| Revision as of 09:44, 23 October 2020 editSemsûrî (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers62,034 editsNo edit summaryTags: Reverted Visual edit← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 00:32, 29 June 2022 edit undoIAmChaos (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers14,335 editsmNo edit summary |
| (18 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
#REDIRECT ] |
|
The '''Persecution of Yazidis by Kurds''' describes mainly the massacres of ] committed by some Muslim ] tribes due to religion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova" /> Sometimes, during these massacres, Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klFtAAAAMAAJ&q=attempts+by+Kurdish+Muslims|title=Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992|last1=Orient-Institut|first1=Deutsches|last2=Franz|first2=Erhard|date=1994|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut|isbn=9783891730348|location=|page=332|language=en|quote=Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fm0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change|last=|first=|date=2017-04-26|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781787147287|location=|page=75|language=en}}</ref> Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by ] and Kurds in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.|quote=The Yazidis were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Turks and Kurds.|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|date=2010|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|isbn=9781594604362|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar|url-access=registration|page=|quote=Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|last1=Ghareeb|first1=Edmund A.|last2=Dougherty|first2=Beth|date=2004-03-18|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865686|location=|language=en}}</ref> In modern times, Kurdistan Region is accused of taking over traditional Yazidi settlements.<ref name="ecoi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1419199.html|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa |last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and|date=2017-10-02|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref name="Kelsey Shanks">{{Cite book|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI74CgAAQBAJ&q=yazidis+kurdification&pg=PT122|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317520429|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
] in ] is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer-who-are-the-yazidis|title=Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>]] |
|
|
|
|
|
== History == |
|
|
In the 10th century, Kurds joined the persecution of Yazidis in the ] mountains after having ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Naby|first=Eden|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e1282|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=]|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Esposito|location=|pages=|chapter=Yazīdīs|author-link=Eden Naby}}</ref> Muslim Kurds persecuted the Yazidis with particular brutality.<ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|title=The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World|last1=Asatrian|first1=Garnik S.|last2=Arakelova|first2=Victoria|date=2014-09-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317544289|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
=== Bedir Khan Beg and Muhammad Pasha massacres === |
|
|
In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Kurdish leaders ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzz.ch/international/nahost-und-afrika/bedrohte-minderheiten-im-orient-jagd-auf-den-engel-pfau-ld.135327|title=Jagd auf den Engel Pfau {{!}} NZZ|last=Steinvorth|first=Daniel|newspaper=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|date=2016-12-22|access-date=2019-09-30|language=de-CH|issn=0376-6829}}</ref> During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist ] mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds of ] on the hills of ] near ], shortly before his arrival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:428462247$90i|title=Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq|last=Field|first=Henry|date=1951|website=iiif.lib.harvard.edu|page=76|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> According to many historical reports, the Bedir Khan massacres can today be classified as a ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=King|first=Diane E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-8135-6354-1|location=|pages=187|language=en}}</ref> In 1414, Kurds destroyed the holy ] temple and desecrated the tomb of ]. Yazidis later rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.qantara.de/inhalt/die-religionsgemeinschaft-der-yezidi-weh-dem-der-nicht-ans-hoellenfeuer-glaubt|title=Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de|last=|first=|date=|website=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt|language=de|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1831, Muhammad Pasha massacred the people of the Kellek village. He then went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country east of Mosul. Some Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few managed to escape to distant places.<ref name="Wadie Jwaideh">{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&pg=PA58|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006-06-19|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1832, Muhammad Pasha with his troops committed a massacre on the Yazidis in ]. Subsequently, he attacked the Yazidis in ] and killed many of them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&q=bedir+khan+beg+yazidis&pg=PA63|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|date=2006|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815630937|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The emir kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis to ] and gave them the ultimated of converting to Islam or be killed. Most of them converted to Islam and the rest who refused were killed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQIxDwAAQBAJ&q=Ezidis&pg=PT254|title=Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte|last=NEBEZ|first=Jemal|date=2017-08-14|publisher=epubli|isbn=9783745011258|location=|pages=|language=de}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1832, Bedir Khan Beg with his troops committed a massacre on the Yazidis in Shekhan. His men almost killed the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Henning |title=Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family |date=2018 |isbn=978-3863095512 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&q=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&pg=PA52|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2020}} When attempting to escape towards Sinjar, many drowned in the ] river. Those who could not swim were killed. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the ] of the Tigris river by Bedir Khan Beg's men. Yazidi women and children were also kidnapped.<ref name="Hamburg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/6271994/21807c33b23c0f8e930ad75a1da7753c/data/eziden-und-ezidentum.pdf|title=Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion|last1=Tagay|first1=Sefik|last2=Ortac|first2=Serhat|date=|website=|pages=49–50|language=German|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1833, the Yazidis were attacked in the ] region again by Muhammad Pasha and his soldiers. The perpetrators killed 500 Yazidis in the ]. Muhammad Pasha afterwards attacked the Yazidis in Sinjar and killed many of them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUQIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914|last=Ateş|first=Sabri|date=2013-10-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107033658|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1844, Bedir Khan Beg committed a massacre on the Yazidis in the ] region. His men also captured many Yazidis forcing them to convert to Islam. Seven Yazidi villages were forced to Islam and have converted.<ref name="Hamburg" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
Many Yazidis also defended themselves against the attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. Yazidi leader Ali Beg used his forces to oppose Muhammad Pasha, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes of the surrounding mountains to attack the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and he was captured and killed by the Muhammad Pasha.<ref name="Austen Henry Layard" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
Beside Bedir Khan Beg and Muhammad Pasha, the Kurdish philosopher ] viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.<ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
== 20th century == |
|
|
During the ], Yazidis were killed by some Kurdish groups while others opposed the events and hid and protected them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+alongside+armenians&pg=PA266|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|date=2018-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=9781440842573|location=|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> More than 300,000 Yazidis were killed, while others fled to ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gMXAwAAQBAJ&q=yezidis+armenian+genocide+kurds&pg=PA145|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|date=2014-03-15|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789048519286|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2020}} |
|
|
|
|
|
== Modern times == |
|
|
According to a report by ], the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and was accused of kidnapping and beating two Yazidi men who criticized the actions of the authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground {{!}} Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories|date=2009-11-10|website=]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of ]. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim.<ref name="ecoi" />])]] |
|
|
|
|
|
== See also == |
|
|
*] |
|
|
|
|
|
== References == |
|
|
{{Reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{Rcat shell| |
|
|
{{R from long name}} |
|
|
{{R with history}} |
|
|
}} |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |