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{{Short description|Opinions or practices which vary from official positions}}
{{About|the religious term|the feminist group|Heterodoxy (group)|the economic term|Heterodox economics}} {{About|the religious term|the feminist group|Heterodoxy (group)|the economic term|Heterodox economics}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2011}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
In religion, '''heterodoxy''' (from ]: ''héteros'', 'other, another, different' + '']'', 'popular belief') means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or ] position."<ref>"." '']''. US: ].</ref> Under this definition, heterodoxy is similar to ''unorthodoxy'', while the adjective ''heterodox'' could be applied to a ]. In religion, '''heterodoxy''' (from ]: {{transliteration|grc|héteros}}, "other, another, different" + {{transliteration|grc|]}}, "popular belief") means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or ] position".<ref>"." '']''. US: ].</ref>


Heterodoxy is also an ecclesiastical ], defined in various ways by different religions and churches. For example, in the ] (the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ] or ] churches), heterodoxy may describe beliefs that differ from strictly orthodox views, but that fall short either of formal or of material ]. Heterodoxy is also an ecclesiastical ], defined in various ways by different religions and churches. For example, in some groups, heterodoxy may describe beliefs that differ from strictly orthodox views but that fall short either of formal or of material ].


==Christianity== ==Christianity==
===Eastern Orthodoxy=== ===Eastern Orthodoxy===
In the ], the term is used primarily in reference to Christian churches and ] not belonging to the communion of Eastern Orthodox churches and espousing doctrines contrary to the received ].<ref>]. 1994. ''Orthodox Dogmatic Theology'', translated by ]. Platina, CA: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 243–46.</ref> Also, it describes any theological position, moral principle, spiritual practice, or lifestyle thought to be inconsistent with the catholic ]. In general, this term is used in two distinct senses: In the ], the term is used primarily in reference to Christian churches and ] not belonging to the communion of Eastern Orthodox churches and espousing doctrines contrary to the received ].<ref>]. 1994. ''Orthodox Dogmatic Theology'', translated by ]. Platina, California: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 243–246.</ref>
# to label a theological system or viewpoint which, although erroneous and unacceptable to hold or promote within Orthodoxy, has not been formally defined as heresy.
# to label a theological system or viewpoint which is both contrary to Orthodoxy and whose adherents have not been baptized into the Church, so that the attribution of heresy would be improper.

===Roman Catholicism===
Heterodoxy in the ] refers to views that differ from strictly orthodox views, but retain sufficient faithfulness to the original doctrine to avoid ]. Many Roman Catholics profess some heterodox views, either on doctrinal or social issues.<ref>Hornsby-Smith, Michael P., Raymond M. Lee, and Peter A. Reilly. 1985. "Common Religion and Customary Religion: A Critique and a Proposal." '']'' 26(3):244–52.</ref> For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God."<ref>]. '']''. p. 1261.</ref>


===Protestantism=== ===Protestantism===
] said:
Many ], such as ], use the term ''heterodox'' to describe Christian teachings which are not in agreement with their understanding of scripture. As ] says:<ref>] 1871. ''The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons'' 17. London: Passmore & Alabaster. p. 449.</ref><blockquote>ou shall find spiritual life in every church. I know it is the notion of the bigot, that all the truly godly people belong to the denomination which he adorns. Orthodoxy is my doxy; heterodoxy is anybody else's doxy who does not agree with me.</blockquote>

<blockquote>ou shall find spiritual life in every church. I know it is the notion of the bigot, that all the truly godly people belong to the denomination which he adorns. Orthodoxy is my doxy; heterodoxy is anybody else's doxy who does not agree with me.<ref>] 1871. ''The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons'' 17. London: Passmore & Alabaster. p. 449.</ref></blockquote>


==Islam== ==Islam==
The ] word '']'' is used by Shia Muslims for beliefs perceived as being extremely heterodox (more in line with the Christian use of the word "heresy"). In particular, the term is used to describe the beliefs of minority Muslim groups who ascribe divine characteristics to a member of ]'s family (especially ]) or the early ] such as ]. The assumption is that the groups thus described have gone too far and have come to associate them with God ('']''). The ] word {{transliteration|ar|]}} is used by ] Muslims for beliefs perceived as being extremely heterodox (more in line with the ]). In particular, the term is used to describe the beliefs of minority Muslim groups who ascribe divine characteristics to a member of ]'s family (especially ]) or the early ] such as ]. The assumption is that the groups thus described have gone too far and have come to associate them with God ({{transliteration|ar|]}}).


