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| {{short description|German antisemitic tabloid newspaper from 1923 to 1945}} | |||
| {{sources|date=November 2020}} | |||
| {{Distinguish|text=], an unrelated arts magazine, or ], an American neo-Nazi website whose name derives from this publication}} | {{Distinguish|text='']'', an unrelated arts magazine, or '']'', an American neo-Nazi website whose name derives from this publication}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}} | ||
| {{Italic title}} | |||
| {{Infobox newspaper | {{Infobox newspaper | ||
| |name |
| name = Der Stürmer | ||
| |logo |
| logo = | ||
| |image |
| image = Der Stürmer Christian blood.jpg | ||
| |caption |
| caption = A special issue of ''Der Stürmer'' from 1934. The image depicts Jews extracting blood from Christian children for use in religious rituals and sacrifices, which is an example of the ] against Jews. | ||
| |type |
| type = Weekly ] | ||
| |format |
| format = Tabloid | ||
| |publisher |
| publisher = ] (Publisher) ] (] Publishing) | ||
| |foundation |
| foundation = 20 April 1923 | ||
| |ceased publication |
| ceased publication = 1 February 1945 | ||
| |political |
| political = {{plainlist| | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *]}} | *]}} | ||
| |language |
| language = ] | ||
| |headquarters |
| headquarters = {{Nowrap|], ]}} | ||
| |circulation |
| circulation = 480,000 (1938) | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Der Stürmer''''' ({{IPA |
'''''Der Stürmer''''' ({{IPA|de|deːɐ̯ ˈʃtʏʁmɐ|pron}}; literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German ] ] published from 1923 to the end of ] by ], the '']'' of ], with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties. It was a significant part of ], and was virulently ].<ref name="conscience228"/> The paper was not an official publication of the ], but was published privately by Streicher. For this reason, the paper did not display the ] in its logo. | ||
| The paper was a very lucrative business for Streicher, and made him a multi-millionaire.<ref name=bayern> |
The paper was a very lucrative business for Streicher, and made him a multi-millionaire.<ref name="bayern">{{Cite web |title=Der Stürmer. Deutsches Wochenblatt zum Kampf um die Wahrheit – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns |url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Der_St%C3%BCrmer._Deutsches_Wochenblatt_zum_Kampf_um_die_Wahrheit |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de}}</ref> The newspaper originated at ] during ]'s attempt to establish power and control. The first copy of ''Der Stürmer'' was published on 20 April 1923.<ref name=one>''Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team. ''Holocaust Research Project. 2009. Web. 21 October 2009.</ref> ''Der Stürmer''{{’}}s circulation grew over time, eventually distributing to a large percentage of the German population, as well as ], ], ], and the ]. The newspaper reached a peak circulation of 486,000 in 1937.<ref name=bayern/> | ||
| Unlike the '']'' (''The ] Observer''), the official |
Unlike the '']'' (''The ] Observer''), the official Nazi Party paper, which gave itself an outwardly serious appearance, ''Der Stürmer'' often ran obscene material such as the ] and graphic ]s of Jews,<ref name="conscience228">Koonz, p. 228</ref> as well as sexually explicit, anti-communist, and anti-] propaganda. As early as 1933, Streicher was calling for the extermination of the Jews in ''Der Stürmer''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Streicher|first=Julius|title=Die Geheimpläne gegen Deutschland enthüllt|year=1933|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ds6.htm|publisher=Der Stürmer|language=de}}</ref> During the war, Streicher regularly authorized articles demanding the annihilation and extermination of the "]".<ref name=one/> After the war, Streicher was convicted of being an accessory for ], and was executed by hanging.<ref name="Streicher judgement">{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judstrei.asp|title=Streicher judgement}}</ref> | ||
| ==Circulation== | ==Circulation== | ||
| ], |
{{stack|], 1935. The billboard heading reads: "With the Stürmer against ]". The subheading reads: "The Jews are our misfortune".]]}} | ||
| Most of the paper's readers were young people and people from the lowest strata of German society. Copies of ''Der Stürmer'' were displayed in prominent red ''{{linktext|Stürmerkästen}}'' (display boxes) throughout the ]. As well as advertising the publication, the cases also allowed its articles to reach those readers who either did not have time to buy and read a newspaper in depth, or could not afford the expense. In 1927, ''Der Stürmer'' sold about 27,000 copies every week. By 1935, its circulation had increased to around 480,000.<ref name=bayern/> | Most of the paper's readers were young people, and people from the lowest strata of German society. Copies of ''Der Stürmer'' were displayed in prominent red ''{{linktext|Stürmerkästen}}'' (display boxes) throughout the ]. As well as advertising the publication, the cases also allowed its articles to reach those readers who either did not have time to buy and read a newspaper in depth, or could not afford the expense. In 1927, ''Der Stürmer'' sold about 27,000 copies every week. By 1935, its circulation had increased to around 480,000.<ref name=bayern/> | ||
