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{{short description|Pakistani Punjabi agricultural community}}
'''Arain''' (]: آرائین) is a ] tribe or clan settled mainly in the ] and ] provinces of ]. Arain are mainly involved in agriculture and form a significant percentage in the ].
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Arain
| local name =Raeen, Rain or Arai
| type =
| image = Arain men in Lahore.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Raeens or Arains, Lahore
| ethnicity = ]
| nisba =
| location = ], ] and ]
| varna =
| descended_label =
| descended =
| parent_tribe =
| population =
| demonym =
| branches =
| language =], ], ]
| religion = ]]
}}


'''Arain''' (also known as '''Raeen''') are a large ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Koul |first=Ashish |date=2016-12-03 |title=Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2016.1260348 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2016.1260348 |issn=1947-2498}}</ref> agricultural community with a strong political identity and level of organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfwqAQAAMAAJ&dq=Arain&pg=RA7-PA24 |website=The Punjab Record: Or, Reference Book for Civil Officers (page 24) via Google Books website|title=Arain |date=1905|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ewing1997">{{cite book|author=Katherine Pratt Ewing|title=Arguing sainthood: modernity, psychoanalysis, and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JQWAQAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822320265|page=145}}</ref>


At the beginning of the last century, they numbered around 1 million and were mainly rural cultivators and landowners concentrated in four districts: ], ], ] and ], all in the ].<ref name=":1" /> Following the ], they are now mainly present in the ]i provinces of ] and ] with a small population in parts of ], ] and ].
==Etymology==
(cited work needed)


A self-conscious community,<ref name=":1" /> several meetings were held to establish an organisation to represent the Arain community in the 1890s. Eventually, in 1915, Anjuman Ra’iyan-i-Hind emerged as such a body in ] and a national community newspaper, titled ''Al-Rai'', was established.<ref name="muhammad">{{cite thesis |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Muhammad |title=Role of Biradari System in Power Politics of Lahore: Post-Independence Period |year=2009 |url=http://173.208.131.244:9060/xmlui/handle/123456789/6403}}</ref>


==History==
==Claims of Origin==
The persons of this cast claim that they originate from ] (]) in ]. When ], the Governor of ], organized a force under ] to conquer ], in the year ] AD, groups of soldiers from every major city in ] and ] joined in. The group of soldiers from Areeha (]) were called by their arabic name "Areehai", which changed to Arain by the usage in local tongues. Most of them settled in the new country of Sindh including the Arain, and married in the local population where ever they went. In pre-independence ], Arain's were found settled in ], ], ] (]) and ]. The districts of ], ], ], ], ] and ] had large populations of Arain's. As Arain is a ] tribe and they migrated to ] in ]. Arains and now they are mostly settled in ] and ].


==Community Facts== === Origins ===
The historian and political scientist ] believes that the Arain are displaced farming communities who moved to Punjab from Sindh and ] as ]; they originally practised ] but many later converted to Islam. He says that the community is related to the ] and ] communities mainly located in northern India and eastern Pakistan.<ref name="Jaffrelot">{{cite book |title=A History of Pakistan and its Origins |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |others=trans. Beaumont, Gilliam |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781843311492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA154 |pages=154, 208}}</ref>
The Arain people are called by their sir names/titles namely: ], ], ] and ]. They are a prominent community of agriculturalists in the ] region of Pakistan. They also figure prominently in the country's military as well as civilian forces. They are politically active in ] and at present they control] muncipality. The current Mayor of Lahore is also a 'Arian' ]. They are, these days, active in business ventures specially Mian Arains.


], a political scientist who is also a member of the Arain community, acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a ] Rajput origin, while others note a ]n one to reflect to others the status of being "conquerors". He believes that the Arains "are a mix of many ethnicities and races", similar to other "farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |title=There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip |first=Ishtiaq |last=Ahmed |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=18 April 2006 |access-date=2014-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715223745/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref>
==Literal and cultural references==
There are references to the Arain tribe in many books written by western writers but the most famous one is in ]'s book in which there is a reference to an angry Arain trader of old age who seemed fearless, when wronged attacked and carried on shouting even after he saw that he was clearly out numbered and winning this fight was not going to be easy.