] and ] Muslims see each other as heterodox, differing in practice mainly on matters of jurisprudence or '']'', splitting historically on the matter of the succession of ] to the caliphate by ]. A third and much smaller movement is ], which differ from both of these groups on a few key points. Several ultra-orthodox groups such as the ], in turn, see themselves as the only truly orthodox groups within Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliver|first=Haneef James|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Wahhabi_Myth.html?id=On8OAAAACAAJ|title=The Wahhabi Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden|date=2002|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-55395-397-5|language=en}}</ref> ] and Shia Muslims see each other as heterodox, differing in practice mainly on matters of jurisprudence or {{transliteration|ar|]}}, splitting historically on the matter of the succession of ] to the caliphate by ]. A third and much smaller movement is ], which differ from both of these groups on a few key points. Several ultra-orthodox groups such as the ], in turn, see themselves as the only truly orthodox groups within Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliver|first=Haneef James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=On8OAAAACAAJ|title=The Wahhabi Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden|date=2002|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-55395-397-5|language=en}}</ref>

The Shia ], who in turn split from the Shia mainstream of ] over another succession dispute, have subsumed several groups which the majority of Muslims view as heterodox, such as the ], and ]-influenced ], and many other ] and subsects. The gnostic-influenced ] sect has also been affiliated with the Ismailis, but some of its followers go so far as to see it as a ] altogether. The ], divided into many ], incorporate many ] ]s and ] into Islam, but many also consider themselves Shi'i or Sunnis. Another Shia group, influenced heavily by the Sufis, ] religion and other mystical movements, is that of the ]. Historical groups viewed as highly heterodox by most Muslims include the ], who took a third view on Ali's succession (and are today succeeded by the ]), the ]tes, who most famously asserted that the ] was created, a view which enjoyed ]al approval before the time of ], the ], a branch of the ] within Ismaili Islam who took control of much of the ] in the 9th and 10th century, practiced ], attacked ] pilgrims and took control of the ] and the ] before their decline, and the ] or ]s, another Ismaili group, famous for their reclusive lifestyle, manners of indoctrination and assassinations in the years after the ].


According to ], during the ] and ] ]s there was a marked tendency among several quite unrelated heterodox groups to affiliate themselves with the Shiites, particularly the Ismailis, in a general feeling of heterodox solidarity in a Sunni-controlled empire.<ref>]. 1970. '']''.</ref> The cause of the ] thus became a rallying point for a diverse range of heterodox Islamic movements. The view that ] was divine, though never mainstream within Shiism, is attested in the early centuries of Islam. According to ], during the ] and ] ]s there was a marked tendency among several quite unrelated heterodox groups to affiliate themselves with the Shiites, particularly the Ismailis, in a general feeling of heterodox solidarity in a Sunni-controlled empire.<ref>]. 1970. '']''.</ref> The cause of the ] thus became a rallying point for a diverse range of heterodox Islamic movements. The view that ] was divine, though never mainstream within Shiism, is attested in the early centuries of Islam.

Two more recent movements seen as particularly at odds with the majority Muslim view are the ] and ] movements. Many followers of the former consider its 19th-century founder, ], to have been a ], as well as such other religious figures as ] and ], despite the mainstream Muslim view that ] ]. Both Ahmadi denominations consider Ahmad to have been the ] and ]. The Nation of Islam is a movement which acknowledges its 20th-century founder, ], as an incarnation of ], a view most Muslims consider ] (polytheism). ] (most followers of which came to follow ] and became the ] and further got divided into many sects) is viewed by many non-followers as originally having been a highly divergent movement within the Twelver Ismailism practiced in 19th-century Persia. Beyond heterodoxy, many elements of Islam have been incorporated into distinct belief systems several times, most specifically into ] and the ], whose predecessor movement was ].