| ==Nazi attitudes towards the paper== | ==Nazi attitudes towards the paper== | ||
| ⚫ | From the late 1920s, ]'s vulgar style of propagandism increasingly became a cause of embarrassment for the Nazi Party. In 1936, the sale of ''Der Stürmer'' was restricted in Berlin during the ], in an attempt to preserve the Nazi regime's international reputation and prestige. Propaganda Minister ] tried to completely ban the newspaper in 1938,<ref name=bayern/> '']'' ] forbade ''Der Stürmer'' in all of his departments, and ] prohibited ] members from reading it in Hitler Youth-sponsored hostels and other education facilities by a ''"Reichsbefehl"'' ("Reich command").<ref>IMT vol. XIII/XIV{{clarify|date=January 2015}}</ref> Göring harboured a particularly intense hatred of the paper, especially after it published a libelous article alleging that his daughter ] had been conceived through ]. It was only through Hitler's intervention that Streicher was spared from severe punishment.<ref>Dolibois, John E. (2001) ''Pattern of Circles: An Ambassador's Story''. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. {{isbn|0873387023}}{{Page needed|date=March 2017}}</ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | However, other senior Nazi officials, including '']'' ], chairman of the ] ], and proprietor of the ''Zentral Verlag'' (Central Press) ], whose organization comprised 80% of the German press, endorsed the publication, and their statements were often published in the paper. ], the ''Gauleiter'' of ] (now ]), wrote in 1937: | ||
| ⚫ | From the late 1920s, ]'s vulgar style of propagandism increasingly became a cause of embarrassment for the Nazi |
||
| ⚫ | However, other senior Nazi officials, including ] ], chairman of the ] ], and proprietor of the ''Zentral Verlag'' (Central Press) ], whose organization comprised 80% of the German press, endorsed the publication, and their statements were often published in the paper. ], the ''Gauleiter'' of ] (now ]), wrote in 1937: | ||
| <blockquote>With pleasure, I say that the ''Stürmer'', more than any other daily or weekly newspaper, has made clear to the people in simple ways the danger of Jewry. Without Julius Streicher and his ''Stürmer'', the importance of a solution to the Jewish question would not be seen to be as critical as it actually is by many citizens. It is therefore to be hoped that those who want to learn the unvarnished truth about the Jewish question will read the ''Stürmer''.<ref>Thompson, Allan (2007) ''The Media and the Rwanda Genocide''. London: Pluto Press. p. 334 {{isbn|9780745326252}}</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>With pleasure, I say that the ''Stürmer'', more than any other daily or weekly newspaper, has made clear to the people in simple ways the danger of Jewry. Without Julius Streicher and his ''Stürmer'', the importance of a solution to the Jewish question would not be seen to be as critical as it actually is by many citizens. It is therefore to be hoped that those who want to learn the unvarnished truth about the Jewish question will read the ''Stürmer''.<ref>Thompson, Allan (2007) ''The Media and the Rwanda Genocide''. London: Pluto Press. p. 334 {{isbn|9780745326252}}</ref></blockquote> | ||
| Hitler considered Streicher's primitive methods to be effective in influencing "the man in the street".<ref name="one"/> Although Streicher and his paper were increasingly isolated in the Nazi party, Hitler continued to support Streicher, and was an avid reader of ''Der Stürmer''.<ref name=bayern/> In December 1941, he stated: "Streicher is reproached for his ''Stürmer''. The truth is the opposite of what people say: He idealized the Jew. The Jew is baser, fiercer, more diabolical than Streicher depicted him." In February 1942, he praised the newspaper by stating: "One must never forget the services rendered by the ''Stürmer''. Now that the Jews are known for what they are, nobody any longer thinks that Streicher libeled them."<ref name=tabletalk154331332>] and ] (2013). ''Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations''. Enigma Books. pp., . {{ISBN|978-1-936274-93-2}}.</ref> | Hitler considered Streicher's primitive methods to be effective in influencing "the man in the street".<ref name="one"/> Although Streicher and his paper were increasingly isolated in the Nazi party, Hitler continued to support Streicher, and was an avid reader of ''Der Stürmer''.<ref name=bayern/> In December 1941, he stated: "Streicher is reproached for his ''Stürmer''. The truth is the opposite of what people say: He idealized the Jew. The Jew is baser, fiercer, more diabolical than Streicher depicted him." In February 1942, he praised the newspaper, by stating: "One must never forget the services rendered by the ''Stürmer''. Now that the Jews are known for what they are, nobody any longer thinks that Streicher libeled them."<ref name=tabletalk154331332>] and ] (2013). ''Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations''. Enigma Books. pp., . {{ISBN|978-1-936274-93-2}}.</ref> | ||
| ], who claimed to be Hitler's "confidant", said in the mid-1930s: | ], who claimed to be Hitler's "confidant", said in the mid-1930s: | ||