=== Medieval period ===
==Prominent Personalities==
According to Ahmed, during the ] and ] periods Arain held prominent positions, such as governors and army generals; he also believes that numerous names adopted by the community may indicate a tradition of military employment.<ref name="ahmed2007"/>


=== Colonial period ===
* ] -- Former prime minister of Pakistan and founder of ] (PPP).
During the ], Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi, an Arain, led an uprising from ] to ] where he was killed. In the aftermath, the British viewed the Arain as a disloyal community, and categorised them as a ] which denied them entry into the ].<ref name="ahmed2007">{{cite news |title=An Arain freedom fighter |first=Ishtiaq |last= Ahmed |work=The News |date=15 December 2007 |url=http://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-44/article-6/index.html}}</ref> Due to lobbying by the Arain community, in the early 20th century the Arain were officially re-classified as an "agricultural tribe", then effectively synonymous with the martial race classification.<ref name="Mazumder2003">{{cite book|author=Rajit K. Mazumder|title=The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA104|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-059-6|pages=104–105}}</ref>
* General ] - Former President and ], ].
* ] -- Famous novelist
* ] -- Famous writer
* Admiral Haji Mohammad Siddique(HMS) Chaudhri -- The first Pakistani Naval Chief.
* Vice Admiral ] -- The commander of submarine ] that sank the Indian frigate ] during the ]. Also only officer in Navy to have been awarded Sitara-e-Jurat (SJ) & Bar.
* Mian Iftikhar -- A prominent politician, who sat on the opposition benches most of his life. A big landlord, he was founder of ] and ] newspapers, which were later nationalized by Ayub government.
* Mian Azhar - Former ], ].
* ] -- First ] of ].


Traditionally associated with farming, when the British wanted land developed in the ], Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around cities, and were one of the agricultural communities given preference to assist with opening up the agrarian frontier in the ] between 1885 and 1940.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Punjab Canal Colonies, 1885-1940 (Ph.D. thesis) |first=Imran |last=Ali |publisher=Australian National University |year=1979 |page=29 |doi=10.25911/5d74e7b3b71c9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri|title=Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India, Volume 8 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&q=arain%20gardening&pg=PA195|publisher=Center for studies in Civilization |page=195 |isbn=9788131716885 |access-date=11 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="low">{{cite book|first=Donald Anthony|last=Low|author-link=Donald Anthony Low|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA375|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520007703|page=375}}</ref> ] says that the British favoured the Arain for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". The development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families flourished. Education was prioritised with the new-found wealth and Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.<ref name="Burki">{{cite journal |title=Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988 |first=Shahid Javed |last=Burki |journal=Asian Survey |volume=28 |issue=10 |date=October 1988 |pages=1082–1100 |jstor=2644708 |doi=10.2307/2644708 |issn = 0004-4687 }} {{subscription required}}</ref>
== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ].


During the colonial era, detailed decadal census reports covered the plethora of ], subcastes and tribes that existed throughout ]. Information regarding the Arains was highlighted in census reports taken from ].
{{quote|''"Arains are mostly Muhammadans. They have been declared an agricultural tribe throughout the Province with the exception of the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] Districts, where their number is very limited. Apparently a functional caste with a strong nucleus of converted Kambohs, some of whom still call themselves Kamboh Arains. There are still 1,186 Hindu Arains, mostly in ] (803) and ] (290), and the Kambohs have a sub-caste called Arain. The term is derived probably from Rain or Rahin, equivalent to Rahak (tiller of soil)."''.<ref name="punjab1911">{{cite web|url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393787|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report.|year=1912 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393787 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|445}}|Excerpt from the ] (Punjab Province)|1911 AD}}


== Demographics ==

=== Numbers ===
In 1921, Arains formed 9,5% of ]'s total Muslim population, up from 8,3% in 1901 and 6,6% in 1881.<ref>Ibbetson, ''Report on the Census of the Punjab'', vol. 1, 266 and v. 2, Tables I and III ; ''Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series on Punjab'', v. 1, p. 48 and 50 ; J. T. Marten, ''Census of India, 1921'', v. 1, part II, 40, 43, 162. See Tables VI and XIII.</ref>

At the time of the ], Arains constituted the largest community of the ], making up 40% of the district's total population or 4,45 million out of the total of 11 million back then, followed by ] (30%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - ]}}</ref>

