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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
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'''''Balanophora''''' is a genus of parasitic plants in the family ] found in parts of tropical and temperate Asia, including the Eastern Himalayas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |last2=Rana |first2=Santosh|date=2018-07-26 |title= Root holoparasite Balanophora polyandra Griff. (Balanophoraceae) in eastern Himalaya (Sikkim, India): distribution, range, status and threats |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages= 12123-12129 |doi=10.11609/jott.3644.10.8.12123-12129}}</ref>, ] region, ], ], and tropical Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024135|title=''Balanophora'' J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.|publisher=Tropicos.org.Missouri Botanical Garden|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="oneill">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A.R.| last2=Rana | first2= S.K. | date=2019 |title=An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=12 |issue=14 |doi=10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are about 20 accepted species,<ref name=TPL_Balanophora>{{cite web |title=Search results for ''Balanophora''|work=The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Balanophora |accessdate=2017-03-30 }}</ref> including the newly discovered ''B. coralliformis''. Many species emit an odour which possibly attracts pollinators in the same way that pollinators are attracted to '']''.<ref name="MN">{{cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Chee Beng|last2=Hoo|first2=Lau Kah|title=''Balanophora'':the hidden highland parasite with unexplored medicinal potential|journal=Malaysian Naturalist|date=2010|pages=20–21|url=https://www.academia.edu/2485297/Balanophora_the_hidden_highland_parasite_with_unexplored_medicinal_potential|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> '''''Balanophora''''' is a genus of parasitic flowering plants in the family ] found in parts of tropical and temperate Asia, including the Eastern Himalayas,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |last2=Rana |first2=Santosh|date=2018-07-26 |title= Root holoparasite Balanophora polyandra Griff. (Balanophoraceae) in eastern Himalaya (Sikkim, India): distribution, range, status and threats |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages= 12123–12129 |doi=10.11609/jott.3644.10.8.12123-12129|doi-access=free }}</ref> ] region, ], ], and tropical Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024135|title=''Balanophora'' J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.|publisher=Tropicos.org.Missouri Botanical Garden|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="oneill">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A.R.| last2=Rana | first2= S.K. | date=2019 |title=An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=12 |issue=14 |page=14 |doi=10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y |pmid=26912113 |pmc=4765049 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are about 20 accepted species,<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=Search results for ''Balanophora''|work=The Plant List |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Balanophora |accessdate=26 May 2020 }}</ref> including the newly discovered ''B. coralliformis''. Many species emit an odour which possibly attracts pollinators in the same way that pollinators are attracted to '']''.<ref name="MN">{{cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Chee Beng|last2=Hoo|first2=Lau Kah|title=''Balanophora'':the hidden highland parasite with unexplored medicinal potential|journal=Malaysian Naturalist|date=2010|pages=20–21|url=https://www.academia.edu/2485297|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>


''Balanophora'' species are used in ] in many Asian cultures.<ref name="oneill" /> For example, in China, ''Balanophora'' is known as ''she-gu'' (stone-fungus) and in ] as ''hoh-ra-tao-su-nak''. In both cases, the plant is used to treat a variety of ailments and has various ritual purposes. The tubers of ''Balanophora'' are rich in a wax-like substance which is used in ] as a fuel for torches.<ref name="MN" /><ref name="Malesiana">{{cite web|title=Balanophoraceae|url=http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/node/7100|publisher=Flora Malesiana|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> ''Balanophora'' species are used in ] in many Asian cultures.<ref name="oneill" /> For example, in Taiwan and China, ''Balanophora'' is known as ''she-gu'' (stone-fungus) and in ] as ''hoh-ra-tao-su-nak''. In both cases, the plant is used to treat a variety of ailments and has various ritual purposes. The tubers of ''Balanophora'' are rich in a wax-like substance which is used in ] as a fuel for torches.<ref name="MN" /><ref name="Malesiana">{{cite web|title=Balanophoraceae|url=http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/node/7100|publisher=Flora Malesiana|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>


==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
The genus was first described in 1775 by ] and his son ] in ''Characteres Generum Plantarum''.<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI| id = 3817-1|accessdate = 22 April 2016 The genus was first described in 1775 by ] and his son ] in '']''.<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI| id = 3817-1|accessdate = 22 April 2016
}}</ref><ref name="Forster">{{cite book|last1=Forster|first1=Johann Reinhold|last2=Forster|first2=Georg|title=Characteres Generum Plantarum|date=1775|publisher=White, Cadell & Elmsly|location=London|page=99|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23365#page/115/mode/1up|accessdate=22 April 2016}}</ref> The name is derived from the ] words ''balanos'' meaning "acorn" or "glans" and ''phoros'' meaning "to bear".<ref name="Kew">{{cite book |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |last2=Fay |first2=Michael F. |last3=Chase |first3=Mark W. |title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants |date=2017 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |location=Richmond |isbn=9781842466346 |page=425}}</ref> }}</ref><ref name="Forster">{{cite book|last1=Forster|first1=Johann Reinhold|last2=Forster|first2=Georg|title=Characteres Generum Plantarum|date=1775|publisher=White, Cadell & Elmsly|location=London|page=99|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23365#page/115/mode/1up|accessdate=22 April 2016}}</ref> The name is derived from the ] words {{Lang|grc-Latn|balanos}} ({{Lang|grc|βάλανος}}), meaning "acorn" and {{Lang|grc-Latn|pherein}} ({{Lang|grc|φέρειν}}), meaning "to carry".<ref name="Backer">Backer, C.A. (1936). ''Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten'' (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).</ref>