| Line 51: | Line 48: | ||
| <blockquote>Antisemitism was beyond question the most important weapon in Hitler's propagandist arsenal, and almost everywhere, it was of deadly efficiency. That was why he had allowed Streicher, for example, a free hand. The man's stuff, too, was amusing, and very cleverly done. Wherever, he wondered, did Streicher get his constant supply of new material? He, Hitler, was simply on thorns to see each new issue of the ''Stürmer''. It was the one periodical that he always read with pleasure, from the first page to the last.<ref>Rauschning, Hermann (1939) ''Hitler Speaks''. London: Thornton Buttersworth. pp. 233–234</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>Antisemitism was beyond question the most important weapon in Hitler's propagandist arsenal, and almost everywhere, it was of deadly efficiency. That was why he had allowed Streicher, for example, a free hand. The man's stuff, too, was amusing, and very cleverly done. Wherever, he wondered, did Streicher get his constant supply of new material? He, Hitler, was simply on thorns to see each new issue of the ''Stürmer''. It was the one periodical that he always read with pleasure, from the first page to the last.<ref>Rauschning, Hermann (1939) ''Hitler Speaks''. London: Thornton Buttersworth. pp. 233–234</ref></blockquote> | ||
| During the war, the paper's circulation suffered because of paper shortages, as well as Streicher's exile from Nuremberg for corruption. More ominously, because of the ], the people it targeted had begun to disappear from everyday life, which diminished the paper's relevance. Hitler, however, insisted that Streicher receive sufficient support to continue publishing ''Der Stürmer''. The final edition of the newspaper was published |
During the war, the paper's circulation suffered because of paper shortages, as well as Streicher's exile from Nuremberg for corruption. More ominously, because of the ], the people it targeted had begun to disappear from everyday life, which diminished the paper's relevance. Hitler, however, insisted that Streicher receive sufficient support to continue publishing ''Der Stürmer''. The final edition of the newspaper was published in February 1945. The chief editor, ], was tried at ] after the end of the war, and after being found guilty of being an accessory to crimes against humanity, he was hanged in 1946.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thoughtco.com/der-stuermer-newspaper-1779279 |title= Der Stuermer: An Overview of the Nazi's Antisemitic Newspaper |work= ThoughtCo |author= Jennifer Rosenberg |date= 2 April 2017 |access-date= 2 February 2019}}</ref> | ||
| ] after being hanged, 16 October 1946.]] | |||
| ==Antisemitic content== | ==Antisemitic content== | ||
| ] | ] is seen looking at modern clergy. Caption: ''Two thousand years ago I called the Jews a cursed people, but you have made out of them the ].'']] | ||
| According to the American writer ], "a major challenge of political antisemitism involves overcoming the images of the 'Jew next door' – the living, breathing acquaintance or associate whose simple existence appears to deny the validity of that negative stereotype". The newspaper's lurid content appealed to a large spectrum of readers who were lower class and less-sophisticated.<ref name="one"/> ''Der Stürmer'' was known for its use of simple themes that required little thought. The newspaper often gave descriptions of how to identify Jewish people, and included racist political cartoons, including antisemitic caricatures. Besides the graphic depictions, articles often focused on imaginary fears, exaggerations, and perceived behavioral differences between Jews and other German citizens.<ref name=two>] (1982) ''Little Man What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimer Republic'' Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. {{Page needed|date=March 2017}}</ref> | According to the American writer ], "a major challenge of political antisemitism involves overcoming the images of the 'Jew next door' – the living, breathing acquaintance or associate whose simple existence appears to deny the validity of that negative stereotype". The newspaper's lurid content appealed to a large spectrum of readers who were lower class and less-sophisticated.<ref name="one"/> ''Der Stürmer'' was known for its use of simple themes that required little thought. The newspaper often gave descriptions of how to identify Jewish people, and included racist political cartoons, including antisemitic caricatures. Besides the graphic depictions, articles often focused on imaginary fears, exaggerations, and perceived behavioral differences between Jews and other German citizens.<ref name=two>] (1982) ''Little Man What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimer Republic'' Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. {{Page needed|date=March 2017}}</ref> | ||
| Line 61: | Line 57: | ||
