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			{{Short description\|Jewish armed uprisings against Nazi Germany}}
	{{Infobox holocaust event
			{{pp-30-500\|small=yes}}

			{{Not to be confused with\|Ghetto riots (1964–1969)}}{{Infobox holocaust event
	\| name = Ghetto uprisings		\| name = Ghetto uprisings
	\| image = Ghetto Vilinus.gif		\| image = Ghetto Vilinus.gif
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	}}		}}

	The '''ghetto uprisings''' during ] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of ] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ]. Following the German and Soviet ] in September 1939, ] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside ], the Germans ] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of ].<ref>{{citation \|title=Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944 \|author=Wolf Gruner \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2006 \|quote=By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the ] had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more. \|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DJqIqwj_P70C&q=1940+forced-labor+700%2C000 \|pages=249–250 \|~~ISBN~~=0521838754}}</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web \| url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html \| title=The Ghetto Fights \| publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania \| work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising \| ~~accessdate~~=2 October 2013 \| author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the ] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/>		The '''ghetto uprisings''' during ] were a series of armed revolts against the regime of ] between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ]. Following the German and Soviet ] in September 1939, ] were targeted from the outset. Within months inside ], the Germans ] in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of ].<ref>{{citation \|title=Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944 \|author=Wolf Gruner \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2006 \|quote=By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the ] had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJqIqwj_P70C&q=1940+forced-labor+700%2C000 \|pages=249–250 \|isbn=0521838754}}</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">{{cite web \| url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/warsaw-uprising.html \| title=The Ghetto Fights \| publisher=Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania \| work=The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising \| access-date=2 October 2013 \| author=Marek Edelman}}</ref> In most cities the ] movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/>

	The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of ] known as ] (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – ], with the aim of their ].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 \|title=Resistance in Ghettos \|publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 \|date=June 10, 2013 \|~~accessdate~~=9 January 2014}}</ref>		The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of ] known as ] (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – ], with the aim of their ].<ref name="ushmm4">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005407 \|title=Resistance in Ghettos \|publisher=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|work=Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944 \|date=June 10, 2013 \|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet ], overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>{{citation \|title=Armed Resistance \|author=Shmuel Krakowski \|publisher=YIVO \|year=2010 \|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Armed_Resistance}}</ref><ref name="ushmm">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|title=Jewish Resistance \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|year=2011 \|~~accessdate~~=9 January 2014 \|via=Internet Archive \|url-status=dead \|~~archiveurl~~=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|~~archivedate~~=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during ] took place in the ] between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising \|title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|work=Timeline of Events \|year=2013 \|~~accessdate~~=9 January 2014}}</ref> and ] in August. In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web \|url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm \|title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Originally published by World War II magazine \|date=12 June 2006 \|~~accessdate~~=4 September 2014 ~~\|quote=''~~See also~~:''~~ ] for supplementary data~~.}}~~</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web \|url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ \|title=A Somber Anniversary \|publisher=ZSSEDU \|date=19 April 2011 \|author=Marcin Wilczek \|~~accessdate~~=4 September 2014}}</ref> At the ], following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the ] and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC~~&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage~~&q=Fleisher~~&f=false~~ \|title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust \|publisher=UPNE \|work=The End of the Ghetto \|year=2008 \|author=Sara Bender \|pages=253–263 \|via=Google Books preview \|~~ISBN~~=~~1584657294~~}}</ref> There were other such struggles leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in ] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite ~~web~~\|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC \|~~work~~=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|year=2012 \|~~accessdate~~=9 January 2014 \|url-status=dead \|~~archiveurl~~=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|~~archivedate~~=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as ].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, '''', p. 124. {{ISBN\|0313353093}}.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876"> in the ] collection (No. 17876, , , 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref>		Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet ], overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>{{citation \|title=Armed Resistance \|author=Shmuel Krakowski \|publisher=YIVO \|year=2010 \|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Armed_Resistance}}</ref><ref name="ushmm">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|title=Jewish Resistance \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|year=2011 \|access-date=9 January 2014 \|via=Internet Archive \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126200522/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005213 \|archive-date=January 26, 2012 }}</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during ] took place in the ] between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/warsaw-ghetto-uprising \|title=April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|work=Timeline of Events \|year=2013 \|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> and ] in August. In the course of the ] 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard ] to ] before ] was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web \|url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-warsaw-ghetto-uprising.htm \|title=World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Originally published by World War II magazine \|date=12 June 2006 \|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>See also ] for supplementary data</ref><ref name="zssedu">{{cite web \|url=http://zssedu.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/a-somber-anniversary/ \|title=A Somber Anniversary \|publisher=ZSSEDU \|date=19 April 2011 \|author=Marcin Wilczek \|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> At the ], following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the ], and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSkendQVMbcC&q=Fleisher \|title=The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust \|publisher=UPNE \|work=The End of the Ghetto \|year=2008 \|author=Sara Bender \|pages=253–263 \|via=Google Books preview \|isbn=978-1584657293}}</ref> There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in ] (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">{{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising \|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC \|encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia \|year=2012 \|access-date=9 January 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028122151/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 \|archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as ].<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, '''', p. 124. {{ISBN\|0313353093}}.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876"> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122708/http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/result.aspx?search=MIZOCZ \|date=2012-08-17 }} in the ] collection (No. 17876, , , 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref>