=== Species === === Species ===
{{As of|2017|March}}, the following species are accepted:<ref name=TPL_Balanophora/> {{As of|2023|January}}, the following species are accepted at ]:<ref name="POWO" />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}} {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*'']'' <small>Blume</small> *'']'' <small>Blume</small>
⚫ *'']'' <small>Luu, H.Ð.Trần & H.C.Nguyen</small>
* '']'' <small>Barcelona, Tandang & Pelser</small><ref></ref>
⚫ *'']'' <small>Barcelona, Tandang & Pelser</small>
* '']'' <small>]</small><ref></ref>
⚫ *'']'' <small>]</small>
*'']'' <small>R.Br. ex Royle</small> *'']'' <small>R.Br. ex Royle</small>
*'']'' <small>Blume</small> *'']'' <small>Blume</small>
*'']'' <small>(Tiegh.) Harms</small> *'']'' <small>(Tiegh.) Harms</small>
*'']'' <small>(Hook.f.) Lidén</small>
*'']'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> (]) *'']'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small> (])
*'']'' <small>Hook.f.</small> *'']'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
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*'']'' <small>Hatus. & Masam.</small> *'']'' <small>Hatus. & Masam.</small>
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}

The following names are unresolved:<ref name=TPL_Balanophora/>
==Ecology==
⚫ * '']'' <small>Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Eichler</small>
''Balanophora yuwanensis'', "often considered the same species as '']''", is thought to provide the endangered dark-furred Amami rabbit ('']'') of the ] with vegetative tissues as a reward for seed dispersal. Previously, it had been a mystery how seeds of ''B. yuwanensis'' were dispersed.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.3972 | doi=10.1002/ecy.3972 | title=A non-photosynthetic plant provides the endangered Amami rabbit with vegetative tissues as a reward for seed dispersal | date=2023 | last1=Suetsugu | first1=Kenji | last2=Hashiwaki | first2=Hiromu | journal=Ecology | volume=104 | issue=4 | pages=e3972 | pmid=36691102 | bibcode=2023Ecol..104E3972S | s2cid=256193188 }}</ref><ref name="S.D.">{{cite news |title=Science News. New discovery: Endangered Amami rabbit disperses seeds for non-photosynthetic plant |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/01/230123123306.htm |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=Science Daily |date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
⚫ * '']'' <small>Tiegh.</small>
⚫ * '']'' <small>Lecomte</small>


== References == == References ==

Latest revision as of 22:49, 30 July 2024

Genus of flowering plants

Balanophora
Balanophora fungosa subsp. indica found in northwest Thailand (Hup Patad cave)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Balanophoraceae
Genus: Balanophora
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Type species
Balanophora fungosa
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Balania Tiegh.
  • Balaniella Tiegh.
  • Polyplethia (Griff.) Tiegh.

Balanophora is a genus of parasitic flowering plants in the family Balanophoraceae found in parts of tropical and temperate Asia, including the Eastern Himalayas, Malesia region, Pacific Islands, Madagascar, and tropical Africa. There are about 20 accepted species, including the newly discovered B. coralliformis. Many species emit an odour which possibly attracts pollinators in the same way that pollinators are attracted to Rafflesia.

Balanophora species are used in folk medicine in many Asian cultures. For example, in Taiwan and China, Balanophora is known as she-gu (stone-fungus) and in Thailand as hoh-ra-tao-su-nak. In both cases, the plant is used to treat a variety of ailments and has various ritual purposes. The tubers of Balanophora are rich in a wax-like substance which is used in Java as a fuel for torches.

Taxonomy

The genus was first described in 1775 by Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster in Characteres Generum Plantarum. The name is derived from the ancient Greek words balanos (βάλανος), meaning "acorn" and pherein (φέρειν), meaning "to carry".

Species

As of January 2023, the following species are accepted at Plants of the World Online:

Ecology

Balanophora yuwanensis, "often considered the same species as B. yakushimensis", is thought to provide the endangered dark-furred Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi) of the Ryukyu Archipelago with vegetative tissues as a reward for seed dispersal. Previously, it had been a mystery how seeds of B. yuwanensis were dispersed.

References

  1. O'Neill, Alexander; Rana, Santosh (26 July 2018). "Root holoparasite Balanophora polyandra Griff. (Balanophoraceae) in eastern Himalaya (Sikkim, India): distribution, range, status and threats". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10 (8): 12123–12129. doi:10.11609/jott.3644.10.8.12123-12129.
  2. "Balanophora J.R. Forst. & G. Forst". Tropicos.org.Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  3. ^ O'Neill, A.R.; Rana, S.K. (2019). "An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 12 (14): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y. PMC 4765049. PMID 26912113.
  4. ^ "Search results for Balanophora". The Plant List. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  5. ^ Jin, Chee Beng; Hoo, Lau Kah (2010). "Balanophora:the hidden highland parasite with unexplored medicinal potential". Malaysian Naturalist: 20–21. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  6. "Balanophoraceae". Flora Malesiana. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  7. "Balanophora". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  8. Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Georg (1775). Characteres Generum Plantarum. London: White, Cadell & Elmsly. p. 99. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  9. Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
  10. Suetsugu, Kenji; Hashiwaki, Hiromu (2023). "A non-photosynthetic plant provides the endangered Amami rabbit with vegetative tissues as a reward for seed dispersal". Ecology. 104 (4): e3972. Bibcode:2023Ecol..104E3972S. doi:10.1002/ecy.3972. PMID 36691102. S2CID 256193188.
  11. "Science News. New discovery: Endangered Amami rabbit disperses seeds for non-photosynthetic plant". Science Daily. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
Taxon identifiers
Balanophora


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