| After the war, Streicher was tried at the ]. His publishing and speaking activities were a major part of the evidence presented against him. In essence, the prosecutors took the line that Streicher's role in ] made him an ] to murder, and thus as culpable as those who actually carried out the killing. Prosecutors also introduced decisive and irrefutable evidence that Streicher continued his incendiary articles and speeches when he was well aware that Jews were being slaughtered. Streicher was found guilty of being an accessory for ], and was executed by hanging shortly afterwards.<ref name="Streicher judgement" /> | After the war, Streicher was tried at the ]. His publishing and speaking activities were a major part of the evidence presented against him. In essence, the prosecutors took the line that Streicher's role in ] made him an ] to murder, and thus as culpable as those who actually carried out the killing. Prosecutors also introduced decisive and irrefutable evidence that Streicher continued his incendiary articles and speeches when he was well aware that Jews were being slaughtered. Streicher was found guilty of being an accessory for ], and was executed by hanging shortly afterwards.<ref name="Streicher judgement" /> | ||
| === |
=== Anti-Semitic caricatures === | ||
| ''Der Stürmer'' was known for its virulently |
''Der Stürmer'' was known for its virulently anti-Semitic caricatures, which depicted Jews as ugly characters with exaggerated facial features and misshapen bodies. In his propaganda work, Streicher furthered medieval stereotypes accusing Jews of killing children, sacrificing their bodies, and drinking their blood. The large majority of these drawings were the work of ], known as ''Fips'', who was one of the best-known anti-Semitic cartoonists of Nazi Germany. Through the adaptation and amalgamation of almost every existing anti-Semitic stereotype, myth, and tradition, Rupprecht's virulent attacks aimed predominantly at the dehumanization and demonization of Jews.<ref>Linsler, Carl-Eric. ''Stürmer-Karikaturen'', in: Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Bd. 7: Literatur, Film, Theater und Kunst, hrsg. von Wolfgang Benz, Berlin 2015, p. 477.</ref> At the bottom of the title page, there was always the motto ''"Die Juden sind unser Unglück!"'' ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), coined by ] in the 1880s.<ref name="HHBS">Ben-Sasson, H.H., ed. (1976) ''A History of the Jewish People''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 875. {{ISBN|0-674-39730-4}}</ref> In the nameplate was the motto ''"Deutsches Wochenblatt zum Kampfe um die Wahrheit"'' ("German Weekly Newspaper in the Fight for Truth").{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} | ||
| ===Alleged sexual crimes=== | ===Alleged sexual crimes=== | ||
| Stories of '']'', which denoted alleged scandals of Jewish men and German women having sex, were staples of ''Der Stürmer''.<ref>Fink, Fritz (1935) ''Der Sturner'' from Calvin College German Propaganda Archive</ref> Streicher described Jews as sex offenders who were<ref name="two" /> "violators of the innocent, perpetrators of bizarre sex crimes, and ritual murderers", who allegedly performed in religious ceremonies using blood of other humans, usually ]. Streicher also frequently reported attempts of child molestation by Jews. ''Der Stürmer'' never lacked details about sexual intercourse, names, and crimes |
Stories of '']'', which denoted alleged scandals of Jewish men and German women having sex, were staples of ''Der Stürmer''.<ref>Fink, Fritz (1935) ''Der Sturner'' from Calvin College German Propaganda Archive</ref> Streicher described Jews as sex offenders who were<ref name="two" /> "violators of the innocent, perpetrators of bizarre sex crimes, and ritual murderers", who allegedly performed in religious ceremonies using blood of other humans, usually ]. Streicher also frequently reported attempts of child molestation by Jews. ''Der Stürmer'' never lacked details about sexual intercourse, names, and crimes to keep readers aroused and entertained. These accusations, articles, and crimes printed in ''Der Stürmer'' were often inaccurate, and rarely investigated by staff members. In the newspaper's opinion, if a German girl became pregnant by a Jew, the Jew would deny paternity, offer to pay for an abortion, fail to pay child support, or leave for the U.S. Within ''Der Stürmer'', it was not uncommon to read reports of German women aborting their children because they did not want to bring a "Jewish bastard into the world".<ref name="two" /> | ||
| Streicher believed in the antisemitic ] hypotheses of ] |
Streicher believed in the antisemitic ] hypotheses of ].<ref name="bensow">{{cite book |last=Bensow |first=Laura |date=2016 |title="Frauen und Mädchen, die Juden sind Euer Verderben!" Eine Untersuchung antisemitischer NS-Propaganda unter Anwendung der Analysekategorie Geschlecht. |location=Hamburg |publisher=Marta Press |page=140 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Accusations of financial crimes=== | ===Accusations of financial crimes=== | ||
| Showalter said |