The Arain ] is particularly active in Lahore's industrial and commercial activities as well as in its politics.<ref name="muhammad" />

=== Religion ===
The 1881 Census of India detailed the Arain population was 795,032 in Punjab, of which 791,552 (99.56&nbsp;percent) were Muslims, 2,628 (0.33&nbsp;percent) were Hindus, 848 (0.11&nbsp;percent) were Sikhs, and 4 (0.0005&nbsp;percent) were Christians.<ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=7 April 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=104 }}</ref>{{efn|Population excludes districts that would ultimately form part of the ].}}

As of 1931 Census of India, out of the total Arain population of 1,331,295 in Punjab, 1,330,057 (99.91%) were Muslims, 1,146 (0.086%) were Hindus, 67 (0.005%) were Sikhs and 5 (0.00038%) were Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Khan Ahmed Hasan |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/30158 |title=Census of India Punjab Part II Tables Vol. XVII, 1931 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore |page=283 |access-date=2023-04-25 |via=], New Delhi}}</ref>

Academic Ashish Koul, who specializes in the history of the group, has said of the Arains that they have been "a distinctive Muslim community with innately Islamic attributes."<ref name=":1" />

=== Diaspora ===
There are several ] Arain communities in British towns and cities, such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVQ5Lxd8rNMC |title=Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5823-075-1 |page=121}}</ref> The tribe has its own organisation, Arain Council UK, which was established as Anjuman-e-Arains in the 1980s and renamed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.araincounciluk.com/?page_id=10 |access-date=2020-05-22 |publisher=Arain Council UK}}</ref>

British ] politician ]'s family were farmers from the village of ] near ], Punjab, from where they migrated to the UK in the 1960s; Javid speaks some ].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=8 May 2018 |title=British home secy belongs to TT Singh |url=https://nation.com.pk/08-May-2018/british-home-secy-belongs-to-tt-singh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002072850/https://nation.com.pk/08-May-2018/british-home-secy-belongs-to-tt-singh |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |work=The Nation |quote=Newly appointed British Home Secretary Sajid Javed belongs to a Toba Tek Singh village.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2019 |title='Did you ever think we'd be here today?' UK's Sajid Javid asks mother in Punjabi |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2069916/9-ever-think-wed-today-uks-sajid-javid-asks-mother-punjabi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119161549/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2069916/9-ever-think-wed-today-uks-sajid-javid-asks-mother-punjabi/ |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Javid was the first ] to hold one of the British ], being first ] (2018–2019) and then ] (2019–2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-30 |title=Javid replaces Rudd as home secretary |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43946845 |access-date=2020-09-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-24 |title=Boris Johnson overhauls cabinet on first day as PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49102466 |access-date=2020-09-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<!--Notability means only people with their own pages on Misplaced Pages should be added to this list. The entries must have a source & if the person is alive that source must show them self-identifying as a member of the community.-->
===Politics===
*], last ] and the only ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dina Arain: the master 'double game' player|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/03/dina-arain-the-master-double-game-player.html}}</ref>
*], first Muslim judge at the ]<ref>Individuals and Ideas in Modern India: Nine Interpretative Studies. India, Firma KLM, 1982.</ref>
*], activist and politician, founder of the ]<ref>LaPorte, Robert, et al. Pakistan under the military : eleven years of Zia ul-Haq. United Kingdom, Avalon Publishing, 1991.</ref>
*], former British ] and ]<ref name=":0" />
*], first ]<ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1011363|title=After election debacle, Wattoo resigns as PPP's central Punjab president|date=14 May 2013|access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-56954363|title=پاکستان کی خدمت کرنے والے 'روشن خیال' اینگلو انڈینز جنھیں بھلا دیا گیا|newspaper=BBC News اردو|via=BBC News website}}</ref>
*], leader of the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epolitics.net/anas-sarwar-first-muslim-and-pakistani-who-elected-leader-of-scottish-labour-party/|title=Anas Sarwar - First Muslim and Pakistani Who Elected leader of Scottish Labour Party|date=March 2021}}</ref>
*], businessman, Labour Party MP and ]<ref>The Arain Diaspora in the Rohilkhand region of India: A historical perspective: General History of Arain tribe of Punjab & Sindh with sociocultural background of the diaspora in Rohilkhand, India. N.p., Rehan Asad , 2017.</ref>
*], lawyer and co-founder of ]<ref>Contemporary Problems of Pakistan. Netherlands, Brill, 1974.</ref>
*], politician and All-India Muslim League activist<ref>Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M. India, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 2001.</ref>
*], politician<ref>International Journal of Punjab Studies. India, Sage Publications, 1994.</ref>
*], the ]<ref name="Burki"/>

