambiguation). Historical region in Slovakia and Poland Historical region
Spiš Spiš, Spisz
Historical region
Spiš CastleNiedzica CastleTown hall in LevočaMain square in Poprad
Spiš on the map of SlovakiaSpiš on the map of Slovakia
Country Slovakia
 Poland
Largest cityPoprad
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)

Spiš (Polish: Spisz [ˈspiʂ]; Hungarian: Szepesség or Szepes; German: Zips [tsɪps]) is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern Poland (more specifically encompassing 14 villages). Spiš is an informal designation of the territory, but it is also the name of one of the 21 official tourism regions of Slovakia. The region is not an administrative division in its own right, but between the late 11th century and 1920 it was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary (see separate article Szepes County in this regard).

Etymology

The name is probably related to the appellative spiška, špiška known from Slovak (Eastern Slovakia and Orava) and Moravian dialects (Haná) - a (cut) stick, a piece of wood or sugar, etc. Old Slavic pьchjati, pichjati - to stab, to cut → prefixed form sъ-pich-jь → after palatalization and extinction of yers spiš. Spiš probably means "a cut forest". The theory is supported also by the fact that almost all early Latin documents mention Spiš as silva Zepus (or with similar transcription) - the name of forest area.

Another theory is a derivation from Hungarian szép – nice, beautiful → Szepes. However, according to Šimon Ondruš this etymology is linguistically impossible. The Slovak and the Polish name could not be derived from Hungarian Szepes because the combination "consonant-e-consonant-e-consonant" is valid and common in Slovak (but also in other Slavic languages) without any need for phonetic adaptation and similar changes are not documented. On the other hand, the assumed phonetic adaptation Slavic Spiš → Hungarian Szepes depends on well known changes in the Hungarian language like vowel insertion (i.e. Slepčany → Szelepcsény) and vowel harmonization.

Geography

The region is situated between the High Tatras and the Dunajec River in the north, the springs of the Váh River in the west, the Slovenské rudohorie Mountains (Slovak Ore Mountains) and Hnilec River in the south, and a line running from the town of Stará Ľubovňa, via the Branisko mountain (under which lies the 4,822 m long Branisko Tunnel, currently the longest in Slovakia), to the town of Margecany in the east. The core of the Spiš region is formed by the basins of the rivers Hornád and Poprad, and the High Tatra Mountains. Throughout its history, the territory has been characterized by a large percentage of forests - in the late 19th century, as much as 42.2% of Spiš was forest.

History

Early history

Aerial photograph of Spiš Castle

The history of the region until 1920 is given in more detail at Szepes County.

Traces of settlement in the Neanderthal era have been found in remains at Gánovce (Gánóc) and Bešeňová (Besenyőfalu).

The territory of Spiš was later populated first by Celts. It belonged to the state of Great Moravia (Veľká Morava), and after its dissolution became part of Poland.

The southern part of the territory was conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary at the end of the 11th century, when the border of the Kingdom ended near the modern town of Kežmarok. The royal county of Szepes (comitatus Scepusiensis) was created in the 2nd half of the 12th century. In the 1250s the border of the Kingdom of Hungary shifted to the north to Podolínec and in 1260 even further to the north (the Dunajec River). The northeastern region around Hniezdne and Stará Ľubovňa, the so-called "districtus Podoliensis", was incorporated only in the 1290s. The northern border of the county stabilized in the early 14th century. Around 1300, the royal county became a noble county.

Many of the towns of Spiš developed from German colonization. The German settlers had been invited to the territory from the mid-12th century onwards. The settlements founded by them in southern Spiš were mainly mining settlements (later towns). Consequently, until World War II Spiš had a large German population (called Zipsers; see Carpathian Germans) who spoke Zipser German; now, the only Zipser-speaking town is Chmeľnica (Hopgarten). Many smaller settlements were populated by settlers from Poland.

Spisz in 1412–1772:
   Poland
  Hungary

In 1412, under the Treaty of Lubowla, 16 towns, two castles and a number of villages in Spiš were pawned to Poland by Sigismund of Luxembourg to finance his wars with the Republic of Venice in Dalmatia. Among the towns that for 360 years belonged to Poland were: Stará Ľubovňa, Podolínec, Spišská Sobota, Poprad and Spišská Nová Ves. In 1772 all were annexed by the Habsburg monarchy.

In 1868, 21 Spiš settlements sent their demands, the 'Spiš Petition', to the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary, requesting special status for Slovaks within the Kingdom.

Spiš after the creation of Czechoslovakia

In 1918 (and confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920), the county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia. A tiny part of the territory (situated in today's Poland below the Rysy), amounting to 195 km after an internal border dispute had been confirmed to be part of Galicia (Central Europe) (at that time the western part of Austria-Hungary) as early as 1902. After World War I northern Spiš was united with Poland and became the subject of a long-running border dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia. In 1923 Slovak Spiš was divided between the newly formed Sub-Tatra county (Podtatranská župa) and Košice county (Коšická župa). In 1928-1939 and 1945-1948 it was part of the newly created Slovak Land (Slovenská krajina).