Showalter said: "For Julius Streicher, the Jews' hatred for ] was concealed only for one reason: Business." Jewish businessmen were often portrayed as doing almost anything to obtain financial wealth, which included, in his words, "become a usurper, a traitor, a murderer".<ref name=two/> In the summer of 1931, Streicher focused much of the paper's attention on a Jewish-owned butchery. As an example, when a ] merchant started operating a soup kitchen, ''Der Stürmer'' ran articles accusing the business of poisoning the food being served. ''Der Stürmer'' criticized and cherrypicked every single price increase and decrease in Jewish shops, as well as their charitable donations, denouncing it as a further form of financial greed. This attack on Jewish benevolence, generosity, and philanthropism received the most public criticism out of all of ''Der Stürmer'''s anti-Semitic propaganda. Its "Letter Box" encouraged the reporting of Jewish illegal acts, while its unofficial style helped prevent suspicion of propaganda, and lent it an air of "authenticity".<ref>Koonz, pp. 230–231</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| {{Portal|Germany|Journalism}} | {{Portal|Germany|Journalism}} | ||
| *Other ]: | *Other ]: | ||
| **'']'' ("The Attack"), |
**'']'' ("The Attack"), ]' Berlin-based newspaper | ||
| **'']'' ("Berlin Workers Newspaper"), ] and ]'s newspaper, representing the ] wing of the Nazi Party | |||
| ⚫ | **'']'' (" |
||
| **'']'' ("Illustrated Observer"), illustrated companion to the ''Völkischer Beobachter'' | |||
| ⚫ | **'']'' ("The Black Corps"), the official newspaper of |
||
| **'']'' ("The Panzer Bear"), a tabloid Nazi newspaper intended for the troops defending Berlin from the Red Army | |||
| **], a weekly newspaper founded by Goebbels | |||
| ⚫ | **'']'' ("The Black Corps"), the official newspaper of ]'s '']'' (SS) | ||
| ⚫ | **'']'' ("People's Observer"), official Nazi newspaper published in Munich | ||
| **'']'' ]] ("West German observer"), official Nazi newspaper published in Cologne | |||
| *'']'' ("The Aryan Struggle", 1940–1945), ] newspaper inspired by ''Der Stürmer'' | *'']'' ("The Aryan Struggle", 1940–1945), ] newspaper inspired by ''Der Stürmer'' | ||
| *'']'', American white supremacist<ref name=mill>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/us/white-supremacists-extend-their-reach-through-websites.html|title=White Supremacists Extend Their Reach Through Websites|work=]|author=Wines, Michael|date=July 5, 2015|access-date=October 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024105304/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/us/white-supremacists-extend-their-reach-through-websites.html|archive-date=October 24, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and neo-Nazi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-holocaust-denial-legal-defense_us_5a612a5ce4b0125fd6354368|title=American Neo-Nazi Is Using Holocaust Denial As A Legal Defense|last=O'Brien|first=Luke|date=January 19, 2018|work=]|access-date=April 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423215540/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/neo-nazi-holocaust-denial-legal-defense_us_5a612a5ce4b0125fd6354368|archive-date=April 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> website named and modeled after ''Der Stürmer''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gerhardt|first1=Christina|title=Google Image, The Daily Stormer And Anti-Semitism|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/google-image-the-daily-stormer-and-anti-semitism_us_5844815ce4b0b93e10f8e352|access-date=December 24, 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224093433/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/google-image-the-daily-stormer-and-anti-semitism_us_5844815ce4b0b93e10f8e352|archive-date=December 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| *'']'', American white supremacist and neo-Nazi website named and modeled after ''Der Stürmer'' | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 88: | Line 88: | ||
| '''Bibliography''' | '''Bibliography''' | ||
| *Bytwerk, R.L. Julius Streicher (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. 59. | *Bytwerk, R.L. Julius Streicher (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. 59. | ||
| *Imbleau, Martin. "Der Stürmer." ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity''. Ed. Dinah Shelton. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. |
*Imbleau, Martin. "Der Stürmer." ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity''. Ed. ]. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 247–249. 3 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. | ||
| *Keysers, Ralph. ''Der Stürmer: Instrument de l'idéologie nazie: Une analyse des caricatures d'intoxication''. L'Harmattan, Paris 2012. {{ISBN|978-2-296-96258-3}}. | *Keysers, Ralph. ''Der Stürmer: Instrument de l'idéologie nazie: Une analyse des caricatures d'intoxication''. L'Harmattan, Paris 2012. {{ISBN|978-2-296-96258-3}}. | ||
| *] (2003) ''The Nazi Conscience''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.{{ISBN|0-674-01172-4}} | *] (2003) ''The Nazi Conscience''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.{{ISBN|0-674-01172-4}} | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Commons category|Der Stürmer}} | {{Commons category|Der Stürmer}} | ||
| * | |||
| * | * | ||
| {{Nazi propaganda}} | {{Nazi propaganda}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 November 2024
German antisemitic tabloid newspaper from 1923 to 1945 Not to be confused with Der Sturm, an unrelated arts magazine, or The Daily Stormer, an American neo-Nazi website whose name derives from this publication.