===Arts and literature===
*], ] scholar better known as the teacher of ]
*], Pakistani writer and diplomat
===Entertainment===
*], Pakistani actor
*], Pakistani television personality
*], President of ] ]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailyparliamenttimes.com/2021/06/22/sonia-ahmed-our-real-hero/ | title=Sonia Ahmed: Our Real Hero &#124; | date=22 June 2021 }}</ref>
===Sports===
*], Pakistani cricketer<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |publisher=Classy Pub |year=2022 |quote=On Tuesday, 3 May 2005, cricket legend and arguably one of the greatest left-arm fast bowlers of all times, Pakistan’s Wasim Akram and his father Chaudhary Mohammed Akram, visited their ancestral village Chawinda Devi, Amritsar district. Chawinda Devi was a mixed village with Arain and Syed biradaris of Muslims and Sikh and Hindus constituting an equal population. Wasim’s family belonged to the Arain section of Chawinda Devi.}}</ref>
*], Pakistani cricketer, politician and diplomat<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/750/750.html |title=Player Profile: Abdul Kardar |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
===Military===
*], Indian soldier in ], recipient of the ]<ref>{{cite news |title=The London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37091/supplement/2647 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=www.thegazette.co.uk |issue=2647 |date=24 May 1945}}</ref>

==See also==
* ]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s |journal=South Asian History and Culture |year=2017|volume=8 |issue=1 |first=Ashish |last=Koul |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2016.1260348|s2cid=151332565}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}

]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:46, 17 October 2024

Pakistani Punjabi agricultural community

Arain
Raeen, Rain or Arai
Raeens or Arains, Lahore
EthnicityPunjabi
LocationPunjab, Sindh and Western Uttar Pradesh
LanguagePunjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi
ReligionIslam

Arain (also known as Raeen) are a large Punjabi Muslim agricultural community with a strong political identity and level of organisation.

At the beginning of the last century, they numbered around 1 million and were mainly rural cultivators and landowners concentrated in four districts: Lahore, Jalandhar, Amritsar and Ambala, all in the British Punjab province. Following the 1947 partition of India, they are now mainly present in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh with a small population in parts of Indian Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

A self-conscious community, several meetings were held to establish an organisation to represent the Arain community in the 1890s. Eventually, in 1915, Anjuman Ra’iyan-i-Hind emerged as such a body in Lahore and a national community newspaper, titled Al-Rai, was established.

History

Origins

The historian and political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot believes that the Arain are displaced farming communities who moved to Punjab from Sindh and Multan as Arab Muslim armies encroached; they originally practised Hinduism but many later converted to Islam. He says that the community is related to the Kamboj and Rajput communities mainly located in northern India and eastern Pakistan.

Ishtiaq Ahmed, a political scientist who is also a member of the Arain community, acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a Suryavanshi Rajput origin, while others note a Persian one to reflect to others the status of being "conquerors". He believes that the Arains "are a mix of many ethnicities and races", similar to other "farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana".

Medieval period

According to Ahmed, during the Mughal and Sikh periods Arain held prominent positions, such as governors and army generals; he also believes that numerous names adopted by the community may indicate a tradition of military employment.

Colonial period

During the Indian rebellion of 1857, Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi, an Arain, led an uprising from Ludhiana to Delhi where he was killed. In the aftermath, the British viewed the Arain as a disloyal community, and categorised them as a non-martial caste which denied them entry into the Bengal Army. Due to lobbying by the Arain community, in the early 20th century the Arain were officially re-classified as an "agricultural tribe", then effectively synonymous with the martial race classification.

Traditionally associated with farming, when the British wanted land developed in the Punjab, Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around cities, and were one of the agricultural communities given preference to assist with opening up the agrarian frontier in the Canal Colonies between 1885 and 1940. Shahid Javed Burki says that the British favoured the Arain for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". The development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families flourished. Education was prioritised with the new-found wealth and Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.