	==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust==		==Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust==
	{{main\|Jewish resistance under Nazi rule}}		{{main\|Jewish resistance under Nazi rule}}
	The uprisings erupted in 5 major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps.<ref name=LermanCenter>{{citation \|title=Resistance during the Holocaust \|author=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|publisher=The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance \|at=p. 6 of 56 in current document \|url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20000831-resistance-bklt.pdf}}.</ref> Notable ghetto uprisings included:<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf \|title=Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II \|publisher=Yad Vashem \|year=2013 \|~~accessdate~~=9 January 2014 \|format=PDF file, direct download 169 KB}}</ref>		The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps.<ref name=LermanCenter>{{citation \|title=Resistance during the Holocaust \|author=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|publisher=The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance \|at=p. 6 of 56 in current document \|url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20000831-resistance-bklt.pdf}}.</ref> Notable ghetto uprisings included:<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf \|title=Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II \|publisher=Yad Vashem \|year=2013 \|access-date=9 January 2014 \|format=PDF file, direct download 169 KB \|archive-date=18 July 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718220002/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/related/maps/uprisings.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	* ] ~~Uprising~~ of 3 ~~September~~ 1942		* ] revolt of 29 June 1942
	* ] Uprising of 14 ~~October~~ 1942		* ] Uprising of 3 September 1942
	* ] ~~prisoner revolt~~ of 10 ~~January~~ ~~1943~~		* ] Uprising of 14 October 1942
			* ] prisoner revolt of 10 January 1943
	* ] 19 April – 16 May 1943, organised by the ] and ]		* ] 19 April – 16 May 1943, organised by the ] and ]
	* ] of 25–30 June 1943		* ] of 25–30 June 1943
	* ] Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising of 3 August 1943		* ] Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising of 3 August 1943
	* ] 16–17 August 1943, organized by the ]		* ] 16–17 August 1943, organized by the ]

	To some extent the final liquidation of other ~~Ghettos~~ was also met with armed struggle:		To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ] ~~Resistance movement~~		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ] - resistance of the ]		* ] - resistance of the '']''

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 44:		Line 48:
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
	*]		*]

	==Notes==		==Notes==
Line 50:		Line 54:

	==References==		==References==
	* on the ] website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.		* {{Dead link\|date=June 2024 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} on the ] website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
	* {{cite web \|url=http://www.jta.org/1943/03/07/archive/58000-jews-executed-by-nazis-in-kolomyja-thousands-burned-alive \|title=58,000 Jews Executed by Nazis in Kolomyja; Thousands Burned Alive \|date=March 7, 1943 \|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency \|work=Archive \|author=JTA \|quote=A few hundred Jews remained in their ghetto hideouts. In order to make certain that not a single one of them would remain alive, the chief of the Gestapo ordered the ghetto burnt down to the ground, thus finishing the process of making Kolomyja “completely judenrein.”}}		* {{cite web \|url=http://www.jta.org/1943/03/07/archive/58000-jews-executed-by-nazis-in-kolomyja-thousands-burned-alive \|title=58,000 Jews Executed by Nazis in Kolomyja; Thousands Burned Alive \|date=March 7, 1943 \|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency \|work=Archive \|author=JTA \|quote=A few hundred Jews remained in their ghetto hideouts. In order to make certain that not a single one of them would remain alive, the chief of the Gestapo ordered the ghetto burnt down to the ground, thus finishing the process of making Kolomyja “completely judenrein.”}}

Latest revision as of 10:34, 2 June 2024

Jewish armed uprisings against Nazi Germany

Not to be confused with Ghetto riots (1964–1969).

Ghetto uprisings
Top: members of the United Partisan Organization (FPO) in the Vilna Ghetto, one of the first armed resistance organizations established in the Nazi ghettos during World War II. Bottom: captured Jews during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising led by the Germans for deportation to death camps. Picture taken at Nowolipie street, near the intersection with Smocza
Location	German-occupied Europe
Date	1941–43, World War II
Incident type	Armed revolt

The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them. In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.

The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust known as Operation Reinhard (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – to camps, with the aim of their mass extermination.

History

Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet border of 1939, overwhelmingly in eastern Poland. Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during the Holocaust took place in the Warsaw Ghetto between 19 April and 16 May 1943, and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground. At the Białystok Ghetto, following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the Holocaust trains, and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month. There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine), and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

Main article: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule

The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps. Notable ghetto uprisings included:

Slonim Ghetto revolt of 29 June 1942
Łachwa (Lakhva) Ghetto Uprising of 3 September 1942
Mizoch Ghetto Uprising of 14 October 1942
Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto prisoner revolt of 10 January 1943
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April – 16 May 1943, organised by the ŻOB and ŻZW
Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising of 25–30 June 1943
Będzin Ghetto Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising of 3 August 1943
Białystok Ghetto Uprising 16–17 August 1943, organized by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa

To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:

Kraków Ghetto
Łódź Ghetto
Lwów Ghetto
Lutsk Ghetto
Marcinkonys Ghetto
Minsk Ghetto
Pińsk Ghetto
Riga Ghetto
Sosnowiec Ghetto
Wilno (Vilna) Ghetto - resistance of the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje

Notes

Wolf Gruner (2006), Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis: Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938-1944, Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–250, ISBN 0521838754, By the end of 1940, the forced-labor program in the General Government had registered over 700,000 Jewish men and women who were working for the German economy in ghetto businesses and as labor for projects outside the ghetto; there would be more.
Marek Edelman. "The Ghetto Fights". The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Resistance in Ghettos". Jewish Uprisings in Ghettos and Camps, 1941–1944. Holocaust Encyclopedia. June 10, 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Shmuel Krakowski (2010), Armed Resistance, YIVO
"Jewish Resistance". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014 – via Internet Archive.
"April–May 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"World War II: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Originally published by World War II magazine. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
See also Stroop Report for supplementary data
Marcin Wilczek (19 April 2011). "A Somber Anniversary". ZSSEDU. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
Sara Bender (2008). The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust. UPNE. pp. 253–263. ISBN 978-1584657293 – via Google Books preview. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, Daily Life During the Holocaust, p. 124. ISBN 0313353093.
Photographs of the Mizocz shootings Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine in the USHMM collection (No. 17876, 17877, 17878, 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Resistance during the Holocaust (PDF), The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, p. 6 of 56 in current document.
"Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 169 KB) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.

References

Jewish Armed Resistance and Rebellions on the Yad Vashem website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
JTA (March 7, 1943). "58,000 Jews Executed by Nazis in Kolomyja; Thousands Burned Alive". Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. A few hundred Jews remained in their ghetto hideouts. In order to make certain that not a single one of them would remain alive, the chief of the Gestapo ordered the ghetto burnt down to the ground, thus finishing the process of making Kolomyja "completely judenrein."

The Holocaust

By territory	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Sudetenland Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Bulgarian-occupied Greece Hungary Italy and colonies Libya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Soviet Union Belarus Russia Ukraine Yugoslavia Croatia Serbia
Overview	Evidence and documentation Contemporary knowledge Hidden children Timeline
Response	International response Japan Philippines Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey United States Vatican Rescue of Jews by Catholics by Poles Righteous Among the Nations

Camps and ghettos

Concentration

Extermination

Transit

Methods

Nazi units

Ghettos (list)

Poland	Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw
Elsewhere	Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna
Judenrat	Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov

Victims

Jews

Roundups	Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv
Pogroms	Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas
"Final Solution"	Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains
Mass executions	Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odesa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula
Resistance	Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa
Rescue	Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota

Others

Responsibility

List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust

Organizations	Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht
Units	Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions
Collaborators	Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys

Early elements
Aftermath
Remembrance

Early elements	Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4)
Aftermath	Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization
History and memory	Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books "Never again"

Holocaust in German-occupied Poland

Main article: The Holocaust
Related articles by country: Belarus; Belgium; Croatia; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Ukraine

Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks

Camps

Extermination	Auschwitz II-Birkenau Chełmno Majdanek Operation Reinhard Belzec Sobibor Treblinka
Concentration	Auschwitz I Gross-Rosen Kraków-Płaszów Potulice Soldau Stutthof Szebnie Trawniki Warsaw Danzig-Matzkau

Mass shootings

Pogroms

Ghettos

Other atrocities

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

Perpetrators

Organizers	Viktor Brack Josef Bühler Adolf Eichmann Theodor Eicke Ludwig Fischer Hans Frank Odilo Globocnik Richard Glücks Arthur Greiser Heinrich Himmler Hermann Höfle Fritz Katzmann Wilhelm Koppe Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger Franz Kutschera Erwin Lambert Ernst Lerch Georg Michalsen Oswald Pohl Heinz Reinefarth Julian Scherner Arthur Seyss-Inquart Jakob Sporrenberg Bruno Streckenbach Richard Thomalla Otto Wächter Dieter Wisliceny
Camp command	Hans Aumeier Richard Baer Wilhelm Boger Hermine Braunsteiner Irmfried Eberl Theodor van Eupen Kurt Franz Karl Frenzel Karl Fritzsch Amon Göth Maximilian Grabner Otto Hantke Fritz Hartjenstein Gottlieb Hering Rudolf Höss Franz Hössler Karl-Otto Koch Josef Kramer Arthur Liebehenschel Maria Mandl Heinrich Matthes Hermann Michel Karl Möckel Robert Mulka Johann Niemann Josef Oberhauser Franz Reichleitner Heinrich Schwarz Johann Schwarzhuber Franz Stangl Gustav Wagner Christian Wirth
Gas chamber executioners	Erich Bauer Kurt Bolender Lorenz Hackenholt Josef Klehr Hans Koch Herbert Lange Otto Moll Ludwig Plagge Adolf Theuer
Physicians	Franz von Bodmann Carl Clauberg Karl Gebhardt Horst Fischer Fritz Klein Josef Mengele Horst Schumann Alfred Trzebinski Eduard Wirths
Ghetto command	Heinz Auerswald Hans Biebow Josef Blösche Franz Bürkl Heinrich Klaustermeyer Franz Konrad Alexander Palfinger Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg Jürgen Stroop
Einsatzgruppen	Wolfgang Birkner Helmut Bischoff Lothar Beutel Paul Blobel Karl Brunner Ernst Damzog Gerhard Flesch Ludwig Hahn Felix Landau Josef Meisinger Bruno Müller Erich Naumann Emanuel Schäfer Hermann Schaper Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Udo von Woyrsch