 A special issue of Der Stürmer from 1934. The image depicts Jews extracting blood from Christian children for use in religious rituals and sacrifices, which is an example of the blood libel against Jews. | |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | Tabloid |
| Publisher | Julius Streicher (Publisher) Karl Leopold von Möller (Timișoara Publishing) |
| Founded | 20 April 1923 |
| Political alignment | |
| Language | German |
| Ceased publication | 1 February 1945 |
| Headquarters | Nuremberg, Nazi Germany |
| Circulation | 480,000 (1938) |
Der Stürmer (pronounced [deːɐ̯ ˈʃtʏʁmɐ]; literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of World War II by Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties. It was a significant part of Nazi propaganda, and was virulently anti-Semitic. The paper was not an official publication of the Nazi Party, but was published privately by Streicher. For this reason, the paper did not display the Nazi Party swastika in its logo.
The paper was a very lucrative business for Streicher, and made him a multi-millionaire. The newspaper originated at Nuremberg during Adolf Hitler's attempt to establish power and control. The first copy of Der Stürmer was published on 20 April 1923. Der Stürmer's circulation grew over time, eventually distributing to a large percentage of the German population, as well as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The newspaper reached a peak circulation of 486,000 in 1937.
Unlike the Völkischer Beobachter (The Völkisch Observer), the official Nazi Party paper, which gave itself an outwardly serious appearance, Der Stürmer often ran obscene material such as the blood libel and graphic caricatures of Jews, as well as sexually explicit, anti-communist, and anti-monarchist propaganda. As early as 1933, Streicher was calling for the extermination of the Jews in Der Stürmer. During the war, Streicher regularly authorized articles demanding the annihilation and extermination of the "Jewish race". After the war, Streicher was convicted of being an accessory for crimes against humanity, and was executed by hanging.
Circulation
Most of the paper's readers were young people, and people from the lowest strata of German society. Copies of Der Stürmer were displayed in prominent red Stürmerkästen (display boxes) throughout the Reich. As well as advertising the publication, the cases also allowed its articles to reach those readers who either did not have time to buy and read a newspaper in depth, or could not afford the expense. In 1927, Der Stürmer sold about 27,000 copies every week. By 1935, its circulation had increased to around 480,000.
Nazi attitudes towards the paper
From the late 1920s, Julius Streicher's vulgar style of propagandism increasingly became a cause of embarrassment for the Nazi Party. In 1936, the sale of Der Stürmer was restricted in Berlin during the Summer Olympics, in an attempt to preserve the Nazi regime's international reputation and prestige. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels tried to completely ban the newspaper in 1938, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring forbade Der Stürmer in all of his departments, and Baldur von Schirach prohibited Hitler Youth members from reading it in Hitler Youth-sponsored hostels and other education facilities by a "Reichsbefehl" ("Reich command"). Göring harboured a particularly intense hatred of the paper, especially after it published a libelous article alleging that his daughter Edda had been conceived through artificial insemination. It was only through Hitler's intervention that Streicher was spared from severe punishment.
However, other senior Nazi officials, including Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, chairman of the German Labour Front Robert Ley, and proprietor of the Zentral Verlag (Central Press) Max Amann, whose organization comprised 80% of the German press, endorsed the publication, and their statements were often published in the paper. Albert Forster, the Gauleiter of Danzig (now Gdańsk), wrote in 1937:
With pleasure, I say that the Stürmer, more than any other daily or weekly newspaper, has made clear to the people in simple ways the danger of Jewry. Without Julius Streicher and his Stürmer, the importance of a solution to the Jewish question would not be seen to be as critical as it actually is by many citizens. It is therefore to be hoped that those who want to learn the unvarnished truth about the Jewish question will read the Stürmer.