During the colonial era, detailed decadal census reports covered the plethora of castes, subcastes and tribes that existed throughout British India. Information regarding the Arains was highlighted in census reports taken from Punjab Province.

"Arains are mostly Muhammadans. They have been declared an agricultural tribe throughout the Province with the exception of the Rohtak, Gurgaon, Simla, Kangra, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock Districts, where their number is very limited. Apparently a functional caste with a strong nucleus of converted Kambohs, some of whom still call themselves Kamboh Arains. There are still 1,186 Hindu Arains, mostly in Patiala (803) and Karnal (290), and the Kambohs have a sub-caste called Arain. The term is derived probably from Rain or Rahin, equivalent to Rahak (tiller of soil).".

— Excerpt from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD

Demographics

Numbers

In 1921, Arains formed 9,5% of British Punjab's total Muslim population, up from 8,3% in 1901 and 6,6% in 1881.

At the time of the 2017 Pakistan census, Arains constituted the largest community of the Lahore District, making up 40% of the district's total population or 4,45 million out of the total of 11 million back then, followed by Kashmiris (30%).

The Arain biradari is particularly active in Lahore's industrial and commercial activities as well as in its politics.

Religion

The 1881 Census of India detailed the Arain population was 795,032 in Punjab, of which 791,552 (99.56 percent) were Muslims, 2,628 (0.33 percent) were Hindus, 848 (0.11 percent) were Sikhs, and 4 (0.0005 percent) were Christians.

As of 1931 Census of India, out of the total Arain population of 1,331,295 in Punjab, 1,330,057 (99.91%) were Muslims, 1,146 (0.086%) were Hindus, 67 (0.005%) were Sikhs and 5 (0.00038%) were Christians.

Academic Ashish Koul, who specializes in the history of the group, has said of the Arains that they have been "a distinctive Muslim community with innately Islamic attributes."

Diaspora

There are several diasporic Arain communities in British towns and cities, such as Manchester, Glasgow and Oxford. The tribe has its own organisation, Arain Council UK, which was established as Anjuman-e-Arains in the 1980s and renamed in 2008.

British Conservative Party politician Sajid Javid's family were farmers from the village of Rajana near Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, from where they migrated to the UK in the 1960s; Javid speaks some Punjabi. Javid was the first British Asian to hold one of the British Great Offices of State, being first Home Secretary (2018–2019) and then Chancellor of the Exchequer (2019–2020).

Notable people

Politics

Arts and literature

Entertainment

Sports

Military

See also

References

  1. ^ Koul, Ashish (3 December 2016). "Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s". South Asian History and Culture. 8 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/19472498.2016.1260348. ISSN 1947-2498.
  2. "Arain". The Punjab Record: Or, Reference Book for Civil Officers (page 24) via Google Books website. 1905. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  3. Katherine Pratt Ewing (1997). Arguing sainthood: modernity, psychoanalysis, and Islam. Duke University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780822320265.
  4. ^ Ibrahim, Muhammad (2009). Role of Biradari System in Power Politics of Lahore: Post-Independence Period (Thesis).
  5. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). A History of Pakistan and its Origins. trans. Beaumont, Gilliam. Anthem Press. pp. 154, 208. ISBN 9781843311492.
  6. Ahmed, Ishtiaq (18 April 2006). "There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  7. ^ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (15 December 2007). "An Arain freedom fighter". The News.
  8. Rajit K. Mazumder (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.
  9. Ali, Imran (1979). The Punjab Canal Colonies, 1885-1940 (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University. p. 29. doi:10.25911/5d74e7b3b71c9.
  10. Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri (2008). Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India, Volume 8. Center for studies in Civilization. p. 195. ISBN 9788131716885. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  11. Low, Donald Anthony (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-0520007703.
  12. ^ Burki, Shahid Javed (October 1988). "Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988". Asian Survey. 28 (10): 1082–1100. doi:10.2307/2644708. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644708. (subscription required)
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  1. Population excludes districts that would ultimately form part of the North-West Frontier Province.

Further reading

Ethnic groups, social groups and tribes of the Punjabis
Agrawal
Arains
Ahirs
Chauhans
Scheduled Castes
Gakhars
Gurjars
Jats
Labana
Khatris
Mohyal Brahmin
Rajputs
Tarkhans
Others
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