Personnel

Camp guards

By camp

Organizations

Einsatzgruppen (SS)
Order Police battalions (Ordnungspolizei)
WVHA
RKFDV
VoMi
General Government
Hotel Polski

Collaboration

Resistance, victims, documentation and technical

Organizations

Uprisings

Leaders

Victim lists

Ghettos	Kraków Łódź Lviv (Lwów) Warsaw
Camps	Auschwitz Bełżec Gross-Rosen Izbica Majdanek Sobibór Soldau Stutthof Trawniki Treblinka

Documentation

Nazi sources	Auschwitz Album Frank memorandum Höcker Album Höfle telegram Katzmann Report Korherr Report Posen speeches Sobibor perpetrator album Special Prosecution Book – Poland Stroop Report Wannsee Conference
Witness accounts	Graebe affidavit Gerstein Report Vrba–Wetzler report Witold's Report Sonderkommando photographs
Concealment	Sonderaktion 1005

Technical and logistics

Aftermath, trials and commemoration

Aftermath

Trials

West German trials	Frankfurt Auschwitz trials Treblinka trials
Polish, East German, and Soviet trials	Auschwitz trial (Poland) Stutthof trials Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission

Memorials

Righteous Among the Nations

Polish wars and conflicts

General and related

Piast Poland

Polish–Veletian War Battle of Cedynia German–Polish War (1003–1018) Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis German–Polish War (1028–1031) Miecław's Rebellion 1072 war against Bohemia Siege of Głogów 1146 war against Germany 1156 war against Germany Galicia–Volhynia Wars
Mongol invasions	First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) Battle of Legnica

Jagiellon Poland

Polish–Teutonic wars	Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) Battle of Płowce Great War Battle of Grunwald Hunger War (1414) Gollub War (1422) Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) Thirteen Years' War War of the Priests Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
Władysław the White's rebellion Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) Battle of Grotniki 1444 war against the Ottomans Battle of Varna Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) Battle of Orsha Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland

Commonwealth

Polish–Swedish wars	Livonian War campaign of Stephen Báthory Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) War against Sigismund Battle of Stångebro Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 Battle of Kircholm Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 Northern War of 1655–1660 The Deluge Great Northern War
Danzig rebellion Battle of Lubieszów Siege of Danzig (1577) War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) Battle of Byczyna 1589 Tatar Invasion Kosiński uprising 1593 Tatar Invasion Nalyvaiko Uprising Moldavian Magnate Wars Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 Battle of Kłuszyn Zebrzydowski rebellion Thirty Years' War Battle of Humenné
Polish–Ottoman wars	Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 Battle of Chocim (1621) Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 Battle of Chocim (1673) Great Turkish War War of the Holy League 1683–1699 Battle of Vienna
1624 Tatar Invasion Zhmaylo uprising Fedorovych uprising Smolensk War Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) Pavlyuk uprising Ostryanyn uprising 1644 Tatar Invasion Khmelnytsky Uprising Battle of Berestechko Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 War of the Polish Succession War of the Bar Confederation Polish–Russian War of 1792 Kościuszko Uprising

Poland partitioned

Second Republic

World War II in Poland

World War II Eastern Front Invasion of Poland Polish history, resistance, and contributions during World War II
Ghetto uprisings	Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Białystok Ghetto uprising Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
Italian Campaign Operation Tempest Operation Ostra Brama Lwów uprising Warsaw Uprising

People's Republic

Third Republic

Categories:

Latest revision as of 10:34, 2 June 2024

History

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

See also

Notes

References