Hitler considered Streicher's primitive methods to be effective in influencing "the man in the street". Although Streicher and his paper were increasingly isolated in the Nazi party, Hitler continued to support Streicher, and was an avid reader of Der Stürmer. In December 1941, he stated: "Streicher is reproached for his Stürmer. The truth is the opposite of what people say: He idealized the Jew. The Jew is baser, fiercer, more diabolical than Streicher depicted him." In February 1942, he praised the newspaper, by stating: "One must never forget the services rendered by the Stürmer. Now that the Jews are known for what they are, nobody any longer thinks that Streicher libeled them."
Hermann Rauschning, who claimed to be Hitler's "confidant", said in the mid-1930s:
Antisemitism was beyond question the most important weapon in Hitler's propagandist arsenal, and almost everywhere, it was of deadly efficiency. That was why he had allowed Streicher, for example, a free hand. The man's stuff, too, was amusing, and very cleverly done. Wherever, he wondered, did Streicher get his constant supply of new material? He, Hitler, was simply on thorns to see each new issue of the Stürmer. It was the one periodical that he always read with pleasure, from the first page to the last.
During the war, the paper's circulation suffered because of paper shortages, as well as Streicher's exile from Nuremberg for corruption. More ominously, because of the Holocaust, the people it targeted had begun to disappear from everyday life, which diminished the paper's relevance. Hitler, however, insisted that Streicher receive sufficient support to continue publishing Der Stürmer. The final edition of the newspaper was published in February 1945. The chief editor, Julius Streicher, was tried at Nuremberg after the end of the war, and after being found guilty of being an accessory to crimes against humanity, he was hanged in 1946.
Antisemitic content
According to the American writer Dennis Showalter, "a major challenge of political antisemitism involves overcoming the images of the 'Jew next door' – the living, breathing acquaintance or associate whose simple existence appears to deny the validity of that negative stereotype". The newspaper's lurid content appealed to a large spectrum of readers who were lower class and less-sophisticated. Der Stürmer was known for its use of simple themes that required little thought. The newspaper often gave descriptions of how to identify Jewish people, and included racist political cartoons, including antisemitic caricatures. Besides the graphic depictions, articles often focused on imaginary fears, exaggerations, and perceived behavioral differences between Jews and other German citizens.
After the war, Streicher was tried at the Nuremberg trials. His publishing and speaking activities were a major part of the evidence presented against him. In essence, the prosecutors took the line that Streicher's role in inciting Germans to exterminate Jews made him an accessory to murder, and thus as culpable as those who actually carried out the killing. Prosecutors also introduced decisive and irrefutable evidence that Streicher continued his incendiary articles and speeches when he was well aware that Jews were being slaughtered. Streicher was found guilty of being an accessory for crimes against humanity, and was executed by hanging shortly afterwards.
Anti-Semitic caricatures
Der Stürmer was known for its virulently anti-Semitic caricatures, which depicted Jews as ugly characters with exaggerated facial features and misshapen bodies. In his propaganda work, Streicher furthered medieval stereotypes accusing Jews of killing children, sacrificing their bodies, and drinking their blood. The large majority of these drawings were the work of Philipp Rupprecht, known as Fips, who was one of the best-known anti-Semitic cartoonists of Nazi Germany. Through the adaptation and amalgamation of almost every existing anti-Semitic stereotype, myth, and tradition, Rupprecht's virulent attacks aimed predominantly at the dehumanization and demonization of Jews. At the bottom of the title page, there was always the motto "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), coined by Heinrich von Treitschke in the 1880s. In the nameplate was the motto "Deutsches Wochenblatt zum Kampfe um die Wahrheit" ("German Weekly Newspaper in the Fight for Truth").
Alleged sexual crimes
Stories of Rassenschande, which denoted alleged scandals of Jewish men and German women having sex, were staples of Der Stürmer. Streicher described Jews as sex offenders who were "violators of the innocent, perpetrators of bizarre sex crimes, and ritual murderers", who allegedly performed in religious ceremonies using blood of other humans, usually Christians. Streicher also frequently reported attempts of child molestation by Jews. Der Stürmer never lacked details about sexual intercourse, names, and crimes to keep readers aroused and entertained. These accusations, articles, and crimes printed in Der Stürmer were often inaccurate, and rarely investigated by staff members. In the newspaper's opinion, if a German girl became pregnant by a Jew, the Jew would deny paternity, offer to pay for an abortion, fail to pay child support, or leave for the U.S. Within Der Stürmer, it was not uncommon to read reports of German women aborting their children because they did not want to bring a "Jewish bastard into the world".
Streicher believed in the antisemitic telegony hypotheses of Artur Dinter.