==Hinduism== ==Hinduism==
{{See also|Āstika and nāstika#Nāstika}} {{See also|Āstika and nāstika#Nāstika}}
{{expand section|date=February 2021}}
The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the absoluteness of the ], including Buddhism and Jainism, were regarded as heterodox by Hinduism.<ref>{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link= Gavin Flood|year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=81-7596-028-0|page=82}}</ref> In 2015, the ] ruled that Hinduism cannot be narrowed down to particular beliefs or doctrine, saying that it "incorporates all forms of belief without mandating the selection or elimination of any one single belief".<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2015|title=Heterodox Hinduism: Supreme Court does well to uphold plural, eclectic character of the faith|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/heterodox-hinduism-supreme-court-does-well-to-uphold-plural-eclectic-character-of-the-faith/|access-date=29 April 2021|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>


==In China== ==China==
In late 1999 legislation was created in China to outlaw "heterodox religions."<ref>Leung, Beatrice. 2002. "China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era." '']'' 11(33):761–84.</ref> This was applied retroactively to ], a spiritual practice introduced to the public in China by ] (李洪志) in 1992.<ref>. Unofficial Religions in China: Beyond the Party's Rules. 2005. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326193222/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/roundtables/052305/Ownby.php|date=2008-03-26}}.</ref> In late 1999, legislation was created in China to outlaw "heterodox religions".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leung |first=Beatrice |year=2002 |title=China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era |journal=] |volume=11 |pages=761–784 |doi=10.1080/1067056022000008904 |s2cid=155045498 |quote=Steering Committee of the National Peoples' Congress (NPC) on 1 November 1999, passed a law on the suppression of heterodox religion (xiejiao). |number=33}}</ref> This was applied retroactively to ], a spiritual practice introduced to the public in China by ] ({{lang|zh|李洪志}}) in 1992.<ref>. Unofficial Religions in China: Beyond the Party's Rules. 2005. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326193222/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/roundtables/052305/Ownby.php|date=26 March 2008}}.</ref>


==Economics== ==Economics==
] refers to ] that are considered outside of ], referred to as orthodox economics, often represented by expositors as contrasting with or going beyond ]. ] refers to ] considered outside of ], referred to as orthodox economics, often represented by expositors as contrasting with or going beyond ].


It means considering a variety of economic schools and ], which can include neoclassical or other orthodox economics as a part. Heterodox economics refers to a variety of separate unorthodox approaches or schools such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], among others.<ref>].</ref><ref>Lee, Frederic S. 2008. "heterodox economics." In '']'' (2nd ed.). .</ref> Heterodox economics refers to the consideration of a variety of economic schools and ], which can include neoclassical or other orthodox economics in part. Heterodox economics refers to a variety of separate unorthodox approaches or schools such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], among others.<ref>Lee, Frederic S. 2008. "heterodox economics." In '']'' (2nd ed.). .</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist}}


===Sources=== ==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Henderson|first=John B.|title=The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns|year=1998|location=Albany, NY|publisher=State University of New York Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC}} * {{Cite book |last=Henderson |first=John B. |title=The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns |year=1998 |location=Albany, New York |language=en-us |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791437599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wiktionary}} {{Wiktionary|position=left}}
*
*
* (Lutheran confessionalism)


{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 15:26, 15 October 2024

Opinions or practices which vary from official positions This article is about the religious term. For the feminist group, see Heterodoxy (group). For the economic term, see Heterodox economics.

In religion, heterodoxy (from Ancient Greek: héteros, "other, another, different" + dóxa, "popular belief") means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position".