During World War II, when Czechoslovakia was divided, Spiš was part of independent Slovakia, and formed the eastern part of Tatra county (Tatranská župa) from 1940 to 1945. Slovakia joined the Axis, and the Polish part of Spiš (together with the Polish part of the county of Orava) was transferred to Slovakia. During the war all the Jews of the area were deported or murdered. When Soviet forces approached from the east at the end of 1944, most of the ethnic Germans in Spiš fled westward, between mid-November 1944 and 21 January 1945 (see also Carpathian Germans). Their property was confiscated after the war (see Beneš decrees).

After World War II the prewar borders of Spiš were restored, with most of the county going to Czechoslovakia, and a small part to Poland. In 1948, it became part of the newly created Košice Region (Košický kraj ) and Prešov Region (Prešovský kraj), whose borders however were completely different from those of the present-day regions of the same name. From July 1960 it became part of the newly created Eastern Slovak region (Východoslovenský kraj), which ceased to exist in September 1990.

In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and Spiš became part of Slovakia.

Nationalities

According to censuses carried out in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1869 (and later in 1900 and 1910) the population of Szepes county comprised the following nationalities: Slovaks 50.4%, (58.2%, 58%), Germans 35% (25%, 25%), Carpatho-Rusyns 13.8% (8.4%, 8%) and 0.7% (6%, 6%) Magyars (Hungarians).

The current ethnic composition of the region, however, is much different. As mentioned above, many Jews and ethnic Germans were removed or left during World War II.

Present-day Spiš has a number of Romani settlements and Romani are a substantial minority there.

There are also 40,000-48,000 Gorals (Slovak: Gorali; literally Highlanders). Although a negligible number in census terms, they are a distinctive minority with their own culture, and speak a dialect of Polish (or Slovak-Polish dialect continuum by some considered a language), especially elders. They consider themselves as Slovaks and, in present, speak mostly Slovak language. Official Slovak 2011's census reported only 3084 Poles living in Slovakia.

Religion

In Spiš are the biggest and oldest churches such as a Roman Catholic Church and Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession (Lutherans). In the year 1600 the biggest was church the Evangelical Church. Currently, the biggest church is the Roman Catholic Church.

Economy

Historically, economic activity in the region has been based principally on agriculture and forestry (formerly mining, too), which explains why Spiš belongs to the relatively poor regions of Slovakia. Since the late 19th century, tourism has helped the local economy, and sanatoria and winter sports resorts have been built in the High Tatras and the Low Tatras, and areas such as the Slovak Paradise (Slovenský raj) in the south-west and the Pieniny National Park at the Slovak-Polish border. Other tourist destinations include the region's historical sites like Spiš Castle and nearby Spišské Podhradie, Spišská Kapitula, Žehra and the town of Levoča (all of which are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites), Kežmarok, and Stará Ľubovňa Castle. The tourism industry has developed rapidly in Spiš, aided by the introduction of regular flights to Poprad Airport and improving rail and road connections.

Spiš today

Spiš today is one of Slovakia's 21 tourist regions but, unlike its predecessor, is not an administrative region.

Since 1996, Spiš has been divided between the modern Košice Region and Prešov Region and is covered approximately by the following six administrative districts: Poprad, Kežmarok, Stará Ľubovňa, Spišská Nová Ves, Levoča and Gelnica, except for the eastern half of the Stará Ľubovňa District that had been within Saris county and three villages of the Poprad district (Štrba including Tatranská Štrba, Štrbské Pleso and Liptovská Teplička from Liptov county.)

The present population of the Spiš region is about 320,000; almost half the population lives in towns, the largest of which are Poprad (55,000), Spišská Nová Ves (39,000) and Kežmarok (17,000).

Sources

  • Krempaská, Zuzana, Sixteen Scepus Towns from 1412 to 1876, Spišska Nova Vés: Spiš Museum. ISBN 9788085173062

Notes

  1. Latinized as Cips, Zepus, Scepus, Scepusia or Scepusium.
  2. Czarna Góra, Dursztyn, Falsztyn, Frydman, Jurgów, Kacwin, Krempachy, Łapszanka, Łapsze Niżne, Łapsze Wyżne, Niedzica, Nowa Biała, Rzepiska and Trybsz.

References

  1. ^ Ondruš, Šimon (1980). "Pôvod názvov stovenských vrchov, hradov a stotíc". Studia Academica Slovaca 9 (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied. pp. 281–282.
  2. Krempaska (2012), 2-5.
  3. Dudášová-Kriššáková, J. Goralské nárečia Bratislava 1993
  4. Kamocki, J.; Skawiński, M. "Problemy etniczności a narodowości na przykładzie Spiszu" In Terra Scepusiensis. Stav badań nad dziejami Spiszu Gładkiewicz R., Homza M. (eds.) Wrocław: Lewocz, 2003. ISBN 83-88430-25-4 pp. 707-716.
  5. Trajdos, T. M. (ed.) Spisz i Orawa w 75. rocznicę powrotu do Polski północnych części obu ziem Kraków, 1995. pp. 24-37.
  6. "Obyvateľstvo SR podľa národnosti – sčítanie 2011, 2001, 1991" [Population of the Slovak Republic by nationality – census 2011, 2001, 1991] (PDF) (in Slovak). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-14.

External links

49°5′N 20°30′E / 49.083°N 20.500°E / 49.083; 20.500

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