Accusations of financial crimes
Showalter said: "For Julius Streicher, the Jews' hatred for Christianity was concealed only for one reason: Business." Jewish businessmen were often portrayed as doing almost anything to obtain financial wealth, which included, in his words, "become a usurper, a traitor, a murderer". In the summer of 1931, Streicher focused much of the paper's attention on a Jewish-owned butchery. As an example, when a philanthropic merchant started operating a soup kitchen, Der Stürmer ran articles accusing the business of poisoning the food being served. Der Stürmer criticized and cherrypicked every single price increase and decrease in Jewish shops, as well as their charitable donations, denouncing it as a further form of financial greed. This attack on Jewish benevolence, generosity, and philanthropism received the most public criticism out of all of Der Stürmer's anti-Semitic propaganda. Its "Letter Box" encouraged the reporting of Jewish illegal acts, while its unofficial style helped prevent suspicion of propaganda, and lent it an air of "authenticity".
See also
- Other newspapers of Nazi Germany:
- Der Angriff ("The Attack"), Josef Goebbels' Berlin-based newspaper
- Berliner Arbeiterzeitung ("Berlin Workers Newspaper"), Gregor and Otto Strasser's newspaper, representing the Strasserite wing of the Nazi Party
- Illustrierter Beobachter ("Illustrated Observer"), illustrated companion to the Völkischer Beobachter
- Panzerbär ("The Panzer Bear"), a tabloid Nazi newspaper intended for the troops defending Berlin from the Red Army
- Das Reich, a weekly newspaper founded by Goebbels
- Das Schwarze Korps ("The Black Corps"), the official newspaper of Heinrich Himmler's Schutzstaffel (SS)
- Völkischer Beobachter ("People's Observer"), official Nazi newspaper published in Munich
- Westdeutscher Beobachter ("West German observer"), official Nazi newspaper published in Cologne
- Arijský boj ("The Aryan Struggle", 1940–1945), Czech fascist newspaper inspired by Der Stürmer
- The Daily Stormer, American white supremacist and neo-Nazi website named and modeled after Der Stürmer
References
Notes
- ^ Koonz, p. 228
- ^ "Der Stürmer. Deutsches Wochenblatt zum Kampf um die Wahrheit – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns". www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team. Holocaust Research Project. 2009. Web. 21 October 2009.
- Streicher, Julius (1933). Die Geheimpläne gegen Deutschland enthüllt (in German). Der Stürmer.
- ^ "Streicher judgement".
- IMT vol. XIII/XIV
- Dolibois, John E. (2001) Pattern of Circles: An Ambassador's Story. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873387023
- Thompson, Allan (2007) The Media and the Rwanda Genocide. London: Pluto Press. p. 334 ISBN 9780745326252
- Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. and Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2013). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations. Enigma Books. pp.118, 250. ISBN 978-1-936274-93-2.
- Rauschning, Hermann (1939) Hitler Speaks. London: Thornton Buttersworth. pp. 233–234
- Jennifer Rosenberg (2 April 2017). "Der Stuermer: An Overview of the Nazi's Antisemitic Newspaper". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ Showalter, Dennis E. (1982) Little Man What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimer Republic Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books.
- Linsler, Carl-Eric. Stürmer-Karikaturen, in: Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Bd. 7: Literatur, Film, Theater und Kunst, hrsg. von Wolfgang Benz, Berlin 2015, p. 477.
- Ben-Sasson, H.H., ed. (1976) A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 875. ISBN 0-674-39730-4
- Fink, Fritz (1935) "The End: Betrayed to Death by a Jew" Der Sturner from Calvin College German Propaganda Archive
- Bensow, Laura (2016). "Frauen und Mädchen, die Juden sind Euer Verderben!" Eine Untersuchung antisemitischer NS-Propaganda unter Anwendung der Analysekategorie Geschlecht. Hamburg: Marta Press. p. 140.
- Koonz, pp. 230–231
- Wines, Michael (5 July 2015). "White Supremacists Extend Their Reach Through Websites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- O'Brien, Luke (19 January 2018). "American Neo-Nazi Is Using Holocaust Denial As A Legal Defense". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- Gerhardt, Christina (4 December 2016). "Google Image, The Daily Stormer And Anti-Semitism". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
Bibliography
- Bytwerk, R.L. Julius Streicher (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), p. 59.
- Imbleau, Martin. "Der Stürmer." Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah Shelton. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 247–249. 3 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.
- Keysers, Ralph. Der Stürmer: Instrument de l'idéologie nazie: Une analyse des caricatures d'intoxication. L'Harmattan, Paris 2012. ISBN 978-2-296-96258-3.
- Koonz, Claudia (2003) The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.ISBN 0-674-01172-4
- Wistrich, Robert. Who's Who in Nazi Germany (Routledge, New York, 1995), q. v. Streicher, Julius.
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