Heterodoxy is also an ecclesiastical jargon term, defined in various ways by different religions and churches. For example, in some groups, heterodoxy may describe beliefs that differ from strictly orthodox views but that fall short either of formal or of material heresy.

Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term is used primarily in reference to Christian churches and denominations not belonging to the communion of Eastern Orthodox churches and espousing doctrines contrary to the received Holy Tradition.

Protestantism

Charles Spurgeon said:

ou shall find spiritual life in every church. I know it is the notion of the bigot, that all the truly godly people belong to the denomination which he adorns. Orthodoxy is my doxy; heterodoxy is anybody else's doxy who does not agree with me.

Islam

The Arabic word ghulat is used by Shia Muslims for beliefs perceived as being extremely heterodox (more in line with the Christian use of the word "heresy"). In particular, the term is used to describe the beliefs of minority Muslim groups who ascribe divine characteristics to a member of Muhammad's family (especially Ali) or the early companions of the Prophet such as Salman the Persian. The assumption is that the groups thus described have gone too far and have come to associate them with God (shirk).

Sunni and Shia Muslims see each other as heterodox, differing in practice mainly on matters of jurisprudence or fiqh, splitting historically on the matter of the succession of Ali to the caliphate by Muawiyah. A third and much smaller movement is Ibadi, which differ from both of these groups on a few key points. Several ultra-orthodox groups such as the Wahhabis, in turn, see themselves as the only truly orthodox groups within Islam.

According to Philip Hitti, during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates there was a marked tendency among several quite unrelated heterodox groups to affiliate themselves with the Shiites, particularly the Ismailis, in a general feeling of heterodox solidarity in a Sunni-controlled empire. The cause of the Alids thus became a rallying point for a diverse range of heterodox Islamic movements. The view that Ali was divine, though never mainstream within Shiism, is attested in the early centuries of Islam.

Hinduism

See also: Āstika and nāstika § Nāstika
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021)

The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the absoluteness of the Vedas, including Buddhism and Jainism, were regarded as heterodox by Hinduism. In 2015, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Hinduism cannot be narrowed down to particular beliefs or doctrine, saying that it "incorporates all forms of belief without mandating the selection or elimination of any one single belief".

China

In late 1999, legislation was created in China to outlaw "heterodox religions". This was applied retroactively to Falun Gong, a spiritual practice introduced to the public in China by Li Hongzhi (李洪志) in 1992.

Economics

Heterodox economics refers to schools of economic thought considered outside of mainstream economics, referred to as orthodox economics, often represented by expositors as contrasting with or going beyond neoclassical economics.

Heterodox economics refers to the consideration of a variety of economic schools and methodologies, which can include neoclassical or other orthodox economics in part. Heterodox economics refers to a variety of separate unorthodox approaches or schools such as institutional, post-Keynesian, socialist, Marxian, feminist, Georgist, Austrian, ecological, and social economics, among others.

See also

References

  1. "orthodoxy." WordNet. US: Princeton University.
  2. Pomazansky, Michael. 1994. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, translated by S. Rose. Platina, California: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 243–246.
  3. Spurgeon, Charles H. 1871. The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Sermons 17. London: Passmore & Alabaster. p. 449.
  4. Oliver, Haneef James (2002). The Wahhabi Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55395-397-5.
  5. Hitti, Philip Khuri. 1970. History of the Arabs.
  6. Flood, Gavin (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 82, ISBN 81-7596-028-0
  7. "Heterodox Hinduism: Supreme Court does well to uphold plural, eclectic character of the faith". Times of India Blog. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  8. Leung, Beatrice (2002). "China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era". Journal of Contemporary China. 11 (33): 761–784. doi:10.1080/1067056022000008904. S2CID 155045498. Steering Committee of the National Peoples' Congress (NPC) on 1 November 1999, passed a law on the suppression of heterodox religion (xiejiao).
  9. Statement of Professor David Ownby. Unofficial Religions in China: Beyond the Party's Rules. 2005. Archived 26 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. Lee, Frederic S. 2008. "heterodox economics." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). Abstract.

Further reading

External links

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